| Method |
Precise Learning Objective |
Linked |
Question / Activity
(Designed for maximum working out) |
Stepping Stones |
Pitstop Check
(Thinking Map) |
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When atoms share pairs of electrons, they form covalent bonds. These bonds between atoms are strong. |
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What are covalent bonds? Get students to draw out the electron structure of two fluorine atoms and give them the formula of fluorine F2.
Students to use this to determine how they may bond.
Extension: Repeat with O2 |
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Covalently bonded substances may consist of small molecules. |
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What type of substances have covalent bonds? Demonstrate covalent bond. Get students to attempt to draw several. |
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Students should be able to recognise common substances that consist of small molecules from their chemical formula. |
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What are the names of the following substances
CO2
H2O
H2
Cl2 Show structure of several simple covalent molecules
What do they share in common?
Go on to explain how their size influence their properties |
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Some covalently bonded substances have very large molecules, such as polymers. |
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Give an example of large molecules with covalent bonds |
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Some covalently bonded substances have giant covalent structures, such as diamond and silicon dioxide. |
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Give two examples of substances that have giant covalent structures Circus of giant covalent compounds. Students to research
- diamond
- graphite
- graphene
- silicone dioxide |
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The covalent bonds in molecules and giant structures can be represented in the following forms: using dot-and-cross diagram, ball-and-stick diagram or displayed formula) |
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List three ways to represent covalent bonds in molecules |
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Polymers can be represented using displayed formulae, where n is a large number. |
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How are polymers commonly represented? |
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Students should be able to draw dot and cross diagrams for the molecules of hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen chloride, water, ammonia and methane |
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Draw dot and cross diagrams for the molecules of hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen chloride, water, ammonia and methane look like? |
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Students should be able to represent the covalent bonds in small molecules, in the repeating units of polymers and in part of giant covalent structures, using a line to represent a single bond |
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How would you draw a single covalent bond? |
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Students should be able to describe the limitations of using dot and cross, ball and stick, two and three-dimensional diagrams to represent molecules or giant structures |
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What are the limitations of using dot and cross, ball and stick, 2D and 3D diagrams to represent substances? |
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Students should be able to deduce the molecular formula of a substance from a given model or diagram in these forms showing the atoms and bonds in the molecule. |
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EW: Explain why the melting and boiling point of sodium chloride is much higher than that of carbon dioxide.
Your answer must reference the structure of bonding in each and how that influences the properties. |
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