P1 - Knowledge Test

Candidate Name:
1) What is a system?
2) What is the law of conservation of energy?
3) When a system changes, what happens to the way energy is stored?
4) What is the net change in energy in a closed system? Give an example.
5) What energy changes are involved when an object is projected upwards?
6) What is the equation for elastic potential energy?
7) What equation links g.p.e., height, mass and gravitational field strength?
8) What equation is used to calculate kinetic energy of a moving object?
9) What is the equation for gravitational potential energy gained by an object raised above ground level?
10) In all system changes, what happens to energy?
11) What is the equation used to calculate energy efficiency?
12) What two ways can be used to reduce unwanted energy transfers?
13) (HT) How is the efficiency of an intended energy transfer increased?
14) What equation is used to calculate change in thermal energy?
15) How much energy is needed to increase the temperature of 500 g of lead from 20oC to 45oC? The specific heat capacity of lead is 128 J/kg oC.
16) What is meant by the term 'specific heat capacity'?
17) What is meant by the term 'power'?
18) How is the rate of a cooling building affected by the thickness and the thermal conductivity of it's walls?
19) What definition is illustrated in the following example: comparing two electric motors that both lift the same weight through the same height but one does it faster than the other?
20) What affect does a higher thermal conductivity have?on the rate of energy transfer?
21) What are the main energy resources available for use on Earth?
22) How is the main energy resource of fossil fuels used on Earth, compared with solar?
23) Why are fossil and nuclear fuels more reliable than wind for generating electricity?
24) What are the environmental issues that arise from the use of different energy resources?
25) What is a renewable energy resource?
26) Why has there been an increase in use of fossil fuels since the early 1900s and how does this compare with solar energy?
27) Which of the following energy resources are renewable and which are non-renewable: fossil fuels, wind, biofuel, solar, nuclear fuel, water waves?
28) What are the main uses of energy resources on Earth?
29) What are the energy resources available on earth?
30) What is the environmental impact of using fossil fuels compared with solar?
31) How would you draw a series circuit with the following components; a bulb, voltmeter, battery and variable resistor?
32) What provides the potential difference for an electrical charge to flow through a closed circuit?
33) What is the definition of electric current?
34) What is the size of an electrical current determined by?
35) How could you draw a circuit diagram to include the following components; bulb, cell, ammeter and an LDR?
36) How are flow of charge, current and time linked by an equation?
37) In a single closed loop what would the value of current be?
38) How are current, potential difference and resistance linked by an equation?
39) What does the current through a component depend on?
40) What is the difference in function between a resistor and a variable resistor?
41) What are the factors affecting resistance in a wire?
42) How would a high resistance of a component affect the current and potential difference across the component?
43) How could you use a graph to identify if a circuit was linear or non-linear and relate the curves to their function and properties?
44) What happens to the resistance of a filament lamp as the temperature increases?
45) A diode will have a very high resistance in which direction?
46) How does the current through an ohmic conductor (at a constant temperature) behave in relation to the current?
47) How could you draw a circuit to measure the resistance of a component by measuring the current through, and potential difference across, the component? (include the equation)
48) How does the resistance of a diode behave in relation to the current of the component?
49) How does the current through a diode behave?
50) How are thermistors used for? Give an example.
51) What happens to the resistance of an LDR as light intensity increases?
52) How are LDRs used in circuits? Oive an example.
53) What happens to the resistance of a thermistor as the temperature increases?
54) Why would the resistance of a semiconductor decrease?
55) When is an electric field of a charged object weakest?
56) When do certain insulating materials become charged?
57) What happens to a second charged object placed in the electric field of the first charged object?
58) How do certain insulting materials become charged in terms of electrons?
59) What happens when two objects of the same type of charge are close together?
60) When is an electric field of a charged object strongest?
61) What is the relationship between force and distance between two charged objects?
62) What happens when two objects of opposite type of charge are close together?
63) How would you draw the electric field pattern for an isolated charged sphere?
64) What is the charge of a material that loses the electrons?
65) What type of force can the attraction and replulsion between two charged objects be classified as?
66) What is an electric field?
67) How is static electricity and/or a spark produced?
68) What happens to the electric field of charged objects?
69) How does a charged object exert forces of attraction and repulsion when not in contact with another object?
70) How can the phenomena of static electricity be explained?
71) Name the two different types of circuit that can be used to join electrical components together?
72) What do we use dc series circuits for?
73) What is created in the area around a charged object?
74) Describe how: a) Current b) Potential difference c) Total resistance Varies between components connected in series.
75) What is the current if the potential difference is 12V and the resistance is 4Ohms?
76) Describe how: a) current b) potential difference c) total resistance varies between components connected in parallel circuits?
77) What happens when two electically charged objects are brought close together?
78) In what two ways can Ohms law be applied to a circuit?
79) Why does adding resistors in series increase the total resistance, whilst adding resistors in parallel decreases the total resistance?
80) What are the two equations used to calculate power?
81) What is the purpose of everyday electrical appliances?
82) What does the amount of energy an appliance transfers depend upon?
83) How do domestic appliances transfer energy from batteries or mains to the kinetic energy of electric motors or heating devices.
84) How is the power of a circuit device related to the potential difference across it and the current through it?
85) When is 'work done' in terms of appliances?
86) Which equation is use to calculate the amount of energy transferred by electrical work?
87) In terms of charge flow and potential difference, how can energy transferred be calculated?
88) How is the power of a circuit device related to the energy transferred over a given time?
89) What examples show the relationship between the power ratings for domestic electrical appliances and changes in stored energy when they are in use?
90) What type of supply is mains electricity?
91) What is the frequency of the domestic electricity supply in the United Kingdom?
92) What is the potential difference of the domestic electricity supply in the United Kingdom?
93) What is the difference between direct and alternating potential difference?
94) How many core cables do most electrical appliances use to the mains?
95) Why is the insulation covering of each wire in a plug colour coded? What colour is the a) Live wire b) Neutral wire c) Earth wire
96) What is carried by the live wire from the supply?
97) What completes the circuit in a plug?
98) What is the potential difference between live wire and earth wire?
99) Which wire in a plug is at, or close to, earth potential (0 V)?
100) What is the potential difference of the earth wire in a plug, and when would it carry a current?
101) When might a live wire still be dangerous when considering a switch?
102) What are the dangers of providing any connection between the live wire and earth?
103) What is the purpose of the earth wire?
104) What is the National Grid?
105) What is used to transfer electrical power from power stations to consumers?
106) Why are step-up transformers used in the National Grid?
107) Why are step-down transformers used in the National Grid?
108) Why is the National Grid system an efficient way to transfer energy?
109) What is the equation used to define the density of a material
110) What is meant by the term 'internal energy', in terms of particles?
111) If the temperature of a system increases, what three different things does the increase in temperature depend on?
112) What is meant by the term 'internal energy', in terms of kinetic and potential energy?
113) What effect does heating change have on the energy stored within the system or state of matter?
114) Draw a diagram pf particle arrangement for a solid; a liquid and a gas.
115) What two things can the particle model be used to explain?
116) In terms of particles, explain why ther are differences in density between the different states of matter.
117) What is meant by the latent heat of a substance?
118) What happens to the temperature when a change of state occurs?
119) What happens to the mass of a substance as it changes state?
120) What is the specific latent heat of a substance?
121) How do changes of state differ from chemical changes?
122) What is the equation used to calculate the energy for a change of state? Include units in your response.
123) What is meant by the term specific heat of fusion? Give an example to show what this means.
124) What is the difference between specific heat capacity and specific latent heat?
125) What is meant by the term specific heat of fusion? Give an example to show what this means.
126) How would the motion be described for molecules of a gas?
127) What impact does increasing the temperature of a gas held at constant volume have on pressure?
128) How does the temperature of a gas relate to the average kinetic energy of the molecules?
129) How does the motion of the molecules in a gas relate to both its temperature and its pressure?
130) What is the relationship between the temperature of a gas and its pressure at constant volume?
131) (Physics only) What states can be fluids?
132) (Physics only) Pressure in fluid causes a force in what direction to the surface?
133) (Physics only) What equation can be used to calculate the pressure of a fluid at the surface?
134) (Physics only) How can the pressure due to a column of liquid be calculated?
135) (Physics only) What two factors increase the pressure at a point in a liquid?
136) (Physics only) How does pressure change as you get deeper in the sea?
137) (Physics only) How do differences in pressure create the force of upthrust?
138) (Physics only) What factors influence whether an object floats or sinks?
139) (Physics only) What is the atmosphere?
140) (Physics only) What happens to the density of the atmosphere as the altitude increases?
141) (Physics only) What creates atmospheric pressure?
142) (Physics only) What happens to the weight of air above a surface as the height of that surface is increased above ground level?
143) (Physics only) Why does atmospheric pressure decrease with an increase in height?
144) (Physics only) How would the particles in the air be arranged close to the Earth's surface then getting further up with altitude.
145) (Physics only) Why does atmospheric pressure vary with height above the surface?
146) (Physics only) What causes a gas to be compressed or expanded?
147) (Physics only) How does pressure affect gases?
148) (Physics only) How does the pressure produce gas being compressed or expanded within a container?
149) (Physics only) Using the particle model, how does increasing the volume in which as gas is contained lead to a decrease in pressure?
150) (Physics only) What does Boyle's Law state?
151) (Physics only) How could you calculate the change in pressure of a gas or the volume of a gas (of fixed mass and temperature)
152) (Physics only) What is work?
153) (Physics only) What impact does doing 'work' on a gas have on the internal energy of a gas and temperature?
154) (Physics only) In a situation like a bicycle pump, explain how doing work on an enclosed gas can lead to an increase in temperature of the gas.
155) (Physics only) What happens to some of the mass in nuclear fusion?
156) Why might the scientific model of the atom change over time?
157) What where the atoms thought to be like before the discovery of the atom?
158) What did the discovery of the electron lead to?
159) What did the plum pudding model suggest?
160) What did the results from the alpha particle scattering experiment lead to?
161) How did Niel Bohr adapt the nuclear model?
162) What did later experiments on the atom lead to?
163) What did the experimental work of James Chadwick provide evidence of?
164) Describe why the new evidence from the scattering experiment led to a change in the atomic model.
165) What is the difference between the plum pudding model of the atom and the nuclear model of the atom.
166) What is the radius of an atom?
167) What is the structure of an atom, with charges for sub-atomic particles?
168) How does the radius of an atom compare with the radius of the nucleus of an atom?
169) Where is most of the mass of an atom concentrated?
170) How do energy levels differ in terms of distance from the nucleus?
171) What might cause the electron arrangements to change (from a lower to higher energy level, for example)?
172) How does the number of electrons relate to the number of protons in an atom?
173) What is the overall electrical charge of an atom?
174) What do all atoms of a particular element have in common? What do we call this number?
175) What does the mass number of an atom refer to?
176) How can atoms be represented?
177) What is an isotope?
178) How can an atom become a positive ion?
179) What is an isotope?
180) What is meant by the term 'unstable' in terms of atomic nuclei?
181) How can a nucleus become more stable in terms of radiation?
182) What is meant by the term 'activity' in terms of decay?
183) What is radioactive activity measured in?
184) What is the definition of 'count rate' and what piece of equipment can measure it?
185) What are the different types of nuclear radiation that can be emitted and what is each made up of?
186) What is a beta particle (β)?
187) What is a gamma ray (γ)?
188) What is released during nuclear fission?
189) What will stop the alpha radiation?
190) What will stop the Beta radiation?
191) What will stop the Gamma radiation?
192) Relative to alpha and beta, how ionising is gamma radiation?
193) Relative to beta and gamma, how ionising is alpha radiation?
194) What are the different uses of radiation?
195) How can nuclear equations be used?
196) What symbol represents an alpha particle?
197) What symbol represents a beta particle?
198) What does the emission of the different types of nuclear radiation cause?
199) What does alpha decay cause?
200) What does Beta decay cause?
201) How to balance alpha (α) and beta (β) decay equations?
202) What happens during the emission of a gamma ray?
203) How radioactive decay happen?
204) What is the meaning of the term 'half-life'?
205) How is the concept of half-life related to radioactive decay?
206) How would the half-life of a radioactive isotope be determined from given information?
207) How would the net decline of radioactive emission after a given number of half-lives be expressed?
208) What is meant by radioactive contamination?
209) What is the hazard of contamination?
210) What is Irradiation?
211) What are the hazards associated with contamination and irradiation?
212) What type of suitable precaution must be taken to protect against any hazard that the radioactive source used in the process of irradiation may present.
213) When is radiation around?
214) Where does Background radiation comes from?
215) How could the level of background radiation be affected?
216) How is radiation dose measured?
217) What does 1000 millisieverts equal to?
218) What is the unit for a radiation dose?
219) How can nuclear radiation be used in medicine?
220) How can nuclear radiation be used in medicine?
221) How can nuclear radiation be used in medicine?
222) What are the perceived risks of using nuclear radiation?
223) What are the half-lifes of radioactive isotopes?
224) Why does the hazard associated with radioactive material differ according to the half-life involved?
225) What is meant by the term 'nuclear fission'?
226) When does Spontaneous fission occur?
227) What happens to a nucleus undergoing fission?
228) What type of energy do all fission products have?
229) What starts the chain reaction?
230) How is a chain reaction controlled?
231) How is the explosion of a nuclear weapon caused?
232) What is nuclear fusion?
233) How do the Big Ideas link to this topic?

a) Forces:

b) Particles:

c) Energy:

d) Cells: