C2 - Knowledge Test

Candidate Name:
1) How can the rate of a chemical reaction be calculated?
2) How is the quantity of a reactant or product measured?
3) What are the units for rate of reaction?
4) (HT only) What is the third unit that is used to measure the rate of reaction in terms of moles?
5) What would the total amount of a product formed if the rate of reaction is 4g/s and the reaction continues for 3 minutes?
6) What key features must be included for graphs showing the quantity of product formed or quantity of reactant used up against time?
7) How do you draw a tangent on a curve to measure the rate of a reaction on a graph?
8) (HT only) How do you calculate the gradient of a tangent of a curve from a graph?
9) What are the main principals of the collision theory?
10) What factors can affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
11) What does the term activation energy mean?
12) How does increasing the temperature increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
13) How does increasing the pressure of reacting gases affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
14) How does decreasing the temperature of a chemical reaction affect the rate?
15) How does increasing the surface area to volume ration of a solid reactant affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
16) How does increasing the concentration of reactants in reacting gases, and the surface solution, the pressure of area of solid reactants increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
17) How does increasing the concentration of reactants in solution affect the rate of chemical reactions?
18) How does changing the concentration of a reactant from 1M to 2M affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
19) How does increasing the concentration of a solution reactant or the pressure of a gas reactant affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
20) How does increasing the surface area of solid reactants affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
21) What are the key characteristics of a catalyst?
22) What is an example of a biological catalyst?
23) How do catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions?
24) What would the reaction profile for a reaction in the presence of a catalyst look like compared to the same reaction without a catalyst?
25) Are catalysts included in the equation for a chemical reaction? Give a reason for your answer.
26) What is the relationship between catalytic action and activation energy?
27) What is the name of the catalyst used in the extraction of aluminium oxide?
28) How does the presence of a catalyst affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
29) What equipment would you need to investigate the rate of a chemical reaction?
30) What is a reversible reaction?
31) How can reversible reactions be represented?
32) If the reversible reaction below was heated which direction would it react? Ammonium chloride (reversible arrow) ammonia hydrogen chloride
33) If a reversible reaction is exothermic in one direction, what is it in the opposite direction?
34) If 3500 KJ of energy is transferred in the forward reaction, how much energy would be transferred in the reverse reaction?
35) How can the direction of reversible reactions be changed?
36) What would happen if the temperature was increased for the reaction below: N2(g) 3H2(g) (reversible reaction) 2NH3(g) The forward reaction is exothermic.
37) What would happen if the temperature was decreased for the reaction below: N2(g) 3H2(g) (reversible reaction) 2NH3(g) The forward reaction is exothermic.
38) Does increasing the temperature of a reaction favor the endothermic or exothermic reaction?
39) What does the term equilibrium mean?
40) How does increasing and decreasing the pressure for gaseous reactions at equilibrium?
41) When does changing the pressure of gaseous reactions not affect the equilibrium?
42) What does the relative amounts of all the reactants and products at equilibrium depend on?
43) What happens when a system is at equilibrium and a change is made to the conditions?
44) What is Le Chatelier's principle used for?
45) How would changing the conditions of the equation below effect the equilibrium? A(g) 2B (g) (reversible arrow) C(g) D(g) a) increasing concentration of A b) increasing the pressure of the reactants c) increasing the temperature of the reaction (the forward reaction is exothermic)
46) What happens when the concentration of one of the reactions or products in an equilibrium system is changed?
47) What happens when the concentration of a reactant is increased in an equilibrium system?
48) What happens when the concentration of a reactant is decreased in an equilibrium system?
49) What would happen if the concentration of potassium chloride is increase? Cl2(g) H2O(l) (reversible arrow) Cl-(aq) ClO-(aq) 2H (aq)
50) The Haber process is used to manufacture what substance?
51) Write a word equation for the Haber process?
52) Why does some of the ammonia produced through the Haber process break back down into nitrogen and hydrogen?
53) Explain how the commercially used conditions for the Haber process are related to the availability and cost of raw materials?
54) How is any ammonia created through the Haber process separated from any unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen?
55) Justify why the Haber process is carried out at 200 atmospheres?
56) Justify the use of a high temperature in the Haber process?
57) Suggest why a catalyst is used in the Haber process?
58) What are the raw materials required for the Haber process?
59) What is commonly used as the source of nitrogen in the Haber process? What is commonly used as the source of hydrogen in the Haber process?
60) What conditions are used in the Haber process?
61) Where does crude oil come from?
62) Is crude oil a mixture of elements, compounds or both?
63) What is the definition of a hydrocarbon?
64) Does crude oil contain mostly alkanes or alkenes?
65) What are the names of the first four members of alkanes?
66) What is the general formula for alkane molecules?
67) Which of the following are examples of alkanes: C4H10, C2H4, C5H12?
68) Name the alkane with: a) 1 carbon b) 2 carbons c) 3 carbons d) 4 carbons
69) How can crude oil be separated into fractions?
70) Why is it useful to separate crude oil into fractions?
71) What type of fuels are produced from crude oil?
72) What are three examples of useful materials produced by the petrochemical industry?
73) Why is it possible to produce such a vast array of products from crude oil?
74) How does fractional distillation separate crude oil into fractions?
75) What factor of effects a hydrocarbons boiling point, viscosity and flammability?
76) How does boiling point, viscosity and flammability change with increasing molecular size?
77) What are the products of the complete combustion?
78) What is the balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of methane (CH4)? (include state symbols in your answer)
79) What happens to the carbon and hydrogen atoms during combustion reactions?
80) What is the useful outcome of the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels?
81) Describe how the each of the following properties changes as the length of hydrocarbon chains within a fraction increases: a) Boiling point b) Flammability c) Viscosity
82) What is cracking?
83) Describe the conditions required for catalytic cracking?
84) How is cracking done using steam?
85) What are the products of cracking?
86) What is the balanced equation for the cracking of this alkane? C15H32 --> 2C2H4 C3H6 _______
87) Why do do alkenes react with bromine water, but alkanes don't?
88) What is the chemical test and positive result for identifying alkenes?
89) Why is cracking of hydrocarbons so important?
90) How are alkenes used in chemical industry?
91) How does modern life depend on the uses of hydrocarbons?
92) What is the structure of an alkene like?
93) What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkenes?
94) Why are alkene molecules called unsaturated molecules?
95) What are the conditions for the addition of water to alkenes?
96) What are the conditions for the addition of halogens to alkenes?
97) What are the names of the first four members of the homologous series of alkenes?
98) What is the structural and display formula ethene?
99) What is the structural and display formula pentene?
100) What is the functional group for alkenes?
101) What determines the reactions of organic compounds?
102) How does the combustion of alkenes differ in oxygen and in air?
103) How do alkenes react with hydrogen, water and the halogens?
104) What are the conditions required for the addition of hydrogen to alkenes?
105) What are the conditions required for the addition of water to alkenes?
106) What are the structures of the following products of alkene addition reactions: 1. dibromoethane 2. dichloroethane 3. ethanol 4. ethane
107) What is the functional group for alochols?
108) What are the names of the first four members of the homologous series of alcohols?
109) What are the names and structural formula for the first four members of the homologous series of alcohols?
110) What happens when when alochols react with sodium?
111) Name the following alcohols from their formula: a) C2H5OH b) C3H7OH c) C6H11OH
112) What happens when when alochol burns in air?
113) What pH solutions are formed when alcohols are added to water?
114) What are the main uses of alcohols?
115) How can ethanol be produced from sugar?
116) What are the conditions used during the fermentation of sugar to produce ethanol?
117) What happens when alcohols react with oxidising agents?
118) What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?
119) What are the names of the first four members of a homologous series of carboxylic acids?
120) What is the structure of the first four members of a homologous series of carboxylic acids?
121) What are the names of the following carboxylic acids? 1. HCOOH 2. CH2COOH 3. C2H5COOH 4. C3H7COOH
122) (HT only) Why are carboxylic acids weak acids in terms of ionisation and pH?
123) What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?
124) What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?
125) What happens when carboxylic acids react with alcohols?
126) What is a pure substance?
127) What is a formulation?
128) What can be used to distinguish between pure substances and mixtures?
129) What are examples of formulations?
130) What is a pure substance in everyday language?
131) How are formulations made?
132) How would you test if carbon dioxide was present In a reaction?
133) How would you test if Hydrogen was present In a reaction?
134) How would you test if chlorine was present In a reaction?
135) How would you test if Oxygen was present In a reaction?
136) What can Chromatography be used to separate?
137) What are the names of the two phases involved in chromatography?
138) What does seperation depend on?
139) How should the Rf value be expressed?
140) How is the Rf value calculated?
141) How do the Rf values of compounds change in different solvents?
142) How can compounds be identified?
143) How many spots are produced by a pure compound compared to a compound in a mixture?
144) How can paper chromatography be used to separate mixtures?
145) How can chromatographic methods can be used for distinguishing pure substances from impure substances?
146) How can chromatograms be used to determine R values?
147) How can elements and compounds be detected?
148) What are the advantages of instrumental methods compared with the chemical tests?
149) What are the different colours produced by some metal ions (cations)?
150) When are some flame colours masked?
151) How do carbonates react with dilute acids?
152) What do Halide ions produce when they react with silver nitrate solution?
153) What do Sulfate ions in solution produce when they react with barium chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid?
154) What solution can be used to identify some some metal ions (cations)?
155) What do solutions of aluminium, calcium and magnesium ions form?
156) What happens when sodium hydroxide is added to Solutions of copper(II), iron(II) and iron(III) ions?
157) Write a balanced equation for reactions that produce the insoluble hydroxides.
158) What is Flame emission spectroscopy used for?
159) What can the output of a line spectrum be used for?
160) What is the composition of the earths atmosphere?
161) How has the Earths atmosphere evolved?
162) How has the Earths atmosphere evolved?
163) What types of gases did volcanoes produce?
164) What happened to the atmopshere when the oceans formed?
165) What process has caused oxygen levels in our atmosphere to increase since its formation?
166) When did Algae first produce oxygen?
167) How did Algae and plants affect the atmosphere?
168) Apart from through the process of photosynthesis, what else has caused carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere to decrease since its formation?
169) How did the Earth's atmosphere change over time? Why did these changes happen?
170) How and why did limestone, coal, crude oil and natural gas form?
171) How does the atmosphere help the Earth maintain stable surface temperatures?
172) What are the long and short term impacts of the greenhouse effect?
173) What types of human activities increase the amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
174) What do most scientists believe will happen to the Earth?s atmosphere?
175) What difficulties can such complex systems as global climate change cause?
176) What is the importance of peer reviewing results and of communicating results to a wide range of audiences.
177) What is a major cause of climate change?
178) Describe briefly four potential effects of global climate change
179) What are the scale, risk and environmental implications of global climate change.
180) What is a carbon footprint?
181) How can a carbon footprint be reduced?
182) What actions are required to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and methane?
183) What human activity is the biggest contributor to an increase in atmospheric pollutants?
184) What do most fuels contain?
185) Name the gases commonly released into the atmosphere when a fuel is burned?
186) How does burning fuels produce carbon monoxide, soot (carbon particles), sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen?
187) What are the impacts of emissions of carbon monoxide?
188) What environmental impact does the emission of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause?
189) What environmental impact do particulates cause?
190) Describe and explain the problems caused by increased amounts of the following pollutants in the atmosphere: a) Carbon Dioxide b) Nitrogen Oxides c) Sulfur Dioxide d) Particulates
191) What do humans use the Earth's resources for?
192) What do natural resources provide?
193) What are finite resources used for?
194) What role has Chemistry played in improving agricultural and industrial processes?
195) What are the names of natural products that are supplemented or replaced by agricultural and synthetic products?
196) What is the difference between finite and renewable resources?
197) What are orders of magnitude?
198) What different aspects of a products lifetime are assessed through a life cycle assessment?
199) Why are life cycle assessment not a purely objective process?
200) Why is it important that life cycle assessments are completed by an unbiased impartial agency?
201) What are the life cycle assessments that would be conducted for plastic and paper carrier bags?
202) What are the reasons behind the incentive Reduce, Reuse, Recycle?
203) Where are the raw materials found to produce products such as ceramics, metals and plastics?
204) Describe how the majority of energy is generated in order to process raw materials such as clay ceramics and metal ores?
205) Evaluate the environmental impacts of quarrying in order to obtain natural resources
206) Give an example of a product that can be reused and a product that can be recycled.
207) How can metals be recycled?
208) What does the amount of separation for a product rely on? Give an example.
209) What ways can reducing the use of limited resources be achieved?
210) What should the quality of drinking water be like?
211) What must be done to the waste water produced by urban lifestyles and industrial processes before it can be released back into the environment?
212) What is the name given to water that is safe to drink?
213) What will be required to be removed from a) agricultural waste water and b)industrial waste water?
214) What factors decide which methods are used to produce potable water?
215) What does sewage treatment include?
216) What stages do most of the potable water in the UK produced?
217) How is potable water obtained from a) waste ground and b) salt water?
218) What are three types of sterilising agents used for potable water?
219) What process can be used to make salt water / sea water potable when fresh water is limited?
220) How is desalination completed? (give two methods)
221) What is the main drawback of desalination processes?
222) What is the difference between potable and pure water?
223) What is the differences in the way that ground water and salty water is treated?
224) What are the reasons for each step of producing potable water from ground water?
225) How can analysis of the purity of water be carried out?
226) What will happen to the Earth's supplies of metal ores if we continue to extract them at the rate we are now?
227) What are new ways of extracting copper from low-grade ores called?
228) What do these new methods of copper extraction avoid?
229) How is phytomining carried out?
230) How is bioleaching carried out?
231) How can copper compounds be processed to obtain the metal.
232) What uses do we have for the ammonia produced through the Haber process?
233) Recall the names of the salts produced when phosphate rock is treated with: a) nitric acid b) sulfuric acid c) phosphoric acid
234) What process is used to extract rocks containing phosphate compounds from the earth?
235) How can rocks containing phosphate compounds be treated, in order to make soluble salts that can be used as fertilisers?
236) NPK fertilisers all contain which 3 elements?
237) Can NPK fertilisers be made using a variety of raw materials and different reactions?
238) NPK fertilisers are formulations of various salts. What is a formulation?
239) How can corrosion be described?
240) How can corrosion be prevented?
241) What practical could be carried out to investigate the conditions needed for corrosion (rusting)?
242) What conditions are needed for corrosion to occur?
243) What does sacrificial protection mean?
244) How is aluminium protected from further corrosion?
245) Would a more or less reactive metal be used in sacrificial protection? Give a reason for your answer.
246) Are most everyday metals pure or alloys?
247) What are the alloys bronze and brass made up of?
248) What is the percentage of gold in 24 carat and 18 carat gold used for jewellery?
249) What elements are present in the alloy steel?
250) How are the physical properties of high carbon and low carbon steels different?
251) What are the benefits of stainless steels that contain chromium and nickel?
252) What are the uses of low density aluminium alloys?
253) What are the uses of high density steels?
254) How is soda-glass made?
255) How is borosilicate glass made and what is the advantage of it over soda-glass?
256) How are clay ceramics made?
257) What is a composite and how are they made?
258) What are three examples of composites?
259) What is a polymer?
260) What factors determine the type of polymers that are made?
261) What is the difference between thermo softening and thermosetting polymers?
262) How are high density and low density poly(ethene) are produced from ethene?
263) How are the structures of thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers different?
264) How do the Big Ideas link to this topic?

a) Forces:

b) Particles:

c) Energy:

d) Cells: