C Keywords

Chemical reaction (6) - C1:4 - C2:2

A process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.

Concentration (5) - C1:2 - C2:3

the amount of a substance per defined space. (often measured as mol/dm3 or g/dm3)

Mole (4) - C1:4

A measure of a chemical amount.

(3) - C1:3

Relative Formula Mass (3) - C1:3

Ion (3) - C1:2 - C2:1

An atom that has either gained or lost electrons.

Activation energy (3) - C2:3

The energy required to start a chemical reaction.

Pressure (3) - C1:1 - C2:2

The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.

Rate (3) - C2:3

The speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds.

Melting point (3) - C1:2 - C2:1

The temperature at which a given solid will melt.

Boiling point (3) - C1:1 - C2:2

The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapour.

Extended writing (3) - C1:3

explain why covalent substances do not conduct electricity.

Balanced equation (2) - C1:2

Mixture (2) - C1:2

Percentage atom economy (2) - C1:2

Covalent bond (2) - C1:2

A chemical bond formed between non-metal atoms, which combine together by sharing electrons.

Endothermic (2) - C1:1 - C2:1

A chemical reaction takes in energy from the surroundings.

Exothermic (2) - C1:1 - C2:1

A chemical reaction that transfers energy to the surroundings.

Reversible (2) - C1:1 - C2:1

A chemical reaction where the reactants form products that, in turn, react together to give the reactants back.

Surface area (2) - C1:1 - C2:1

A measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies.

Molecule (2) - C1:2

A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Compound (2) - C1:2

A substance consisting of atoms or ions of two or more different elements in definite proportions joined by chemical bonds into a molecule.

Catalyst (2) - C1:1 - C2:1

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction, but is not consumed. Works by lowering the activation energy.

Reactivity (2) - C1:2

How likely an element is to react and form a compound

Polymer (2) - C1:1 - C2:1

Made of chain of chemically bonded monomers.

Gas (2) - C1:2

One of the states of matter with the most amount of energy.

Mass number (2) - C1:2

Total number of protons and neutrons in an element.

Group (2) - C1:2

a collection of elements found in the same column of the periodic table with similar properties.

Electron (2) - C1:2

a negatively charged sub-atomic particle found in the electron shells (energy levels) of an atom with a negligible mass.

Proton (2) - C1:2

a positively charged sub-atomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a mass of 1.

Lattice (2) - C1:2

a regular repeated three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a metal or other crystalline solid.

Neutron (2) - C1:2

a sub-atomic particle that has no overall charge found in the nucleus of an atom with a mass of 1.

Solute (2) - C1:2

a substance that will dissolve

Graphite (2) - C1:2

each carbon atom is only covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms, rather than to four as in diamond. Graphite contains layers of carbon atoms. The layers slide over each other easily because there are only weak forces between them, making graphite slippery.

Ionic compound (2) - C1:2

is a chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding

Metallic bond (2) - C1:2

is a type of chemical bonding that arises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons and positively charged metal ions.

Element (2) - C1:2

made up from only one type of atom.

electrons (2) - C1:2

negative subatomic particle, mass of 0, charge -1

boiling point (2) - C1:2

temperature at which a substance changes state from a liquid to a gas

Atomic number (2) - C1:2

the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of an element.

Electrostatic attraction (2) - C1:2

the phenomenon where a negatively charged atom or molecule is attracted to a positively charged atom or molecule

Atom (2) - C1:2

the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter.

Insoluble (2) - C1:2

will not dissolve in a solvent

Energy (1) - C1:1

Water (1) - C2:1

Carbon Fibre (1) - C2:1

Composite (1) - C2:1

Ceramic (1) - C2:1

Polymer (1) - C2:1

Monomer (1) - C2:1

Density (1) - C2:1

Reaction Profile (1) - C1:1

Ethene (1) - C2:1

Covalent (1) - C2:1

Steel (1) - C2:1

Bronze (1) - C2:1

Sacrficial metal (1) - C2:1

oil (1) - C2:1

air (1) - C2:1

Oxidation (1) - C2:1

Reactivity (1) - C2:1

corrosion (1) - C2:1

Alloys (1) - C2:1

Rusting (1) - C2:1

Brass (1) - C2:1

Concent (1) - C1:1

Metallic bonding is the strong attraction between closely packed positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons. (1) - C1:1

Quantitative test (1) - C2:1

Atom Economy (1) - C1:1

Mass (1) - C1:1

. (1) - C2:1

The limiting reagent (or limiting reactant, LR) in a chemical reaction is the substance that is totally consumed when the chemical reaction is complete. The amount of product formed is limited by this reagent, since the reaction cannot continue without it (1) - C1:1

reaction (1) - C1:1

Yield (1) - C1:1

EW_Describe how to carry out titrations using strong acids and strong alkalis only (sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acids only) to find the reacting volumes accurately_ (1) - C1:1

chemical (1) - C1:1

with the same functional group but differing in composition by a fixed group of atoms. (1) - C2:1

atoms (1) - C1:1

Working with nanoparticles is called nanotechnology.nanometre, 1 nm, is one billionth of a metre (or a millionth of a millimetre) (1) - C1:1

This is why metals have high melting points and boiling points. (1) - C1:1

Giant Ionic (1) - C1:1

Volume (1) - C1:1

Nanoscience (1) - C1:1

Products (1) - C1:1

Gases (1) - C1:1

Reactants (1) - C1:1

molar (1) - C1:1

Chemical Reaction (1) - C1:1

Avogardo Constant (1) - C1:1

Peer review (1) - C2:1

1.evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field.

peptide bond (1) - C1:1

A bond created between two amino acids.

Carbon footprint (1) - C2:1

A carbon footprint is historically defined as the total emissions caused by an individual, event, organisation, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent.

Ionic bond (1) - C1:1

A chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction of oppositely charged ions. Formed between a metal and non-metal.

Oxidation (1) - C1:1

A chemical reaction where metals gain oxygen and looses electrons.

Redox (1) - C1:1

A chemical reaction where substances are reduced and oxidised simultaneously.

Halide (1) - C2:1

A compound containing a group 7 element.

Dot cross diagram (1) - C1:1

A diagram used to represent the transfer of electrons in a chemical bond.

Fuel (1) - C2:1

A material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned to produce energy.

Metal carbonate (1) - C1:1

A metal that contains carbon and oxygen.

Denitrification (1) - C2:1

A microbially facilitated process where nitrate is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen..

Formulation (1) - C2:1

A mixture where components are carefully measured before being mixed to give a desired set of properties.

Solution (1) - C2:1

A mixture where one of the substances is dissolved within another.

molecules (1) - C1:1

A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge.

Ore (1) - C2:1

A naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be extracted profitably.

polypeptides (1) - C1:1

A polymer made of amino acids.

Enzyme (1) - C2:1

A protein manufactured by a cell, that acts as a biological catalyst.

Acid rain (1) - C2:1

A rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic.

Ratio (1) - C1:1

A ratio is a way to compare amounts of something

polymerisation (1) - C1:1

A reaction between monomers to create polymers.

Thermal decomposition (1) - C1:1

A reaction in which a substance is broken down into at least two other substances by heat

Finite (1) - C2:1

A resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames.

monomer (1) - C1:1

A small unit component that can be used to make a polymer.

Dilute (1) - C2:1

A solution containing a relatively small quantity of solute as compared with the amount of solvent.

Pure (1) - C2:1

A substance made up of only one element and compound.

Neutral (1) - C1:1

A substances that has a pH of 7. Equal number of OH- and H ions

Chromatography (1) - C2:1

A technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components move at different rates.

Relative formula Mass (1) - C1:1

A total of all the atomic mass values for all the atoms in a formula.

Activation Energy (1) - C1:1

Amount of energy required for a reaction to occur

Alloy (1) - C1:1

An alloy is a mixture of two elements, one of which is a metal. substance made of a metal bond

Lime water (1) - C2:1

An aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide.

Negative ion (1) - C1:1

An atom that has gained an electron.

Positve ion (1) - C1:1

An atom that has lost an electron.

Unreactive (1) - C1:1

An element that does not form compounds with other elements

Collision (1) - C2:1

An event in which two or more bodies exert forces on each other for a relatively short time.

Renewable (1) - C2:1

Are collected renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale.

base (1) - C1:1

Bases are substances that react with acids and neutralise them.

Covalent (1) - C1:1

Bonding between two non metals.

Covalent bonding (1) - C1:1

Bonding occurs between two non metals

Ionic bonding (1) - C1:1

Bonding that occurs between a metal and a non metal.

Electrolysis (1) - C2:1

Chemical decomposition produced by passing an electric current through a liquid or solution containing ions.

Recycle (1) - C2:1

Convert waste materials into reusable products.

DNA (1) - C1:1

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

Analysis (1) - C2:1

Detailed examination of the elements or structure of something.

Diamond (1) - C1:1

Diamond has a giant molecular structure. Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms.

Delocalised (1) - C1:1

Electrons are free to move.

GF (1) - C1:1

Explain why pure water does not conduct electricity but tap water does conduct electricity.

Bioleaching (1) - C2:1

Extraction of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms.

Carbonate (1) - C1:1

Group that contains carbon and oxygen (CO3)

Alkenes (1) - C1:1

Hydrocarbons that contain double bonds.

alkali (1) - C1:1

If a base does dissolve in water, it is called an alkali

Rf Value (1) - C2:1

In chromatography is the distance travelled by a given component divided by the distance travelled by the solvent front.

Sodium Chloride (1) - C1:1

Ionic Compound

lattice (1) - C1:1

Ionic compounds have regular structures in which there are strong electrostatic forces of attraction in all directions between oppositely charged ions.

Condensation reaction (1) - C1:1

Losing water during a reaction.

Sterilise (1) - C2:1

Make (something) free from bacteria or other living microorganisms.

Reduce (1) - C2:1

Make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size.

Metal Oxide (1) - C1:1

Metal that contains Oxygen

amine group (1) - C1:1

NH2

Nanoparticles (1) - C1:1

Nanoparticles, are smaller than fine particles (PM2.5), which have diameters between 100 and 2500 nm

Conservation of Mass (1) - C1:1

No atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction. This means that the mass is always conserved.

Polymers (1) - C1:1

Produced when monomers react.

Extraction (1) - C1:1

Removal of a useful substance from a compound

Limiting factor (1) - C1:1

Search Results

Simple molecule (1) - C1:1

Simple molecules contain only a few atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Raw material (1) - C2:1

The basic material from which a product is made.

Condensation (1) - C2:1

The conversion of a vapour or gas to a liquid.

Fullerenes (1) - C1:1

The fullerenes are a large class of allotropes of carbon and are made of balls, 'cages' or tubes of carbon atoms. Buckminster fullerene is one type of fullerene.

Purity (1) - C2:1

The measure of how pure a substance is.

mole (1) - C1:1

The mole is the unit of measurement for amount of a substance

Frequency (1) - C2:1

The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.

Metallic bonding (1) - C1:1

The particles in a metal are held together by metallic bonds.

Stationary phase (1) - C2:1

The phase of a chromatography system on which the materials to be separated are selectively adsorbed.

Phytomining (1) - C2:1

The planting (and subsequent harvesting) of vegetation that will selectively concentrate specific metals from the soil into their tissues.

Dynamic Equilibrium (1) - C2:1

The point at which both forward and backward reactions are taking place at the same rate. The concentrations of the reactants and products are constant, but are not necessarily equal.

Photosynthesis (1) - C2:1

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water.

Desalination (1) - C2:1

The process of removing salt from seawater.

Purification (1) - C2:1

The removal of contaminants from something.

Le Chatelier (1) - C2:1

The scientist who developed the theory used to predict the effect of changing conditions upon a chemical equilibrium.

Monomer (1) - C1:1

The smallest unit of a polymer.

Product (1) - C2:1

The species formed from chemical reactions.

Reactant (1) - C2:1

The starting materials in a chemical reaction.

Volume ratio (1) - C1:1

The surface-area-to-volume ratio, also called the surface-to-volume ratio and variously denoted sa/vol or SA:V, is the amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects.

Boiling Point (1) - C1:1

The temperature at which a change of state occurs from a liquid to a gas.

atomic number (1) - C1:1

The total number of protons in an element.

Instrumental method (1) - C2:1

The use of instruments to separate, identify, and quantify matter.

Climate (1) - C2:1

The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.

Qualitative test (1) - C2:1

This type of test identifies whether a substance is present, but not how much of it exists. A common example would be using a pH indicator to see if an acid is present.

Conduction (1) - C1:1

Transfer of electricity or thermal energy.

Reuse (1) - C2:1

Use again or more than once.

Life cycle assessment (1) - C2:1

Used as a tool to assess the environmental impacts of a product, process or activity throughout its life cycle.

Sewage (1) - C2:1

Waste water and excrement conveyed in sewers

Potable (1) - C2:1

Water that is safe to drink.

intermolecular forces of attraction (1) - C1:1

Weak forces between the molecules

Balanced equations (1) - C1:1

When the total number of atoms in the reactants equals the total number of atoms in the products.

Balancing equations (1) - C1:1

When the total number of atoms in the reactants equals the total number of atoms in the products.

Particles (1) - C1:1

You can use the idea of particles to explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases.

Greenhouse gas (1) - C2:1

a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation.

Hydrocarbon (1) - C2:1

a molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon.

Fossil fuel (1) - C2:1

a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

Homologous (1) - C2:1

a series of chemical compounds

Aqueous (1) - C1:1

a solution of solute and water solvent

Acid (1) - C1:1

a solution that contains H ions

Hydroxide (1) - C1:1

a solution that contains OH- ions

Aqueous solution (1) - C2:1

a solution where the solvent is water.

Equilibrium (1) - C2:1

a state in which a process and its reverse are occurring at equal rates so that no overall change is taking place.

Synthetic (1) - C2:1

a substance made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product.

Enzymes (1) - C2:1

a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Products (1) - C2:1

a substance produced during a natural, chemical, or manufacturing process.

Catalyst (1) - C2:1

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

Pollutant (1) - C2:1

a substance that pollutes something, especially water or the atmosphere.

Polymer (1) - C2:1

a substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together.

Chemical symbol (1) - C1:1

a symbol used to represent each element in the periodic table that is recognised across the world.

non-metal (1) - C1:1

accept electrons to form compounds

neutralisation (1) - C1:1

acid base --> salt water

Isotope (1) - C1:1

an atom of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Carboxylic acid (1) - C2:1

an organic acid containing a carboxyl group.

Halogen (1) - C2:1

any of the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine, occupying group VIIA (17) of the periodic table. They are reactive non-metallic elements which form strongly acidic compounds with hydrogen from which simple salts can be made.

Alkene (1) - C2:1

any of the series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a double bond.

Alcohols (1) - C2:1

any organic compound whose molecule contains one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a carbon atom.

Delocalised electrons (1) - C1:1

are electrons in a molecule, ion or solid metal that are not associated with a single atom

electrostatic forces of attraction (1) - C1:1

attraction in all directions between oppositely charged ions.

Condense (1) - C1:1

change in state from gas to liquid.

Evaporation (1) - C1:1

change in state from liquid to gas.

properties (1) - C1:1

characteristics of a substance

Organic (1) - C2:1

compounds containing carbon other than simple binary compounds and salts and chiefly or ultimately of biological origin.

Giant covalent (1) - C1:1

contain a lot of non-metal atoms, each joined to adjacent atoms by covalent bonds. The atoms are usually arranged into giant regular

Cracking (1) - C2:1

decompose hydrocarbons by heat and pressure with or without a catalyst to produce lighter hydrocarbons, especially in oil refining.

metals (1) - C1:1

donates electrons to form compounds

Fraction (1) - C2:1

each of the portions into which a mixture may be separated according to a physical property such as boiling point or solubility.

Industry (1) - C2:1

economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories.

stable (1) - C1:1

elements that are not reactive because they have a full outside shell of electrons

Metals (1) - C1:1

elements that donate electrons to form compounds

Mobile phase (1) - C2:1

flows through the stationary phase and carries the components of the mixture with it.

oxidation (1) - C1:1

gain of oxygen and loss of electrons.

Halogens (1) - C1:1

group of elements in group 7 with similar properties

Fermentation (1) - C2:1

he chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.

Salt (1) - C1:1

ionic compound formed by a metal and a non metal

Ball and stick model (1) - C1:1

is a molecular model of a chemical substance which is to display both the three-dimensional position of the atoms and the bonds between them

Resource (1) - C2:1

is a source or supply from which a in benefit is produced.

Global dimming (1) - C2:1

is the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth's surface.

Electronic structure (1) - C1:1

is the state of motion of electrons in an electrostatic field created by stationary nuclei.

Solvent (1) - C1:1

liquid that a solute can be dissolved in

Reduction (1) - C1:1

loss of oxygen and gain of electrons

elements (1) - C1:1

made up of one type of atom

Fuel (1) - C2:1

material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned to produce heat or power.

volume (1) - C1:1

measure of amount in cm3, mL or dL.

Excess (1) - C1:1

more chemical than required for the reaction to go to completion.

anion (1) - C1:1

negatively charged ion

Unsaturated (1) - C2:1

organic molecules having carbon–carbon double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms.

Litmus paper (1) - C2:1

paper stained with litmus which is used to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.

Liquid (1) - C1:1

particles are close together and arranged and move in a random way.

Solid (1) - C1:1

particles packed tightly together and are arranged in a regular pattern and vibrate around a fixed point.

physical properties (1) - C1:1

physical characteristics of elements

cation (1) - C1:1

positively charged ion

Distillation (1) - C1:1

process that can be used to separate a pure liquid from a mixture of liquids.

non metal (1) - C1:1

proton acceptor during ionic bonding

metal (1) - C1:1

proton donor during ionic bonding

Combustion (1) - C2:1

rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen, involving the production of heat and light.

Alkane (1) - C2:1

saturated hydrocarbons with all the carbons occupied by a hydrogen.

pattern (1) - C1:1

similar properties or characteristics

State of matter (1) - C1:1

solids, liquids and gases are called the three states of matter.

Aqueous solution (1) - C1:1

solution in which water is a solvent.

Medium (1) - C1:1

state of matter such as solid, liquid or gas.

melting point (1) - C1:1

temperature at which a substance changes state from a solid to a liquid

Oxidation (1) - C2:1

the addition of oxygen to a substance in order to form an oxide.

Ionisation (1) - C2:1

the addition or removal of an electron to create an ion.

Relative atomic mass (1) - C1:1

the average mass of an atom when taking into consideration the proportions of the different isotopes of an element.

Temperature (1) - C2:1

the degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object.

Radius (1) - C1:1

the distance from the centre to the circumference of a circle or sphere.

Separation (1) - C2:1

the division of something into constituent or distinct elements.

Atmosphere (1) - C2:1

the envelope of gases surrounding a planet, held in place by its gravitational pull.

Emissions (1) - C2:1

the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation.

Crude oil (1) - C2:1

the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud.

Energy level (1) - C1:1

the shells that electrons are arranged into around the nucleus of an atom with the innermost shell being the lowest energy level.

Environment (1) - C2:1

the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.

Boiling Point (1) - C2:1

the temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapour.

Noble gases (1) - C1:1

unreactive group of elements

Dissolve (1) - C2:1

when particles of solid become incorporated into a liquid to make a solution.

solutions (1) - C1:1

where substances are dissolved in water

Shielding (1) - C1:1

where the attraction from the nucleus is decrease as the shells are further away

Soluble (1) - C1:1

will dissolve in a solvent

C1	163
C2	120