B1 - Knowledge Test

Candidate Name:
1) What is the basic structure of plant and animal (eukaryotic) cells?
2) What is the structure of a bacterial cell?
3) What is the order of magnitude of an ant, DNA, red blood cell, carbon atom and bacterial cell?
4) Are bacterial (prokaryotic) cells bigger or smaller than eukaryotic cells?
5) What is unique about the DNA in a bacterial cell?
6) What sub-celluar structures are found in most animal cells?
7) What additional sub-celluar structures do plant cells often have?
8) What are plant and algal cell walls made of to strengthen the cell?
9) How are each of the following sub-ceullular structures related to their functions: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, and plasmids (bacterial cells)?
10) What is the estimated size of an ant, the diameter of a hair, the length of a leaf cell, the size of a red blood cell, the length of bacterium, the size of a virus, the diameter of DNA and the size of a carbon atom.
11) What are the names of specialised cells in animals?
12) How are nerve cells specialised for their function?
13) How are muscle cells specialised for their function?
14) How are sperm cells specialised for their function?
15) What are the names of specialised cells in plants?
16) How are root hair cells specialised for their function?
17) How are xylem cells specialised for their function?
18) How are Phloem cells specialised for their function?
19) How has microscopy developedi over time?
20) What impact has the development of the electron microscope had on our knowledge of cells?
21) How has electron microscopy been able to increase our understanding of sub-cellular structures?
22) Why is an electron microscope better than a light microscope?
23) How is the magnification equation re-arranged to calculate real size and image size?
24) What is the relationship between the prefixes centi, milli, micro and nano?
25) How do you represent the size of a cell measuring 0.006cm using standard form?
26) Required Practical 1 - Microscopy (AT Skills 1,7)
27) (Biology only) Required Practical 2 - Microbiology (Biology only) (AT Skills 1,3,4,8)
28) (Biology only) How do bacteria divide?
29) (Biology only) When investigating the growth of bacteria, in what two ways can they be grown?
30) (Biology only) What is special about the culture of organisms required when investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics?
31) (Biology only) How is an uncontaminated culture of microgransims prepared?
32) (Biology only) Why are petri dishes and culture media sterilised before use?
33) (Biology only) Why are inoculating loops, used to transfer microorganisms to media, passed through a flame?
34) (Biology only) Why should the lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape and stored upside down?
35) (Biology only) Why should cultures be incubated at 25oC in school laboratories?
36) (Biology only) How would the cross-sectional areas of colonies or clear areas around colonies be calculated? How can this be used to calculate the cross-sectional area for a radius of 0.25 mm?
37) (Biology only) How is the number of bacteria in a population calculated after a certain time if given the mean division time?
38) (Biology only) What is the population of bacteria, which have a mean division time of 5-minutes, after 45-minutes if starting with just 5 bacteria? How would this answer be shown using standard form?
39) What is contained in the cell nucleus?
40) What is a chromosome made up of?
41) How are chromosomes normally found in body cells?
42) What is a cell cycle?
43) What happens during the cell cycle?
44) What must happen before a cell divides?
45) in mitosis what happens after DNA has been replicated?
46) In mitosis how many cells are produced and how could you describe them?
47) What are the three main stages of a cell cycle during mitosis?
48) Why is cell division by mitosis important in multicellular organisms?
49) A human cell has 46 pairs of choromsomes what stage of mitosis is in it?
50) What are the other risk factors apart from lifestyle risk factors?
51) In terms of cells what is cancer?
52) What are benign tumours?
53) Can benign tumours cause cancer to spread around the body?
54) What are malignant tumours?
55) How do malignant tumours form secondary tumours?
56) What are the main risk factors for various types of cancer?
57) At what stage of an animal cell's life cycle does it differentiate?
58) What happens during cell differentiation when an organism develops?
59) What happens to a cell during differentiation to become a specialised cell?
60) Why is cell differentiation important?
61) In mature animals, what is cell division mainly used for?
62) What is a stem cell?
63) What is the function of stem cells in human embryos?
64) What type of cells can be produced from bone marrow stem cells?
65) What conditions are stem cells used to treat?
66) What is produced in therapeutic cloning?
67) Why can stem cells from embryos useful in medical treatment?
68) What are the dangers of using stem cells for treatment?
69) What are the ethical issues surrounding the use of stem cells?
70) What is the function of stem cells in meristem tissues in plants?
71) What are the advantages of using stem cells from meristems in plants?
72) How can stem cells be used to ensure biodiversity?
73) How can farmers benefit from the use of stem cells from meristems?
74) How do substances move in and out of cells?
75) What is the definition for diffusion?
76) Name two substances that are transported in and out of cells by diffusion during gas exchange
77) How does the waste product urea reach the kidney to be excreted?
78) How does the concentration gradient affec the rate of diffusion?
79) How does the difference in temperature affect the rate of diffusion?
80) How does the surface area of the membrane affect the rate of diffusion?
81) What is osmosis?
82) What are the important things to include in a diagram that shows osmosis?
83) How do you calculate the rate of water uptake?
84) How do you calculate a percentage?
85) How do you calculate the percentage gain and loss of mass of plant tissue?
86) What marking points are important to consider when plotting, drawing and interpreting graphs?
87) What is the name of the process in which water moves across cell membranes?
88) What is the surface area to volume ratio of a single-celled organism like?
89) How does having a large surface area to volume ratio help cells?
90) How do you calculate surface area to volume ratios?
91) Why do simple organisms need exchange surfaces?
92) Why do multicelluar organisms need transport systems?
93) How are the small intestine and lungs in mammals adapted for exchanging materials?
94) How are the gills in fish are adapted for exchanging materials?
95) How are leaves in plants adapted for exchanging materials?
96) How are multicellular organisms adapted for exchanging materials?
97) How do organisms get substances they need in and out of cells?
98) How can the effectiveness of an exchange surface be increased?
99) What is active transport?
100) Does active transport require energy?
101) How does active transport allow plants to absorb esstential ions from soil?
102) Why do plants require ions from the soil?
103) How does active transport allow sugar to move from the gut into the blood when it has a higher sugar concentration?
104) Why is sugar esstential to cells of living things?
105) What are the three ways that substances can enter and leave cells?
106) What are the differences between diffusion, osmosis and active transport?
107) What are the basic building blocks of living organisms?
108) What is a tissue?
109) What are organs?
110) What are organ systems?
111) What is the order, from smallest to largest, of organs, organ systems, cells and tissues?
112) Why is the digestive system an example of an organ system?
113) How do enzymes relate to metabolism?
114) What are the products of digestion used for?
115) Where is bile made and stored?
116) What does bile do with the stomach acid?
117) What does bile do with fats?
118) What two factors increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase?
119) How does temperature and pH affect the activity of enzymes?
120) How do you calculate a rate of reaction?
121) What is the most important part of the enzyme with regartds to its shape?
122) The binding of the substrate with the active site is known as what theory?
123) Where are amylase, protease and lipases created in the body?
124) Why are enzymes needed in digestion?
125) What do carbohydrases break carbohydrates down to?
126) What does the carbohydrase amylase break down?
127) What do proteases break proteins down into?
128) What do lipases break fat/lipids down into?
129) What is the structure and function of each of the following: a) heart, b) lungs?
130) How are lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?
131) How is blood pumped around the body in the human circulatory system?
132) Where does the left ventricle pump blood to and where does the right ventricle pump to?
133) What are the names and functions of the blood vessels in the heart?
134) What are the names and functions of the main structures in the lungs?
135) What controls the natural resting heart rate?
136) What are artificial pacemakers?
137) What different types of cells make up blood tissue?
138) What are the functions of the components of blood? Plasma, red blood cell, white blood cell, platelets.
139) What risks are related to the use of blood products?
140) How are the red and white blood cells adapted for their functions?
141) What are the three different types of blood vessel found in the body?
142) How does the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries relate to their functions?
143) How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?
144) What are the advantages and disadvantages of treating cardiovascular diseases using drugs, mechanical devices or transplant?
145) How does coronary heart disease effect the body?
146) What are the causes, and impact on the heart, of angina?
147) What are stents used for?
148) What effect do statins have on the body?
149) What effect can a faulty heart value have on the body?
150) What are the consequences of having a faulty heart valve?
151) How can heart faulty heart valves be replaced?
152) What is a long term treatment for heart or lung failure?
153) When is it appropriate to use an artificial heart?
154) What does the term "health" relate to?
155) What factors can relate to ill health?
156) Can some diseases cause a person to contract other illnesses?
157) How are viruses linked to cancer?
158) How are immune reactions related to allergies?
159) What other impacts can severe physical illness have on a person?
160) What does the term "relationship" mean when referring to disease incidence data presented in a table or graph?
161) What does epidemiological data refer to?
162) What are the risk factors that can increase the rate of a disease?
163) What does the term "risk factors" mean?
164) What are the different causal mechanisms that have been proven for some risk factors such as diet, smoking, obesity, radiation?
165) Are diseases usually caused by one or more factors?
166) What impact would a larger sample size have on the validity of the data?
167) What correlation would you expect to see between the following pairs of variables in terms of risk factors: a) smoking vs. incidence of cancer, b) alcohol consumption vs. foetal growth, c) drugs vs. mental health concerns?
168) How do the structures of each plant tissue relate to their function?
169) What tissues are found within the plant?
170) What level of organisation do plant leaves fall into?
171) How are the following adapted to their functions: a) root hair cells, b) xylem, c) phloem?
172) How does increasing temperature, humidity and light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?
173) Which parts of the plant are involved in transporting substances?
174) What are translocation and transpiration and how do they work?
175) What is the job of the root hair cells and how are they adapted to it?
176) What is the role of xylem tissue and how is it adapted for it?
177) What is the role of the stomata and guard cells?
178) What is the role of the phloem and what is the name of this process?
179) What products are made in photosynthesis when carbon dioxide and water react?
180) What sort of reaction is photosynthesis and how do we know this?
181) What five different uses do plants have for the glucose produced in photosynthesis?
182) What else do plants need to produce proteins and where do they get them from?
183) How do each of the following factors affect the rate of photosynthesis: a) temperature, b) light intensity, c) carbon dioxide concentration, d) amount of chlorophyll?
184) What method can be used to measure and calculate the rate of photosynthesis?
185) (HT only) What is a limiting factor of photosynthesis?
186) (HT) How is the inverse square law important in terms of light intensity in the context of photosynthesis?
187) (HT) How do limiting factors in a greenhouse relate to rate of photosynthesis and profit?
188) What sort of reaction can cellular respiration be described as?
189) What is the energy transferred in respiration needed for?
190) In which ways can respiration in cells transfer energy?
191) What is the difference in products and amount of energy produced by aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration?
192) What three things do organisms need energy for?
193) How can aerobic respiration be displayed in a word equation?
194) What do the following symbols C6H12O6 , O2 , CO2 and H2O represent?
195) What equation represents anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?
196) Why is less energy produced in anaerobic respiration compared to aerobic respiration?
197) What equation shows the anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells?
198) What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells also known as and why has it got economic importance?
199) What does the body react to during exercise?
200) What changes happen in the cardiovascular system when exercise increases and why?
201) When does anaerobic respiration take place in muscles?
202) What causes oxygen debt?
203) What happens to the muscles during long periods of vigorous activity?
204) (HT) How is lactic acid converted back to glucose?
205) (HT) What is the oxygen debt?
206) How can metabolism be described?
207) How are respiration and metabolism linked?
208) What processes are included in metabolism?
209) Why are sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol important in the synthesis of new materials?
210) What are pathogens?
211) What are the humans natural defence systems against pathogens?
212) What is the role of the immune system in the defence against disease?
213) How does the immune system respond if a pathogen enters the body?
214) How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens? (give 3 ways)
215) How do the different pathogens spread in animals and plants?
216) How can the spread of diseases be reduced or prevented?
217) What four categories can pathogens fall into?
218) What can pathogens infect and how are they spread?
219) What do bacteria and viruses do once inside the body?
220) How do bacteria make us feel ill?
221) How do viruses cause damage to the cells?
222) What is measles and why are young children vaccinated against it?
223) How is the measles virus spread?
224) What is the initial symptom of HIV and what do antiretroviral drugs stop the virus doing?
225) When does late stage HIV infection or AIDS occur?
226) How is HIV spread?
227) What is tobacco mosaic virus?
228) How does tobacco mosaic virus reduce growth in plants?
229) How is Salmonella food poisoning spread?
230) What animal is vaccinated in the UK to control the spread of Salmonella?
231) What are the symptoms of salmonella and what causes them?
232) What is gonhorrhoea and what are the symptoms?
233) How and why has treatment of gonorrhoea changed over time?
234) How is gonhorroea spread?
235) How can the spread of gonorrhoea be controlled?
236) What are three examples of plant diseases you need to know?
237) What are the pathogens that cause malaria called?
238) What is rose black spot and how does it affect the growth of a plant?
239) How is rose black spot spread in the environment?
240) How can rose black spot be treated?
241) What vector is used to spread malaria and what are the symptoms of it?
242) How is the spread of malaria controlled?
243) (Bio only) What can cause plant infections?
244) (Bio only) What causes deficiency conditions in plants?
245) (Bio only) What ion can cause stunted growth and why?
246) (Bio only) What ion can cause chlorosis (pale green leaves)?
247) (Bio only) What are the chemical and physical plant defence responses.
248) (Bio only) What are the physical defences that plants have to resist invasion of microorganisms?
249) (Bio only) What are the chemical defences that plants have to resist invasion of microorganisms?
250) (Bio only) What are the different ways that plant diseases can be detected?
251) (Bio only) How can plant diseases be identified? (give three ways)
252) (Bio only) What are the mechanical adaptations that plants have to resist invasion of microoganisms?
253) How do vaccinations prevent illness in an individual and the spread of disease in a population?
254) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using vaccinations to prevent disease?
255) What is in a vaccine?
256) How does a vaccination work?
257) How are infective diseases treated?
258) How are drugs used to cure bacterial diseases?
259) Why are specific antibiotics prescribed by doctors?
260) What has the impact of using antibiotics to treat infectious bacterial diseases?
261) Why are doctors advised to not overly prescribe antibiotics?
262) Why can antibiotics not be used to treat viral infections?
263) Why do people take painkillers and other medicines when suffering from an infectious disease?
264) Why are there no drugs to kill viruses? (vaccinations prevent infection)
265) Where are drugs traditionally extracted from?
266) Which plant does the heart drug digitalis orginate from?
267) Which plant does the painkiller aspirin orginate from?
268) Who discovered pneicillin and from what?
269) How are most new drugs synthesised by chemists?
270) Why are new drugs tested and trialled before being used?
271) What happens during preclinical testing?
272) What happens during clinical trials?
273) What level of dose is used at the start of the clinical trial?
274) If the new drug is found to be safe during the initial clinical trial what do scientists do to the dosage?
275) What does a double blind trial mean?
276) What is the final stage of the drug trial?
277) What are the stages involved in developing a new drug?
278) (Bio only) How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
279) (Bio only) How many clone of cells produce monoclonal antibodies
280) (Bio only) Why are monoclonal antibodies important?
281) (Bio only) How can monoclonal antibodies produced?
282) (Bio only) How are hybridoma cells made and why are they useful?
283) (Bio only) Why are single hybridoma cells cloned?
284) (Bio only) Why is the use of hybridoma cells important?
285) (Bio only) What ethical issues are there in the use of monochlonal antibodies?
286) (Bio only) List 6 ways that monoclonal antibodies can be used
287) (Bio only) How can monochlonal diseases be used to treat cancer?
288) (Bio only) Does the use of monochlonal antibodies harm other cells in the body?
289) (Bio only) List examples of how monoclonal antibodies are useful as treatments or tests.
290) (Bio only) What are the disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies?
291) (Bio only) What are the advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
292) How do the Big Ideas link to this topic?

a) Forces:

b) Particles:

c) Energy:

d) Cells: