4th Sep '25

B Keywords

B1140
B2100
  1. Enzyme (3) - B1:3
    • Proteins that act as biological catalysts, each specific for a certain metabolic reaction.
  2. Polymer (2) - B2:2
    • A long molecule made of smaller repeating units joined
  3. Cardiovascular disease (2) - B1:2
    • A range of conditions caused by a build-up of fatty deposits inside the arteries.
  4. Risk Factor (2) - B1:1 - B2:1
    • Any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.
  5. Auxin (2) - B2:2
    • Plant hormones that cause cells to grow.
  6. Respiration (2) - B1:1 - B2:1
    • Reaction releasing the energy from glucose to be used for cells to carry out activities.
  7. Concentration (2) - B1:2
    • The amount of a substance in a given volume.
  8. Concentration Gradient (2) - B1:2
    • The difference between a high and low concentration.
  9. Tropisms (2) - B2:2
    • The growth of a plant towards or away from a particular stimulus.
  10. Population (2) - B1:1 - B2:1
    • a community of organisms among whose members interbreeding occurs.
  11. Disease (2) - B1:2
    • a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant.
  12. Tissue (2) - B1:2
    • a group of cells working together to perform a function.
  13. Organ (2) - B1:2
    • a group of tissues working together to perform a particular function.
  14. Gene (2) - B2:2
    • a section of DNA that codes for a protein or part of a protein.
  15. Theory (2) - B2:2
    • a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something.
  16. Meiosis (2) - B2:2
    • cell division that forms unique haploid gametes.
  17. Gamete (2) - B2:2
    • sex cells that fuse during sexual reproduction.
  18. Active Transport (2) - B1:2
    • the movement of a chemical across a partially permeable membrane against its concentration gradient using energy from respiration.
  19. Evolution (2) - B2:2
    • the process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
  20. Controlled by physical blocks that stop sperm from entering the female system. (1) - B2:1
  21. Biomass (1) - B2:1
  22. Tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function. (1) - B1:1
  23. Organs are groups of tissues working together to perform specific functions. (1) - B1:1
  24. Virus - type of pathogen, takes over host cells (1) - B1:1
  25. Barrier contraception (1) - B2:1
  26. Bacteria - type of pathogen (1) - B1:1
  27. Fungi - type of pathogen (1) - B1:1
  28. Efficiency (1) - B2:1
  29. Trophic level (1) - B2:1
  30. Hormone (1) - B2:1
    • A chemical messenger that travels through the cells.
  31. Hormones (1) - B2:1
    • A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs.
  32. Waste Product (1) - B1:1
    • A chemical substance released by cells as a by-product of metabolic reactions.
  33. Stent (1) - B1:1
    • A device used to open up arteries to allow more blood to flow through it.
  34. Double Circulatory System (1) - B1:1
    • A double loop circulatory system has 2 loops with oxygen-poor blood and oxygen-rich blood, that don't mix.
  35. Statin (1) - B1:1
    • A drug taken to reduce blood cholesterol.
  36. Gland (1) - B2:1
    • A gland is a group of cells in an animal's body that makes substances like hormones.
  37. Insulin (1) - B2:1
    • A hormone, produced by the pancreas, that regulates glucose concentrations in the blood.
  38. Cancer (1) - B1:1
    • A malignant growth resulting from an uncontrolled division of cells.
  39. Partially-Permeable (1) - B1:1
    • A membrane that allows certain chemicals to pass through it but not others.
  40. Dialysis (1) - B2:1
    • A procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly.
  41. Negative Feedback Cycle (1) - B2:1
    • A reaction that causes a decrease in function
  42. Correlation (1) - B1:1
    • A relationship or connection between two factors, often see on a graph.
  43. Exchange surface (1) - B1:1
    • A specific surface in an organism adapted to transfer lots of chemicals across it, normally into or out of the blood.
  44. Synapse (1) - B2:1
    • A tiny gap at the junction between two nerve cells, which nerve signals must cross.
  45. Benign (1) - B1:1
    • A tumour that does not spread to other parts of the body.
  46. Malignant (1) - B1:1
    • A tumour where cells can spread to other parts of the body creating new tumours.
  47. Protists (1) - B1:1
    • A type of pathogen
  48. Tumour (1) - B1:1
    • Abnormal growth of cells in the body producing a swelling or lump.
  49. Protein (1) - B1:1
    • Amino acids joined together. They can be structural or enzymes.
  50. Dominant (1) - B2:1
    • An allele that will always give its characteristic if present in the genotype.
  51. Recessive (1) - B2:1
    • An allele that will only give its characteristic if no dominant allele is present in the genotype.
  52. Allele (1) - B2:1
    • An alternate version of gene giving a different variation of the characteristic.
  53. Receptor (1) - B2:1
    • An organ or cell able to respond to light, heat, or other external stimulus and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve.
  54. Diuretic (1) - B2:1
    • Any substance that promotes dieresis, the increased production of urine.
  55. Aphids (1) - B1:1
    • Aphids are small sap-sucking insects
  56. Relay Neurone (1) - B2:1
    • Carry messages from one part of the CNS to another.
  57. Sensory Neurone (1) - B2:1
    • Carry signals from receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
  58. Motor Neurone (1) - B2:1
    • Carry signals from the CNS to effectors.
  59. Mitosis (1) - B1:1
    • Cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
  60. Zygote (1) - B2:1
    • Cell produced from fertilisation. The first cell of a new organism.
  61. Specialised (1) - B1:1
    • Cell that is adapted to perform a particular function in the body.
  62. Ion (1) - B1:1
    • Charged atom/particle.
  63. Bile (1) - B1:1
    • Chemical made in the liver that neutralises stomach acid and emulsify fats.
  64. Hormones (1) - B2:1
    • Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream.
  65. Hormonal contraception (1) - B2:1
    • Controlled by chemicals that travel through the bloodstream.
  66. Evaluation (1) - B2:1
    • Criticism of the investigation to see how effective the method was.
  67. Crop (1) - B1:1
    • Cultivated plant grown commercially.
  68. Infectious (1) - B1:1
    • Diseases that can be passed from person to person through touch, air, water, bodily fluids.
  69. Antibiotics (1) - B1:1
    • Drugs that are used to destroy bacteria that infectious diseases.
  70. Cell Cycle (1) - B1:1
    • Growth and reproduction of cells consisting of different stages including interphase and mitosis.
  71. pH (1) - B1:1
    • How acidic or alkaline a substance is.
  72. Precision (1) - B2:1
    • How close two or more measurements are to each other.
  73. Rate of reaction (1) - B1:1
    • How fast a reaction takes place.
  74. Fertility (1) - B2:1
    • How likely someone is to produce viable offspring.
  75. Validity (1) - B2:1
    • How well the results answer the aim.
  76. Vein (1) - B1:1
    • Impermeable blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.
  77. Artery (1) - B1:1
    • Impermeable blood vessel that carries blood from the heart.
  78. Fat (1) - B1:1
    • Insoluble molecule made of glycerol and fatty acids.
  79. Chromosome (1) - B1:1
    • Long section of DNA containing many genes.
  80. Ventricles (1) - B1:1
    • Lower chambers of the heart that pump the blood out of the heart.
  81. Immune System (1) - B1:1
    • Made up of white blood cells, antibodies and antitoxins
  82. Contraception (1) - B2:1
    • Methods of preventing pregnancy that are either chemical or physical.
  83. Pathogens (1) - B1:1
    • Microorganisms that can transmit infectious diseases
  84. Sugar (1) - B1:1
    • Molecule that is often a source a chemical energy for living things.
  85. Ribosome (1) - B2:1
    • Organelle that carries out protein synthesis.
  86. Multicellular (1) - B1:1
    • Organism made of more than one cell.
  87. Clone (1) - B1:1
    • Organism that is genetically identical to another.
  88. Organ System (1) - B1:1
    • Organs working together to perform a major specific role/system in the organism.
  89. Diffusion (1) - B1:1
    • Passive movement of particles from a high to a low concentration.
  90. Volunteers (1) - B1:1
    • People who offer to test out new drugs to see their side affects
  91. Capillary (1) - B1:1
    • Permeable blood vessel with a wall one cell thick where exchange between the blood and cells of the body takes place.
  92. Asexual Reproduction (1) - B2:1
    • Reproduction from one parent producing an identical clone of the parent.
  93. Sexual Reproduction (1) - B2:1
    • Reproduction involving two parents creating unique offspring
  94. Cells (1) - B1:1
    • Smallest part of a living
  95. Buffer (1) - B1:1
    • Solution at a set pH and remains at that pH.
  96. Vector (1) - B1:1
    • Something that carry's disease
  97. Exchange Surface (1) - B1:1
    • Specially adapted part of an organism for the movement of chemicals across it, often to and from the blood.
  98. Rare Species (1) - B1:1
    • Species that has few individuals and often endangered with extinction.
  99. Embryonic Stem Cell (1) - B1:1
    • Stem cell that has the potential to become any type of cell in the body.
  100. Meristem (1) - B1:1
    • Stem cells in plants.
  101. Nucleotide (1) - B2:1
    • Subunit of DNA made of a sugar, phosphate group and one of 4 bases (A,T,C or G)
  102. Dose (1) - B1:1
    • The amount of drug given to a patient/volunteer
  103. Optimum dose (1) - B1:1
    • The best amount of drug to treat a disease effectively
  104. Penicillin (1) - B1:1
    • The first antibiotic to be discovered.
  105. Homeostasis (1) - B2:1
    • The maintenance of steady conditions. The ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment, e.g. temperature and blood glucose concentration.
  106. Osmosis (1) - B1:1
    • The movement of water down its concentration across a partially permeable membrane.
  107. Nervous system (1) - B2:1
    • The network of nerve cells and fibers which transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
  108. Genome (1) - B2:1
    • The order of all the bases in the entire DNA of an organism.
  109. Effector (1) - B2:1
    • The organ, tissue or cell that produces a response.
  110. Active Site (1) - B1:1
    • The part of the enzyme that the substrate binds to.
  111. Uterus (1) - B2:1
    • The part of the female reproductive system where a fertilised egg will mature into fetus.
  112. Central Nervous System (1) - B2:1
    • The part of the nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord.
  113. Reflex Arc (1) - B2:1
    • The pathway of information from a sensory neuron through an inter neuron to a motor neuron.
  114. Puberty (1) - B2:1
    • The period at which an organism begins to mature into an adult.
  115. Digestion (1) - B1:1
    • The process by which food is broken down and absorbed into the blood to be used by cells.
  116. Reproduction (1) - B2:1
    • The process of creating offspring from one or two parents.
  117. Substrate (1) - B1:1
    • The reactant or reactants that the enzyme catalases the reaction for.
  118. Impulse (1) - B2:1
    • The signal that travels along the length of a nerve fiber.
  119. Lock and Key (1) - B1:1
    • The specific way that the exact substrate fits the exact enzyme.
  120. Germination (1) - B2:1
    • The start of growth in a seed.
  121. Physical Health (1) - B1:1
    • The state of how well the body performs physical tasks.
  122. Health (1) - B1:1
    • The state of physical and mental well-being.
  123. Mental Health (1) - B1:1
    • The state of psychological well-being.
  124. Surface Area (1) - B1:1
    • The total area of a surface.
  125. Seed (1) - B2:1
    • The unit of reproduction of a flowering plant.
  126. Surface Area to Volume Ratio (1) - B1:1
    • The volume of an object compared to the surface area it has.
  127. Risks (1) - B2:1
    • Things that could bring about harm or damage.
  128. Blood (1) - B1:1
    • Tissue that is liquid and has the role of transporting substances around the body.
  129. Caner (1) - B1:1
    • Uncontrollable growth of cells
  130. Atria (1) - B1:1
    • Upper chambers of the heart that collect blood.
  131. Flu (1) - B1:1
    • Viral infection
  132. HIV (1) - B1:1
    • Viral infection
  133. TMV (1) - B1:1
    • Viral infection
  134. Measles (1) - B1:1
    • Viral infection.
  135. Fertilisation (1) - B2:1
    • Where gametes fuse and combine their chromosomes.
  136. Coronary Heart Disease (1) - B1:1
    • Where the coronary arteries become blocked, starving the heart muscle cells of oxygen.
  137. Causal (1) - B1:1
    • Where there is an explanation of how one factor causes a change in another.
  138. Adaptation (1) - B1:1
    • a change that an organism goes through in order to become better suited to its environment.
  139. Characteristics (1) - B2:1
    • a feature or quality of an organism used to identify them.
  140. Cystic Fibrosis (1) - B2:1
    • a genetic disorder that alters the mucus in the body affecting the lungs and digestion.
  141. Molecule (1) - B1:1
    • a group of atoms, either the same or different, bonded together.
  142. Colony (1) - B1:1
    • a group of fungi or bacteria grown from a single spore or cell on a culture medium.
  143. Species (1) - B2:1
    • a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.
  144. Conclusion (1) - B2:1
    • a judgement or conclusion reached after investigation.
  145. Antibiotics (1) - B2:1
    • a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.
  146. Electron microscope (1) - B1:1
    • a microscope with high magnification and resolution, employing electron beams in place of light and using electron lenses.
  147. Yeast (1) - B1:1
    • a microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding.
  148. Prokaryote (1) - B1:1
    • a microscopic, single-celled organism with no distinct membrane-bound organelles.
  149. Cuttings (1) - B2:1
    • a piece cut from a plant for propagation.
  150. Genus (1) - B2:1
    • a principal taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family, and is denoted by a capitalized Latin name, e.g. Leo.
  151. Exothermic (1) - B1:1
    • a reaction that releases energy into the environment.
  152. Endothermic (1) - B1:1
    • a reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings.
  153. Neurone (1) - B2:1
    • a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.
  154. MRSA (1) - B2:1
    • a strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
  155. Standard form (1) - B1:1
    • a system of writing very large or very small numbers to make it more manageable.
  156. Stimulus (1) - B2:1
    • a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue.
  157. Chromosomes (1) - B2:1
    • a thread-like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
  158. Benefits (1) - B2:1
    • advantages or profits made from something.
  159. Organism (1) - B2:1
    • an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.
  160. Microscope (1) - B1:1
    • an optical instrument used for viewing very small objects, such as mineral samples or animal or plant cells, typically magnified several hundred times.
  161. Eukaryote (1) - B1:1
    • an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus.
  162. Embryo (1) - B2:1
    • an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development.
  163. Stem Cell (1) - B1:1
    • an undifferentiated cell capable of becoming various types of cell.
  164. Interbreeding (1) - B2:1
    • breeding between species in order to form viable offspring.
  165. Selective breeding (1) - B2:1
    • breeding certain plants or animals together in order to pass on desired characteristics
  166. Starch (1) - B1:1
    • carbohydrate made of lots of glucose molecules joined together.
  167. Modification (1) - B2:1
    • changes or adaptations made to something.
  168. Allele (1) - B2:1
    • each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
  169. Polydactyly (1) - B2:1
    • genetic condition of having extra fingers or toes.
  170. Recessive (1) - B2:1
    • heritable characteristics controlled by genes which are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents.
  171. Dominant (1) - B2:1
    • heritable characteristics which are controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring even when inherited from only one parent.
  172. Rate (1) - B1:1
    • how fast something occurs.
  173. Vaccination (1) - B1:1
    • inactive virus given to a healthy person
  174. malformed (1) - B1:1
    • incorrectly shaped stems
  175. Stunted growth (1) - B1:1
    • limited growth
  176. Discoloration (1) - B1:1
    • loss of colour in tissues
  177. Cloning (1) - B2:1
    • making identical copies of an organism or item.
  178. Amino Acid (1) - B2:1
    • one of 24 different subunits joined to make a protein
  179. Ribosomes (1) - B1:1
    • organelles specialised to synthesis proteins.
  180. Antibodies (1) - B1:1
    • produced by white blood cells, specific to each pathogen
  181. Geological (1) - B2:1
    • relating to the study of the earth's physical structure and substance.
  182. Decay (1) - B2:1
    • rot or decompose through the action of bacteria and fungi.
  183. decay (1) - B1:1
    • rotting of tissues
  184. Insoluble (1) - B1:1
    • something that doesn't dissolve in a solvent.
  185. Inheritance (1) - B2:1
    • something that is passed on.
  186. Limiting factor (1) - B1:1
    • something that stops the rate of reaction from increasing past a point.
  187. White blood cells (1) - B1:1
    • specialised cells that destroy pathogens in the blood
  188. Organelle (1) - B1:1
    • specialised structures found within a cell.
  189. Embryo screening (1) - B2:1
    • testing cells of an embryo for the presence of any genetic conditions.
  190. Preclinical testing (1) - B1:1
    • testing done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals.
  191. Sex Chromosomes (1) - B2:1
    • the 23rd pair of chromosome that determines the sex of the person.
  192. Magnification (1) - B1:1
    • the action of visibly enlarging an image.
  193. Concentration (1) - B1:1
    • the amount of particles in a given space.
  194. Classification (1) - B2:1
    • the arrangement of animals and plants in taxonomic groups according to their observed similarities
  195. Taxonomy (1) - B2:1
    • the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms.
  196. DNA (1) - B1:1
    • the carrier of genetic information, present in nearly all living organisms.
  197. Mutations (1) - B2:1
    • the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form which may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.
  198. Genome (1) - B2:1
    • the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.
  199. Photosynthesis (1) - B1:1
    • the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using energy from the sun.
  200. Culture (1) - B1:1
    • the cultivation of bacteria, tissue cells, etc. in an artificial medium containing nutrients.
  201. Genetic engineering (1) - B2:1
    • the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
  202. Variation (1) - B2:1
    • the differences between organisms of the same species.
  203. Cell division (1) - B1:1
    • the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material.
  204. Speciation (1) - B2:1
    • the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
  205. Tissue culture (1) - B2:1
    • the growth of cells derived from living tissue in an artificial medium.
  206. Cardiovascular (1) - B1:1
    • the heart and blood vessels.
  207. Kingdom (1) - B2:1
    • the highest category in taxonomic classification.
  208. Function (1) - B1:1
    • the job or role that something has or is specialised for.
  209. Cytoplasm (1) - B1:1
    • the liquid material within a cell which is the site of chemical reactions.
  210. DNA (1) - B2:1
    • the molecule of inheritance made of nucleotides joined together and containing 4 different bases.
  211. Black Spot Disease (1) - B1:1
    • the most serious disease of roses. It is caused by a fungus
  212. Translocation (1) - B1:1
    • the movement of materials from one location to another in a plant.
  213. Diffusion (1) - B1:1
    • the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
  214. Transpiration (1) - B1:1
    • the movement of water up the plant against the force of gravity.
  215. Respiration (1) - B1:1
    • the process of taking in oxygen and glucose and converting it into carbon dioxide and water.
  216. Natural selection (1) - B2:1
    • the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
  217. Fossils (1) - B2:1
    • the remains or impression of a prehistoric plant or animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form.
  218. Mitochondria (1) - B1:1
    • the site of respiration within the cell.
  219. Magnitude (1) - B1:1
    • the size or extent of something.
  220. Resolution (1) - B1:1
    • the smallest interval measurable by a scientific instrument.
  221. Gene pool (1) - B2:1
    • the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population.
  222. Microbiology (1) - B1:1
    • the study of microorganisms.
  223. Products (1) - B1:1
    • the substances made at the end of a reaction.
  224. Metabolism (1) - B1:1
    • the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.
  225. Epidermis (1) - B1:1
    • the surface tissue.
  226. Area (1) - B1:1
    • the total surface of an object.
  227. Xylem (1) - B1:1
    • the vascular tissue in plants specialised to transport water and dissolved nutrients up the plant.
  228. Resistant (1) - B2:1
    • to be unaffected by something.
  229. Emulsify (1) - B1:1
    • to break up fat into smaller parts by allowing it mix better with water.
  230. Bacteria (1) - B1:1
    • unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus.
  231. Chloroplasts (1) - B1:1
    • vesicles full of the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.
  232. Mosaic Virus (1) - B1:1
    • viruses that cause the leaves to have a speckled appearance
  233. Differentiate (1) - B1:1
    • when a stem cell becomes specialised to a particular cell type.
  234. Collisions (1) - B1:1
    • when one particle bumps into another.
  235. Extinction (1) - B2:1
    • when there are no members of a species left living.
  236. Aerobic (1) - B1:1
    • with oxygen.
  237. Anaerobic (1) - B1:1
    • without oxygen.
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