Memory Anchor:

• Super Challenge:

  Stretch:

  Challenge:

Key Questions:

1. (Bio only) How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
   • Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of Cells.
2. (Bio only) How many clone of cells produce monoclonal antibodies
   • Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of Cells.
3. (Bio only) Why are monoclonal antibodies important?
   • Monoclonal antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical or specific Cells in the body.
4. (Bio only) How can monoclonal antibodies produced?
   • Monoclonal antibodies are produced by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody.
5. (Bio only) How are hybridoma cells made and why are they useful?
   • Lymphocytes from mice are combined with a particular kind of tumour Cell to make a Cell called a hybridoma Cell. The hybridoma Cell can both divide and make the antibody.
6. (Bio only) Why are single hybridoma cells cloned?
   • Single hybridoma Cells are cloned to produce many identical Cells that all produce the same antibody.
7. (Bio only) Why is the use of hybridoma cells important?
   • The use of hybridoma Cells are important because a large amount of the antibodiy can be collected and purified
8. (Bio only) What ethical issues are there in the use of monochlonal antibodies?
   • The ethical issues surrounding monochlonal antibodies surround the extraction of lympocytes from white blood Cells
9. (Bio only) List 6 ways that monoclonal antibodies can be used
   • Diagnosis in pregnancy tests to measure hormones and other chemicals in blood detect pathogens in the blood to locate or identify specific moleucles in Cells or tissues by binding with fluorescent dye to treat diseases
10. (Bio only) How can monochlonal diseases be used to treat cancer?
    • The antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops Cells growing and dividing.
11. (Bio only) Does the use of monochlonal antibodies harm other cells in the body?
    • No, other Cells are not harmed as they are specific for antigens
12. (Bio only) List examples of how monoclonal antibodies are useful as treatments or tests.
    • Monoclonal antibodies can be used in pregnacy tests. Glucose tests for diabetics. Testing for specific cancers.
13. (Bio only) What are the disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies?
    • Monoclonal antibodies create more side effects than expected. They are not yet as widely used as everyone hoped when they were first developed.
14. (Bio only) What are the advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
    • Monoclonal antibodies enable fast treatment of diseases and may eradicate the need for human donars