B2 - Knowledge Test

Candidate Name:
1) Why is the nervous system important?
2) How is the nervous system adapted to its function?
3) What do the control systems in the body include?
4) How is this control made automatic?
5) What is homeostasis?
6) Why is homeostasis important?
7) What things does homeostasis control?
8) How is information transmitted in the nervous system?
9) What is in the central nervous system?
10) What is the role of the central nervous system?
11) What are the stages of the reflex arc?
12) How are the neurones adapted to their function?
13) Why are reflex actions so important?
14) How are reflex actions described?
15) Required Practical 7 - Reaction Time (AT skills 1,3,4)
16) What is the endocrine system and what is its role?
17) What are the names of the glands labelled 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 in the following image? http://bit.ly/2Cy01Tj
18) What is the role of the bloodstream in the endocrine system?
19) How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system?
20) What is the pituitary gland described as and what is its role?
21) What do the hormones released by the pituitary gland do?
22) (HT) Where are thyroxine and adrenaline created in the body?
23) (HT) What is the role of adrenaline in the body?
24) (HT) What is the role of thyroxine in the body?
25) (HT) How are thyroxine levels controlled?
26) What organ monitors and controls blood glucose concentration?
27) How does the pancreas control blood glucose levels?
28) What do the liver and muscle cells do to excess glucose?
29) How does insulin control blood glucose levels?
30) What is type 1 diabetes and how is it treated?
31) What is type 2 diabetes and how is it controlled?
32) Which diabetes is obesity a risk factor for?
33) (HT) How does the body increase the blood glucose concentration?
34) (HT) How does glucagon control blood glucose levels?
35) How do osmotic changes in fluids affect red blood cells?
36) (HT) How does ADH affect the permeability of the kidney tubules?
37) How does water from the lungs leave the body?
38) (HT) What is the role of the hormone ADH?
39) What is lost from the skin through sweat?
40) (HT) How is water concentration controlled by ADH and what is this process controlled by?
41) Can we control loss through the lungs and skin?
42) How are people with kidney failure treated?
43) What is lost in urine?
44) What happens to body cells if they lose of gain too much water?
45) (HT) Where do excess amino acids come from and how do we safely get rid of them?
46) What is the function of the kidneys?
47) How do the kidneys produce urine?
48) What is the function of the brain and what is its structure?
49) What are the functions of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and medulla?
50) (HT only) Why is it so hard to treat damage to the brain?
51) (HT only) How did neuroscientists discover the functions of the different parts of the brain?
52) (HT only) What characteristics of the brain make it difficult to treat and investigate brain disorders?
53) How do the cilliary muscles and the suspensory ligaments allow the eye to focus on near or distant objects?
54) How is the eye adapted to its function?
55) How are the structures of the following related to their functions: - retina - optic nerve - sclera - cornea - iris - ciliary muscles - suspensory ligaments?
56) What is accommodation?
57) What processes must the eye go through in order to focus on a near object or on a distant object?
58) What are myopia and hyperopia and how do they affect the eye?
59) What are myopia and hyperopia usually treated with and how do they help?
60) What new technologies are there in place to treat eye defects?
61) What controls body temperature and how does it do it?
62) What is the role of the skin in monitoring body temperature?
63) What happens to the body when the core body temperature is too low?
64) How do vasodilation and sweating help cool down the body?
65) What happens to the body when its core temperature is too low?
66) (HT only) How does vasoconstriction help increase the body temperature?
67) What do reproductive hormones do to the body during puberty?
68) What is the main female reproductive hormone and where is it produced?
69) What is ovulation and how often does it occur?
70) Where is testosterone produced and what is its role?
71) Is there just one hormone involved in the menstruation of women or are there several?
72) What is the role of follicle stimulating hormone?
73) What is the role of luteinising hormone?
74) Which hormones are involved in maintaining the uterus lining?
75) (HT only) How do FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone interact in the menstrual cycle?
76) Which of the hormones shows the sharpest spike in a graph of hormone levels during the menstrual cycle?
77) Give an advantage and disadvantage of condoms, the pill and the implant.
78) What are the two categories of contraception?
79) Name at least 7 forms of contraception and how they work.
80) (HT) Which hormones can be used to treat infertility and how is it used?
81) (HT) How has developments in microscope technology and techniques enabled IVF treatment to improve?
82) (HT) Which hormones can be used to treat infertility and how is it used?Which hormones can be used to treat infertility and how is it used?
83) (HT) What are some social and ethical issues associated with IVF treatment?
84) (HT) What are some of the disadvantages of IVF?
85) (HT) Describe the stages of IVF.
86) (Separates only) What are the hormonal responses in plants to light and gravity called?
87) (Separates only) What causes the unequal growth rates in shoots and roots that means plants can grow in specific directions?
88) (HT) What role does Gibberellins have in a plant?
89) (HT) What role does Ethene have in a plant?
90) (Separates only) Give some uses of plant hormones that can be used to control plant growth
91) (Separates only) What are plant hormones used by people in?
92) (Separates only) What negative effect can the use of hormones as weed killers have?
93) (Separates only) How do people use auxins?
94) (Separates only) How do people use ethene?
95) (Separates only) How do people use Gibberellins?
96) How is the structure of DNA described and what is a genome?
97) Where is DNA found in a cell?
98) What is the structure of DNA like?
99) How is DNA contained in the nucleus?
100) What is a gene?
101) What is a genome?
102) Why is the study of the human genome important?
103) What is the importance of sutdying the human genome?
104) What is the structure of a nucleotide like?
105) What are the letters used for the four DNA bases?
106) What is DNA?
107) What controls which amino acid is made during protien synthesis?
108) What controls which protien is made during protien synthesis?
109) What are the different parts of DNA strcuture?
110) What is the structure of a DNA polymer?
111) What are the steps in protein synthesis? What happens in these steps?
112) How does the structure of DNA affect the protien that is made during protien synthesis?
113) How do genetic variants influence a persons phenotype through coding DNA and non coding DNA?
114) What are the DNA base pairs?
115) How can a change in DNA structure result in a change in the protein synthesised by a gene?
116) Where does protein synthesis take place in a cell?
117) What is the role of a carrier molecule in protein synthesis?
118) Why is a proteins unique shape important?
119) What happens to the number of chromosomes in gametes from meiosis? How is the full number of chromosomes restored?
120) How are gametes formed?
121) What happens when a cell divides to form gametes? Are the gametes genetically identical or different?
122) What happens during fertilisation? What happens to the cells as the embryo grows?
123) What sort of cells are produced during meiosis?
124) What sort of cells are produced during mitosis?
125) What happens during meiosis? What are examples of gametes in animals and flowering plants?
126) How is variety gained during sexual reproduction?
127) What process allows gametes to be formed?
128) How is asexual reproduction different to sexual reproduction?
129) How does asexual reproduction lead to clones?
130) What is the effect on the protein if one DNA base is altered due to a mutation?
131) What is the effect on the protein if a few DNA bases are altered due to continious mutations?
132) The normal coding for a gene is GGA ATG. What is the type of mutation for: 1. GGC ATG 2. GGA AT
133) Why does a having few mutations in the DNA code cause problems?
134) How can mutations in non-coding parts of DNA affect how genes are expressed?
135) What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
136) What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
137) Do all organisms have to reproduce only sexually or asexually?
138) What is the definition for gamete?
139) What is the definition for a chromosome?
140) What is the definition for a allele?
141) What is the definition for a dominant?
142) What is the definition for a recessive?
143) What is the definition for a homozygous?
144) What is the definition for a hetrozygous?
145) What is the definition for a genotype?
146) What is the definition for a phenotype?
147) Give two examples of characteristics that are controlled by a single gene
148) How are genotype and phenotype related?
149) What is the phenotype when there is a dominant allele?
150) What is the phenotype when there are two recessive alleles?
151) What is the difference between homozygous and hetrozygous alleles?
152) Are most characteristics controlled by single genes or multiple genes interacting?
153) What is the probability of a child having homozygous recessive alleles if their parents are both hetrozygous for a trait?
154) What is the probability of a child having hetrozygous alleles if their parents are both hetrozygous for a trait?
155) What is the probability of a child having a diseases that is carried on a dominant alleles if their parents are both hetrozygous for a trait?
156) What is the probability of a child having homozygous dominant alleles if their parents are both hetrozygous for a trait?
157) How are inherited diseases passed on?
158) What causes polydactyly?
159) What causes cystic fibrosis?
160) What are the economical, social and ethical issues concerning embryo screening?
161) How many chromosomes are found in an ordinary human body cell?
162) What does the 23rd choromsome determine?
163) What is combination of sex chorosomes for a male and female?
164) Draw a genetic cross to show sex inheritance
165) What is the probability of having a male or female offpsring?
166) How have organisms been classified traditionally and who by?
167) What did Linnaeus classify all living things into?
168) How are organisms named scientifically?
169) What development lead to new models of classification and how?
170) Who developed the 'three-domain system' and how are organisms in this system classified?
171) Why are evolutionary trees used by scientists and what data do they use for it?
172) How does the genome and the environment influence the development of phenotype?
173) How do differences in the characteristics of individuals occur?
174) How much genetic variation is usually within a population?
175) When is a recessive allele expressed?
176) (Biology only) How often do mutations occur and how often do they lead to a new phenotype? What happens when a new phenotype is suited to an environmental change?
177) What is evolution?
178) What does the theory of evolution state?
179) How does evolution occur?
180) How is a new species formed?
181) What are the impacts of selective breeding of food plants and domesticated animals?
182) What is selective breeding and how long have humans been doing it?
183) How do humans carry out selective breeding?
184) Why are certain characteristics chosen during selective breeding? What are some examples of these in plants and animals?
185) What disadvantages can selective breeding have?
186) What evidence is there to support Darwin's theory of evolution?
187) How did Oregor Mendal develop our understanding of genetics?
188) Why was the importance of Mendel's discovery not accepted until after his death?
189) What observation did Mendel make of the inheritance of plants?
190) What wasn't observed about cell division until the late 19th century?
191) What happened in the early 20th century to link Mendel's 'units' and chromosomes and what idea did this lead to?
192) What happened in the mid-20th century to further develop gene theory?
193) What is genetic engineering?
194) What examples are there of genetic engineering in plant crops?
195) (Biology only) What examples in medicine uses genetically engineered bacteria?
196) What are the potential benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture and medicine?
197) What occurs within the chromosomes during genetic engineering?
198) What do we call crops that have genes from other organisms in them?
199) How does genetic modification increase the longevity of crops?
200) How does genetic modification increase the yield of a crop?
201) What concerns are there about GM crops?
202) How is genetic modification important in medicine?
203) (HT only) What are the steps involved in genetic engineering?
204) How does the technique of tissue culturing enable cloning? Why is this important for plants?
205) What way, other than tissue culture, can plants be cloned by gardeners?
206) How is embryo transplant cloning carried out?
207) What are the steps involved in adult cell cloning?
208) What are the potential benefits and risks involved in cloning and why do some people object?
209) How did Charles Darwin come up with the theory of evolution by natural selection?
210) What does the theory of eveolution by natural selection involve?
211) What lead to the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection?
212) What was the name of the book that Charles Darwin published his ideas in andwere people happy with it?
213) Why did it take a long time for the theory of evolution by natural selection to be accepted?
214) What was Lamarck's theory?
215) What was the impact of Darwin and Wallace's ideas?
216) Who was Alfred Russell Wallace and how is he linked to Charles Darwin?
217) What is Wallace best known for?
218) What was needed to support Alfred Wallace's work in order to lead to our current understanding of the theory of speciation?
219) In what ways do new species arise? How are these described?
220) What evidence is there now to support Darwin'stheory of evolution?
221) What are fossils?
222) How can fossils be formed?
223) Why is there little evidence of very early life forms?
224) Why can we not be certain of how life on earthformed even from hard bodied organisms?
225) What is the main thing we can learn from fossils?
226) Why is the fossil record described as incomplete?
227) How do scientific methods and theories develop over time?
228) What is extinction?
229) What are some of the factors that contribute to extinction?
230) Why can bacteria evolve rapidly?
231) What are the stages of antibacterial resistance?
232) What is the bacteria MRSA resistant to?
233) What should be done to reduce the rate of development of antibiotc resistant bacteria?
234) Why can't medical professionals just produce new antibiotics to fight resistant bacteria?
235) What are the different levels of organisation in an ecosystem from individual organisms to the whole ecosystem?
236) What is the importance of interdependence and competition in a community?
237) What factors are organisms competing for in a given habitat?
238) What is an ecosystem?
239) What do organisms require to survive?
240) What do plants compete for?
241) What do animals compete for?
242) What do species within a community depend on each other for?
243) What is a stable community?
244) What is an abiotic factor?
245) What abiotic (non-living) factors affect a community?
246) What is a biotic factor?
247) What types of Biotic (living) factors affect a community?
248) What are the producers of biomass for life on Earth?
249) How can feeding relationships be represented?
250) What do all food chains begin with?
251) What is the difference between mean, mode and median?
252) What is the order of energy transfer between secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, producer and primary consumer
253) What is an organism that eats a consumer called? What is a consumer that is eaten by another consumer called?
254) What is a predator-prey cycle?
255) What is an adaptation?
256) How are organisms adapted to live in their natural environment?
257) What are the three types of adaptations organisms can have to survive in the conditions that they live?
258) What is an extremophile?
259) What type of microbe lives in deep sea vents?
260) When would a transect line be used?
261) What different parts of the ecosystem do materials cycle through?
262) Why is it important that carbon and water are cycled through the ecosystem.
263) Why do materials need to be recycled?
264) What process are carbon to be cycled from A) carbon dioxide to producers, B) producers to consumers, C) Producers/consumers/decomposers to carbon dioxide and D) fossil fuels to carbon dioxide
265) How do microorganisms help to cycle material through an ecosystem?
266) Why is precipitation important for organisms in ecosystems?
267) How does water get from the land to the air and the air back to the land?
268) What three factors affect the rate of decay of biological material?
269) Name two groups of people would want to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste biological material.
270) Why would gardeners and farmers want to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste material.
271) Under what conditions can decay produce methane that can be used a biogas fuel?
272) How might changes to the environment affect species?
273) What are potential environmental changes?
274) What might be some causes of changes in the environment?
275) How can an increase in human population affect pollution?
276) Where can pollution occur and what does it occur from?
277) How can pollution affect biodiversity?
278) What are the environmental implications of deforestation?
279) What are the biological consequences of global warming?
280) Why is global warming increasing?
281) What does the scientific consensus say about global warming and climate change?
282) N/A
283) What is the definition of biodiversity?
284) How do humans reduce the amount of land available for other animals?
285) What is the benefit of having a great biodiversity?
286) How does the destruction of peat bogs affect biodiversity?
287) Why is it so important to maintain biodiversity?
288) What does the decay or burning of peat lead to?
289) What effect to human activities have on biodiversity in general?
290) Why is there conflict of opinion when it comes to the peat industry?
291) What effect do waste, deforestation and global warming have on biodiversity?
292) What two main reasons are there for large-scale deforestation in tropical areas?
293) What is the impact of both positive and negative human interactions in an ecosystem?
294) Why have scientists and concerned citizens had to put programmes in place to protect the environment?
295) What are some of the programmes put in place by scientists and concerned citizens to protect the environment?
296) What is the difference between a producer and primary consumer?
297) What is a producer?
298) What is a primary consumer?
299) What are predators that eat herbivores called?
300) What is an apex predator?
301) What is the role of a decomposer and how do they do it?
302) How do the food molecules broken down by decomposers get into the microorganism?
303) What do pyramids of biomass represent and where can trophic level 1 be found?
304) What is the shape of a pyramid of biomass?
305) How is biomass lost between different trophic levels?
306) Name examples of producers.
307) What % of biomass is transferred up each trophic level?
308) What are losses of biomass due to?
309) What is used in respiration?
310) If the producer trophic level has 4200J of energy and the primary consumer has 800J what is the efficiency of transfer between these trophic levels?
311) How can the efficiency of biomass transfers between trophic levels be calculated?
312) How does lost biomass affect the amount of organisms at each trophic level?
313) What are the biological factors that affect food security?
314) What does food security mean?
315) What are some of the Biological factors which are threatening food security?
316) What type of method should be used to feed all people on Earth?
317) How could the efficiency of food production be improved?
318) Why are some animals fed high protein foods?
319) Why do some people have ethical objections to some modern intensive farming methods?
320) Give an advantages and disadvantages of modern farming techniques.
321) Why is it important to maintain fish stock levels in the sea?
322) What plays an important part in conservation of fish stocks at a sustainable level?
323) What is the most sustainable way of fishing?
324) How can genetic modification be used to increase crop yield to meet the demands of a growing population.
325) What can modern biotechnology techniques be used for?
326) Why is the fungus Fusarium useful?
327) How can a fungus be grown?
328) Give an example where a genetically modified bacterium can be used.
329) What type of crop could provide more food or food with an improved nutritional value?
330) How do the Big Ideas link to this topic?

a) Forces:

b) Particles:

c) Energy:

d) Cells: