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Key Questions:

1. What is measles and why are young children vaccinated against it?
   • Measles is a viral disease showing symptoms of fever and a red skin rash. Measles is a serious illness that can be fatal if complications arise. For this reason most young children are vaccinated against measles.
2. How is the measles virus spread?
   • The measles virus is spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs.
3. What is the initial symptom of HIV and what do antiretroviral drugs stop the virus doing?
   • HIV initially causes a flu-like illness. Unless successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs the virus attacks the body's immune Cells.
4. When does late stage HIV infection or AIDS occur?
   • Late stage HIV infection, or AIDS, occurs when the body's immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.
5. How is HIV spread?
   • HIV is spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needles.
6. What is tobacco mosaic virus?
   • Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants including tomatoes.
7. How does tobacco mosaic virus reduce growth in plants?
   • TMV gives a distinctive 'mosaic' pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis.
8. How is Salmonella food poisoning spread?
   • Salmonella food poisoning is spread by bacteria ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions.
9. What animal is vaccinated in the UK to control the spread of Salmonella?
   • In the UK, poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella to control the spread.
10. What are the symptoms of salmonella and what causes them?
    • Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the [Salmonella] bacteria and the toxins they secrete.
11. What is gonhorrhoea and what are the symptoms?
    • Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.
12. How and why has treatment of gonorrhoea changed over time?
    • Gonorrhoea is caused by a bacterium and was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared.
13. How is gonhorroea spread?
    • Gonorrhoea is spread by sexual contact.
14. How can the spread of gonorrhoea be controlled?
    • The spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception such as a condom.