https://www.mrcorfe.com/Hamble/MCQ/B1?Edit=1
10th Sep '25
Multiple Choice 2015-16
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What is the basic structure of plant and animal (eukaryotic) cells?
Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.
Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.
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What is the structure of a bacterial cell?
Bacteria have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall.
Bacteria have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall.
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What is the order of magnitude of an ant, DNA, red blood cell, carbon atom and bacterial cell?
The order of magnitude of an ant, DNA, red blood cell, carbon atom and bacterial cell is as follows: ant > red blood cell > bacterium > DNA > carbon atom.
Students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the scale and size of cells and be able to make order of magnitude calculations, including the use of standard form.
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Are bacterial (prokaryotic) cells bigger or smaller than eukaryotic cells?
Bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) are much smaller in comparison to eukaryotic cells.
Bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) are much smaller in comparison.
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What is unique about the DNA in a bacterial cell?
In bacteria the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. It is a single DNA loop and there may be one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids.
In bacteria the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. It is a single DNA loop and there may be one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids.
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What sub-celluar structures are found in most animal cells?
Most animal cells have the following parts: a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes.
Most animal cells have the following parts: - a nucleus - cytoplasm - a cell membrane - mitochondria - ribosomes.
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What additional sub-celluar structures do plant cells often have?
In addition to the parts found in animal cells, plant cells often have: chloroplasts, permanent vacuole filled with cell sap, cell wall.
In addition to the parts found in animal cells, plant cells often have: - chloroplasts - a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap - cell wall
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What are plant and algal cell walls made of to strengthen the cell?
Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.
Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.
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How are each of the following sub-ceullular structures related to their functions: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, and plasmids (bacterial cells)?
Nuclues - controls activities of the cell, contains DNA. Cytoplasm - site of chemical reactions, liquid for substances to diffuse/move. Cell membrane - controls movement of substances in and out of cells, partially permeable mebrane. Mitochondria - site of respiration, large surface area to volume ratio from folds. Chloroplasts - site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll to absorb light energy. Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis, they are very small. Plasmids - single loops of DNA, control activity of the cell.
Students should be able to explain how the main sub-cellular structures, including the nucleus, cell membranes, mitochondria, chloroplasts in plant cells and plasmids in bacterial cells are related to their functions.
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What is the estimated size of an ant, the diameter of a hair, the length of a leaf cell, the size of a red blood cell, the length of bacterium, the size of a virus, the diameter of DNA and the size of a carbon atom.
The estimated size of an ant 3mm, the diameter of a hair 100um, the length of a leaf cell 70um, the size of a red blood cell 7um, the length of bacterium 1um, the size of a virus 100nm, the diameter of DNA 2.5nm and the size of a carbon atom 0.34nm.
Students should be able to use estimations and explain when they should be used to judge the relative size or area of sub-cellular structures.
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What are the names of specialised cells in animals?
ells may be specialised to carry out a particular function: sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells in animals.
Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function: sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells in animals.
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How are nerve cells specialised for their function?
Nerve cells have a long shape can conduct electricity so the can send messages between places in the body.
Nerve cells have a long shape can conduct electricity so the can send messages between places in the body.
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How are muscle cells specialised for their function?
Muscle cells have: - a long shape so they can contract causing movement - lots of mitochondria to gain enough energy through respiration.
Muscle cells have: - a long shape so they can contract causing movement - lots of mitochondria to gain enough energy through respiration.
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How are sperm cells specialised for their function?
Sperm cells have: - a pointed head to be streamlined and to poke into the egg cell - tail to swim - lots of mitrocondria to generate the energy to swim.
Sperm cells have: - a pointed head to be streamlined and to poke into the egg cell - tail to swim - lots of mitrocondria to generate the energy to swim.
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What are the names of specialised cells in plants?
Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function: root hair cells, xylem and phloem cells in plants.
Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function: root hair cells, xylem and phloem cells in plants.
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How are root hair cells specialised for their function?
Root hair cells have a large surface area to absorb water and nutrients.
Root hair cells have a large surface area to absorb water and nutrients.
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How are xylem cells specialised for their function?
Xylem cells in plants have: - no cytoplasm or other organelles, - no cell walls on the end, so they form a tube - cell walls strengthened with waterproof lignin To: - transport water around the plant - to strengthen the plant
Xylem cells in plants have: - no cytoplasm or other organelles, - no cell walls on the end, so they form a tube - cell walls strengthened with waterproof lignin To: - transport water around the plant - to strengthen the plant
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How are Phloem cells specialised for their function?
Phloem cells in plants have: - no cytoplasm or other organelles, - open ends with sieve plates between cells To: - transport 'phood' around the plant
Phloem cells in plants have: - no cytoplasm or other organelles, - open ends with sieve plates between cells To: - transport 'phood' around the plant
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How has microscopy developedi over time?
More powerful, better quality light microscopes, and then electron microscopes.
Students should be able to understand how microscopy techniques have developed over time
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What impact has the development of the electron microscope had on our knowledge of cells?
Electron microscopes can be used to study cells in much finer detail. This has enabled biologists to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures.
This means that electron microscopes can be used to study cells in much finer detail. This has enabled biologists to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures.
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How has electron microscopy been able to increase our understanding of sub-cellular structures?
Electron microscopes have a magnification of up to x1,000,000 and resolution of up to 0.2nm.
Students should be able to explain how electron microscopy has increased understanding of sub-cellular structures. Limited to the differences in magnification and resolution.
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Why is an electron microscope better than a light microscope?
An electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope.
An electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope.
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How is the magnification equation re-arranged to calculate real size and image size?
real size = magnification / size of image size of image = magnification / real size
Students should be able to carry out calculations involving magnification, real size and image size using the formula: magnification = size of image x size of real object * Use prefixes centi, milli, micro and nano.
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What is the relationship between the prefixes centi, milli, micro and nano?
Milli is 10^-3 of a metre, centi is 10^-2 of a metre, micro is 10^-6 of a metre and nano is 10^-9 of a metre.
Students should be able to use prefixes centi, milli, micro and nano.
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How do you represent the size of a cell measuring 0.006cm using standard form?
6 x 10 to the power -3 cm.
Students should be able to express answers in standard form if appropriate
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Required Practical 1 - Microscopy (AT Skills 1,7)
Required Practical 1 - Microscopy (AT skills 1,7)
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(Biology only) Required Practical 2 - Microbiology (Biology only) (AT Skills 1,3,4,8)
(Biology only) Required Practical 2 - Microbiology (Biology only) (AT skills 1,3,4,8)
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(Biology only) How do bacteria divide?
(Biology only) Bacteria divide by binary fission as often as once every 20 minutes.
(Biology only) Bacteria multiply by simple cell division (binary fission) as often as once every 20 minutes if they have enough nutrients and a suitable temperature.
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(Biology only) When investigating the growth of bacteria, in what two ways can they be grown?
(Biology only) Bacteria are grown in a nutrient broth solution or as colonies on an agar gel plate.
(Biology only) Bacteria can be grown in a nutrient broth solution or as colonies on an agar gel plate.
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(Biology only) What is special about the culture of organisms required when investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics?
(Biology only) Uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms are required for investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics.
(Biology only) Uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms are required for investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics.
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(Biology only) How is an uncontaminated culture of microgransims prepared?
(Biology only) An uncontaminated culture is prepared using an aseptic technique.
(Biology only) Students should be able to describe how to prepare an uncontaminated culture using aseptic technique.
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(Biology only) Why are petri dishes and culture media sterilised before use?
(Biology only) Petri dishes and culture media are sterilised before use to avoid contamination; it removes any existing microbes.
(Biology only) They should be able to explain why petri dishes and culture media must be sterilised before use
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(Biology only) Why are inoculating loops, used to transfer microorganisms to media, passed through a flame?
(Biology only) Inoculating loops, used to transfer microorganisms to the media, must be passed through a flame to sterilise them; it removes any existing microbes.
(Biology only) They should be able to explain why inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to the media must be sterilised by passing them through a flame
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(Biology only) Why should the lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape and stored upside down?
(Biology only) The lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape and stored upside down to prevent microbes from the air contaminating the culture and prevent microbes from the culture escaping. They are placed upside down to prevent condensation forming on the lid which could drip onto the agar and contaminate the culture.
(Biology only) They should be able to explain why the lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape and stored upside down
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(Biology only) Why should cultures be incubated at 25oC in school laboratories?
(Biology only) Cultures are incubated at 25oC in school laboratories as it greatly reduces the chances of growing pathogens that are harmful to people at temperatures greater than 25oC.
(Biology only) They should be able to explain why in school laboratories, cultures should generally be incubated at 25?C.
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(Biology only) How would the cross-sectional areas of colonies or clear areas around colonies be calculated? How can this be used to calculate the cross-sectional area for a radius of 0.25 mm?
(Biology only) Cross-sectional areas of colonies or clear areas around colonies are calculated using 'pie-r-squared'. For a cross-sectional area with radius 0.25mm: 3.14 x (0.25-squared) = 0.20mm (2d.p.)
(Biology only) Students should be able to calculate cross-sectional areas of colonies or clear areas around colonies using πr².
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(Biology only) How is the number of bacteria in a population calculated after a certain time if given the mean division time?
(Biology only) 2 to the power of the number of generations x initial number of bacteria.
(Biology only) Students should be able to calculate the number of bacteria in a population after a certain time if given the mean division time.
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(Biology only) What is the population of bacteria, which have a mean division time of 5-minutes, after 45-minutes if starting with just 5 bacteria? How would this answer be shown using standard form?
(Biology only) The population of bacteria, which have a mean division time of 5-minutes, after 45-minutes if starting with just 5 bacteria is: 45 divided by 5 = 9, so 2 to the power of 9 multiplied by 5 = 2560 bacteria. In standard form this is written as: 2.56 x 10 to the power 3 bacteria.
(Biology only) Students should be able to express the answer in standard form.
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What is contained in the cell nucleus?
The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes made of DNA molecules
The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes made of DNA molecules.
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What is a chromosome made up of?
Each chromosome carries a large number of genes
Each chromosome carries a large number of genes.
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How are chromosomes normally found in body cells?
In body cells the chromosomes are normally found in pairs.
In body cells the chromosomes are normally found in pairs.
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What is a cell cycle?
Where cells divide in a series of stages
Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.
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What happens during the cell cycle?
During the cell cycle the genetic material is doubled and then divided into two identical cells.
During the cell cycle the genetic material is doubled and then divided into two identical cells.
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What must happen before a cell divides?
Before a cell can divide it needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria. The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome.
Before a cell can divide it needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria. The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome.
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in mitosis what happens after DNA has been replicated?
In mitosis one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides.
In mitosis one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides.
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In mitosis how many cells are produced and how could you describe them?
Two - identical daughter cells
Finally the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells.
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What are the three main stages of a cell cycle during mitosis?
1. Replication of DNA 2. DNA divides 3. Two cells formed
Students need to understand the three overall stages of the cell cycle but do not need to know the different phases of the mitosis stage.
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Why is cell division by mitosis important in multicellular organisms?
For growth and development
Cell division by mitosis is important in the growth and development of multicellular organisms.
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A human cell has 46 pairs of choromsomes what stage of mitosis is in it?
First stage - replication of DNA (Prophase)
Students should be able to recognise and describe situations in given contexts where mitosis is occurring.
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What are the other risk factors apart from lifestyle risk factors?
There are also genetic risk factors for some cancers.
There are also genetic risk factors for some cancers.
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In terms of cells what is cancer?
Cancer is the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division.
Students should be able to describe cancer as the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division.
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What are benign tumours?
Benign tumours are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane.
Benign tumours are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane.
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Can benign tumours cause cancer to spread around the body?
No, benign tumours do not invade other parts of the body.
Benign tumours do not invade other parts of the body.
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What are malignant tumours?
Malignant tumour cells are cancers.
Malignant tumour cells are cancers.
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How do malignant tumours form secondary tumours?
Malignant tumours invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours.
Malignant tumours invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours.
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What are the main risk factors for various types of cancer?
The lifestyle risk factors for cancer can include, smoking, drinking alcohol, obesity and excessive exposure to sunlight.
Scientists have identified lifestyle risk factors for various types of cancer.
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At what stage of an animal cell's life cycle does it differentiate?
Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage.
Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage.
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What happens during cell differentiation when an organism develops?
As an organism develops, cells differentiate to form different types of cells.
As an organism develops, cells differentiate to form different types of cells.
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What happens to a cell during differentiation to become a specialised cell?
As a cell differentiates it acquires different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry out a certain function. It has become a specialised cell.
As a cell differentiates it acquires different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry out a certain function. It has become a specialised cell.
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Why is cell differentiation important?
Cell differentiation is important because it causes cells to become adapted for a particular function. This makes the cell specialised.
Students should be able to explain the importance of cell differentiation.
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In mature animals, what is cell division mainly used for?
In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement
In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement.
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What is a stem cell?
A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type, and from which certain other cells can arise from differentiation.
A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type, and from which certain other cells can arise from differentiation.
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What is the function of stem cells in human embryos?
Stem cells from human embryos can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells
Stem cells from human embryos can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells.
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What type of cells can be produced from bone marrow stem cells?
Stem cells from adult bone marrow can form many types of cells including blood cells
Stem cells from adult bone marrow can form many types of cells including blood cells.
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What conditions are stem cells used to treat?
Treatment with stem cells may be able to help conditions such as diabetes and paralysis.
Treatment with stem cells may be able to help conditions such as diabetes and paralysis.
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What is produced in therapeutic cloning?
In therapeutic cloning an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient.
In therapeutic cloning an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient.
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Why can stem cells from embryos useful in medical treatment?
Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patient?s body so they may be used for medical treatment.
Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patient?s body so they may be used for medical treatment.
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What are the dangers of using stem cells for treatment?
The use of stem cells has potential risks such as transfer of viral infection
The use of stem cells has potential risks such as transfer of viral infection, and some people have ethical or religious objections.
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What are the ethical issues surrounding the use of stem cells?
harm/death to embyro, un natural, un godly
(WS) Evaluate the practical risks and benefits, as well as social and ethical issues, of the use of stem cells in medical research and treatments.
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What is the function of stem cells in meristem tissues in plants?
Meristem tissue in plants can differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant.
Meristem tissue in plants can differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant.
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What are the advantages of using stem cells from meristems in plants?
Stem cells from meristems in plants can be used to produce clones of plants quickly and economically.
Stem cells from meristems in plants can be used to produce clones of plants quickly and economically.
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How can stem cells be used to ensure biodiversity?
Rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction.
Stem cells from meristems in plants are used. Rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction.
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How can farmers benefit from the use of stem cells from meristems?
Crop plants with special features such as disease resistance can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers.
Crop plants with special features such as disease resistance can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers.
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How do substances move in and out of cells?
diffusion
Substances may move into and out of cells across the cell membranes via diffusion.
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What is the definition for diffusion?
Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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Name two substances that are transported in and out of cells by diffusion during gas exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Some of the substances transported in and out of cells by diffusion are oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange.
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How does the waste product urea reach the kidney to be excreted?
Urea diffuses from cells into the blood plasma to reach the kidney for excretion
Some of the substances transported in and out of cells by diffusion are the waste product urea from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the kidney.
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How does the concentration gradient affec the rate of diffusion?
The bigger the concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion will be
Explain how the difference in concentrations (concentration gradient) affect the rate of diffusion.
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How does the difference in temperature affect the rate of diffusion?
The higher the temperature the faster the rate of diffusion
Explain how the difference in the temperature affect the rate of diffusion.
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How does the surface area of the membrane affect the rate of diffusion?
The bigger the surface area the faster the rate of diffusion will be
Explain how the surface area of the membrane affect the rate of diffusion.
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What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
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What are the important things to include in a diagram that shows osmosis?
Partially-permeable membrane, concentration of water and of sugar, arrows to show the net movement of water
(WS) Recognise, draw and interpret diagrams that model osmosis.
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How do you calculate the rate of water uptake?
amount of water / time taken
(MS) Students should be able to: ? use simple compound measures of rate of water uptake
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How do you calculate a percentage?
(thing you are interested in / total amount ) x 100
? use percentages
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How do you calculate the percentage gain and loss of mass of plant tissue?
((end mass - start mass) / start mass )) x 100
? calculate percentage gain and loss of mass of plant tissue.
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What marking points are important to consider when plotting, drawing and interpreting graphs?
(MS) Students should be able to plot, draw and interpret appropriate graphs.
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What is the name of the process in which water moves across cell membranes?
Osmosis
Water may move across cell membranes via osmosis.
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What is the surface area to volume ratio of a single-celled organism like?
A single-celled organism has a relatively large surface area to volume ratio.
A single-celled organism has a relatively large surface area to volume ratio.
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How does having a large surface area to volume ratio help cells?
Having a large surface area to volume allows sufficient transport of molecules into and out of the cell to meet the needs of the organism.
Having a large surface area to volume allows sufficient transport of molecules into and out of the cell to meet the needs of the organism.
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How do you calculate surface area to volume ratios?
volume = width x height x bredth area = width x height display as a ratio
Students should be able to calculate and compare surface area to volume ratios. (MS)
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Why do simple organisms need exchange surfaces?
To allow for diffuse of substances in and out. They have high surface area to volume ratio to increase the rate of this.
Students should be able to explain the need for exchange surfaces in terms of surface area to volume ratio.
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Why do multicelluar organisms need transport systems?
Too complex for simple diffusion across a membrane so transport systems are needed to deliver substances to target organs/tissues.
Students should be able to explain why multicellular organisms have transport systems in terms of surface area to volume ration
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How are the small intestine and lungs in mammals adapted for exchanging materials?
Lungs have a large surface area to volume ratio due to the structure of alveloi Small intestines have villi to increase their surface to volume ratio
Students should be able to explain how the small intestine and lungs in mammals are adapted for exchanging materials.
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How are the gills in fish are adapted for exchanging materials?
Gills have a large surface area, partially permable membrane.
Students should be able to explain how the gills in fish are adapted for exchanging materials.
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How are leaves in plants adapted for exchanging materials?
Leaves have guard cells and spongy mesophyl with gaps
Students should be able to explain how the leaves in plants are adapted for exchanging materials.
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How are multicellular organisms adapted for exchanging materials?
Multicellular organisms have specalised surfaces and organ systems
In multicellular organisms, surfaces and organ systems are specialised for exchanging materials.
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How do organisms get substances they need in and out of cells?
Specalised surfaces allow sufficient molecules to be transported into and out of cells for the organism?s needs.
Specalised surfaces allow sufficient molecules to be transported into and out of cells for the organism?s needs.
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How can the effectiveness of an exchange surface be increased?
The effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased by: ? having a large surface area ? a membrane that is thin, to provide a short diffusion path ? (in animals) having an efficient blood supply ? (in animals, for gaseous exchange) being ventilated.
The effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased by: ? having a large surface area ? a membrane that is thin, to provide a short diffusion path ? (in animals) having an efficient blood supply ? (in animals, for gaseous exchange) being ventilated.
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What is active transport?
Active transport is a process that moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient).
Active transport moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient).
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Does active transport require energy?
Active transport requires energy from respiration.
Active transport requires energy from respiration.
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How does active transport allow plants to absorb esstential ions from soil?
Active transport allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hairs from very dilute solutions in the soil.
Active transport allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hairs from very dilute solutions in the soil.
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Why do plants require ions from the soil?
Plants require ions for healthy growth.
Plants require ions for healthy growth.
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How does active transport allow sugar to move from the gut into the blood when it has a higher sugar concentration?
Active transport also allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration.
Active transport also allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration.
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Why is sugar esstential to cells of living things?
Sugar is esstential to cells of living things as it is used for cell respiration
Sugar molecules are used for cell respiration.
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What are the three ways that substances can enter and leave cells?
Diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
Students should be able to describe how substances are transported into and out of cells by diffusion, osmosis and active transport
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What are the differences between diffusion, osmosis and active transport?
Diffusion is the spreading out of particles down a concentration gradient with/without a partially permeable membrane. Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high concentration to a low concentration solution across a partially permeable membrane. Active transport is the movement of ions in solution across a partially permeable membrane through carrier proteins, this requires energy
students should be able to explain the differences between the three processes.
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What are the basic building blocks of living organisms?
The basic building blocks of living organisms are called cells
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.
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What is a tissue?
A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function.
A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function.
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What are organs?
Organs are aggregations of tissues performing specific functions.
Organs are aggregations of tissues performing specific functions.
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What are organ systems?
Organs are organised into organ systems, which work together to form organisms.
Organs are organised into organ systems, which work together to form organisms.
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What is the order, from smallest to largest, of organs, organ systems, cells and tissues?
The cellular organisation is: Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.
Students should be able to develop an understanding of size and scale in relation to cells, tissues, organs and systems.
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Why is the digestive system an example of an organ system?
The digestive system is an example of an organ system as it has several organs working together.
The digestive system is an example of an organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food.
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How do enzymes relate to metabolism?
Enzymes relate to metabolism as they help in the digestion of food.
Students should be able to relate knowledge of enzymes to Metabolism.
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What are the products of digestion used for?
The products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins as well as glucose being used for respiration.
The products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Some glucose is used in respiration.
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Where is bile made and stored?
Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder
Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
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What does bile do with the stomach acid?
Bile neutralises stomach acid.
[Bile] is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach.
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What does bile do with fats?
Bile emulsifies fats to form small droplets to increase the surface area of the fats and increase the rate of digestion.
[Bile] also emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increases the surface area.
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What two factors increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase?
The alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase.
The alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase.
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How does temperature and pH affect the activity of enzymes?
Temperature affects enzyme activities by decreasing its activity either side of the optimum pH.
Students should be able to describe the nature of enzyme molecules and relate their activity to temperature and pH changes.
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How do you calculate a rate of reaction?
The rate of reaction is calculated by the reactant used or product made divided by time.
Students should be able to carry out rate calculations for chemical reactions.
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What is the most important part of the enzyme with regartds to its shape?
The most important part of an enzymes structure is the active site.
Enzymes catalyse specific reactions in living organisms due to the shape of their active site.
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The binding of the substrate with the active site is known as what theory?
The binding of the substrate with the active site is known as the Lock and Key theory.
Students should be able to use the ?lock and key theory? as a simplified model to explain enzyme action.
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Where are amylase, protease and lipases created in the body?
Amylase is produced in the saliva/mouth, pnacreas and small intestine. Protease is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine. Lipases are produced in the pancreas and small intestine.
Students should be able to recall the sites of production and the action of amylase, proteases and lipases.
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Why are enzymes needed in digestion?
Enzymes are needed in digestion to convert food to small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Digestive enzymes convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
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What do carbohydrases break carbohydrates down to?
Carbohydrases break carbohydrates into simple sugars.
Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates to simple sugars.
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What does the carbohydrase amylase break down?
The carbohydrase amalyse breaks down starch in sugars.
Amylase is a carbohydrase which breaks down starch.
0
What do proteases break proteins down into?
Proteases break down proteins into amino acids
Proteases break down proteins to amino acids.
0
What do lipases break fat/lipids down into?
Lipases break down fat/lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Lipases break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids.
0
What is the structure and function of each of the following: a) heart, b) lungs?
The structure and function of the heart and lungs are: a) Heart - muscle, 4 chambers, left and right side, function is to pump blood around the body. b) lungs - large surface area, gas exchange surface.
Students should know the structure and functioning of the human heart and lungs
0
How are lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?
The lungs are adpated for gas exchange as they have a large surface area, moist lining, copious blood supply, maintain concetration gradient (ventilation and blood moving through), short diffusion distance.
how lungs are adapted for gaseous exchange.
0
How is blood pumped around the body in the human circulatory system?
The blood is pumped around the body in a double circulatory system.
The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.
0
Where does the left ventricle pump blood to and where does the right ventricle pump to?
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.
0
What are the names and functions of the blood vessels in the heart?
The main structures in the heart and their functions are: Aorta: a thick walled artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body Vena Cava: a thinner walled vein that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart Pulmonary artery: a thick walled artery that carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs Coronary arteries: carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
Knowledge of the blood vessels associated with the heart is limited to the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and coronary arteries. Knowledge of the names of the heart valves is not required.
0
What are the names and functions of the main structures in the lungs?
The main structures in the lungs and their functions are: Trachea: is a wide, hollow tube that connects the larynx (or voice box) to the bronchi of the lungs Bronchi: main passage of air into the lungs Alveoli: tiny sacs with large surface area that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream Capillary network: very thin blood vessels that surround the avleoli for rapid gas exchange
Knowledge of the lungs is restricted to the trachea, bronchi, alveoli and the capillary network surrounding the alveoli.
0
What controls the natural resting heart rate?
The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker.
The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker.
0
What are artificial pacemakers?
Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate.
Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate.
0
What different types of cells make up blood tissue?
Blood is a tissue consisting of plasma, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended.
Blood is a tissue consisting of plasma, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended.
0
What are the functions of the components of blood? Plasma, red blood cell, white blood cell, platelets.
The functions of the components of blood are: Plasma: suspends the red and white blood cells Red blood cell: transports oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body White blood cell: attacks and kills pathogens Platelets: causes blood to clot
Students should know the functions of each of these blood components.
0
What risks are related to the use of blood products?
Some of the risks related to the use of blood products can include allergic reactions and blood borne infections.
(WS) Evaluate risks related to use of blood products.
0
How are the red and white blood cells adapted for their functions?
White blood cells are adapted to their function of killing pathogens as they produce antibodies, antitoxins and they can change their shape to squeeze into blood vessels. Red blood cells are adapted to their function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide as they have a large surface area, they dont have a nucleus and have a thin outer membrane for rapid diffusion.
Students should be able to recognise different types of blood cells in a photograph or diagram, and explain how they are adapted to their functions.
0
What are the three different types of blood vessel found in the body?
The three types of blood vessels are arteries, veins and capillaries.
The body contains three different types of blood vessel: ? arteries ? veins ? capillaries.
0
How does the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries relate to their functions?
The function of arteries is to carry blood away from the heart, they have narrow lumen and their walls are made of thick elastic fibers to withstand the high pressure blood flow. The function of veins is to carry blood back to the heart, they have wide lumen and thin walls to reduce resistance of blood flow. The function of capillaries is to support the exchange of substances to cells in the body. They have very narrow lumen as blood flow is not under high pressure and thin walls for rapid exchange of substances.
Students should be able to explain how the structure of these vessels relates to their functions.
0
How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?
Rate of blood flow can be calculated using: rate = blood volume / time
Students should be able to use simple compound measures such as rate and carry out rate calculations for blood flow.
0
What are the advantages and disadvantages of treating cardiovascular diseases using drugs, mechanical devices or transplant?
The advantages of each treatment for cardiovascular diseases are: Drugs - less negative impact on the body Mechanical devices - strong and durable can last a lifetime Transplants - can last a life time The disadvantages of each treatment for cardiovascular diseases are: Drugs - Required to take everyday, may not continue to work long term Mechanical devices - not long term solution. Causes clotting of red blood cells so drugs required too. Transplants - anti rejection drugs can be needed for the rest of their life
Students should be able to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of treating cardiovascular diseases by drugs, mechanical devices or transplant.
0
How does coronary heart disease effect the body?
In coronary heart disease layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them.
In coronary heart disease layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them.
0
What are the causes, and impact on the heart, of angina?
The layers of fatty material reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.
The layers of fatty material reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.
0
What are stents used for?
Stents are used to keep the coronary arteries open.
Stents are used to keep the coronary arteries open.
0
What effect do statins have on the body?
Statins are widely used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.
Statins are widely used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.
0
What effect can a faulty heart value have on the body?
Heart valves may become faulty, preventing the valve from opening fully, or the heart valve might develop a leak.
In some people heart valves may become faulty, preventing the valve from opening fully, or the heart valve might develop a leak.
0
What are the consequences of having a faulty heart valve?
The effects of having a faulty heart value can include heart failure, stroke, blood clots or death due to sudden cardiac arrest.
Students should understand the consequences of faulty valves.
0
How can heart faulty heart valves be replaced?
Faulty heart valves can be replaced using biological or mechanical valves.
Faulty heart valves can be replaced using biological or mechanical valves.
0
What is a long term treatment for heart or lung failure?
In the case of heart failure a donor heart, or heart and lungs can be transplanted.
In the case of heart failure a donor heart, or heart and lungs can be transplanted.
0
When is it appropriate to use an artificial heart?
Artificial hearts are occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery.
Artificial hearts are occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery.
0
What does the term "health" relate to?
Health is the state of physical and mental well-being.
Health is the state of physical and mental well-being.
0
What factors can relate to ill health?
Diseases, both communicable and non-communicable, are major causes of ill health. Other factors including diet, stress and life situations may have a profound effect on both physical and mental health.
Diseases, both communicable and non-communicable, are major causes of ill health. Other factors including diet, stress and life situations may have a profound effect on both physical and mental health.
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Can some diseases cause a person to contract other illnesses?
Different types of disease may interact. Defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
Different types of disease may interact. Defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
0
How are viruses linked to cancer?
Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancers.
Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancers.
0
How are immune reactions related to allergies?
Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.
Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.
0
What other impacts can severe physical illness have on a person?
Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness.
Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness.
0
What does the term "relationship" mean when referring to disease incidence data presented in a table or graph?
The term relationship refers to how one or more factors can effect the frequency of disease.
Students should be able to translate disease incidence information between graphical and numerical forms, construct and interpret frequency tables and diagrams, bar charts and histograms, and use a scatter diagram to identify a correlation between two variables. (MS)
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What does epidemiological data refer to?
Epidemiological data is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where) and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
Students should understand the principles of sampling as applied to scientific data, including epidemiological data. (MS)
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What are the risk factors that can increase the rate of a disease?
Risk factors are linked to an increased rate of a disease. They can be aspects of a person's lifestyle, substances in the person's body or environment.
Risk factors are linked to an increased rate of a disease. They can be: ? aspects of a person?s lifestyle ? substances in the person?s body or environment.
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What does the term "risk factors" mean?
Risk factors are linked to an increased rate of a disease.
(WS) Interpret data about risk factors for specified diseases.
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What are the different causal mechanisms that have been proven for some risk factors such as diet, smoking, obesity, radiation?
A causal mechanism has been proven for some risk factors, but not in others. The effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease. Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes. The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function. The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer. The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies. Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer.
A causal mechanism has been proven for some risk factors, but not in others. ? The effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease. ? Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes. ? The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function. ? The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer. ? The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies. ? Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer.
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Are diseases usually caused by one or more factors?
Many diseases are caused by the interaction of a number of factors.
Many diseases are caused by the interaction of a number of factors.
0
What impact would a larger sample size have on the validity of the data?
The larger a sample the more representative of that popular the results of the analysis would be. The data would be more valid.
Students should be able to understand the principles of sampling as applied to scientific data in terms of risk factors.
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What correlation would you expect to see between the following pairs of variables in terms of risk factors: a) smoking vs. incidence of cancer, b) alcohol consumption vs. foetal growth, c) drugs vs. mental health concerns?
The expected correlation between the following variables could be: a) the more you smoke the higher chance of cancer you have, b) the higher the alcohol consumption the lower the foetal growth c) the higher the drug use the higher the risk of mental health concerns
Students should be able to use a scatter diagram to identify a correlation between two variables in terms of risk factors.
0
How do the structures of each plant tissue relate to their function?
The epidermis tissue within a plant is thin and transparent in order to let light to reach the palisade layer. The palisade mesophyll tissue has many chloroplasts as it is the main site of photosynthesis. The spongy mesophyll tissue has large gaps to allow for gas exchange. The xylem is made of a column of dead cells which are waterproof. Phloem is made of live cells protected in the middle of the plant so they can transport glucose. The meristem tissue is made of stem cells which allow for rapid growth and repair.
Students should be able to explain how the structures of plant tissues are related to their functions.
0
What tissues are found within the plant?
Plant tissues include: - epidermal tissues - palisade mesophyll - spongy mesophyll - xylem and phloem - meristem tissue found at the growing tips of shoots and roots.
Plant tissues include: - epidermal tissues - palisade mesophyll - spongy mesophyll - xylem and phloem - meristem tissue found at the growing tips of shoots and roots.
0
What level of organisation do plant leaves fall into?
The leaf is a plant organ.
The leaf is a plant organ. Knowledge limited to epidermis, palisade and spongy mesophyll, xylem and phloem, and guard cells surrounding stomata.
0
How are the following adapted to their functions: a) root hair cells, b) xylem, c) phloem?
Root hair cells have a large surface area to volume ratio to allow for effective transport of substances. The inside of the xylem vessels is made of dead cells that are waterproof to allow water up the stem. The phloem are made of live cells meaning transport can happen by active transport as well as diffusion.
Students should be able to explain how the structure of root hair cells, xylem and phloem are adapted to their functions.
0
How does increasing temperature, humidity and light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?
Increasing temperature increases transpiration due to increased evaporation of water from the stomata. Increasing humidity decreases the rate of transpiration due to the concentration of water particles on the outside of the leaf being higher and therefore osmosis not occurring. Increasing light intensity increases the rate of transpiration due to the increase in the rate of photosynthesis.
Students should be able to explain the effect of changing temperature, humidity, air movement and light intensity on the rate of transpiration.
0
Which parts of the plant are involved in transporting substances?
The roots, stem and leaves form a plant organ system for transport of substances around the plant.
The roots, stem and leaves form a plant organ system for transport of substances around the plant.
0
What are translocation and transpiration and how do they work?
Transpiration is the process by which water evaporates from the leaves, through the opening of the stomata, which results in more water being drawn up from the roots. Translocation is the movement of nutrients and other substances from the leaves to the rest of the plant.This happens through diffusion and active transport.
Students should be able to describe the process of transpiration and translocation, including the structure and function of the stomata.
0
What is the job of the root hair cells and how are they adapted to it?
Root hair cells have a large surface area to volume ratio so that they are adapted for the efficient uptake of water by osmosis, and mineral ions by active transport.
Root hair cells are adapted for the efficient uptake of water by osmosis, and mineral ions by active transport.
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What is the role of xylem tissue and how is it adapted for it?
Xylem tissue transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves. It is composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin adapted for the transport of water in the transpiration stream.
Xylem tissue transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves. It is composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin adapted for the transport of water in the transpiration stream.
0
What is the role of the stomata and guard cells?
The role of stomata and guard cells are to control gas exchange and water loss.
The role of stomata and guard cells are to control gas exchange and water loss.
0
What is the role of the phloem and what is the name of this process?
Phloem tissue transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage. The movement of food molecules through phloem tissue is called translocation.
Phloem tissue transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage. The movement of food molecules through phloem tissue is called translocation.
0
What products are made in photosynthesis when carbon dioxide and water react?
In photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water react to make glucose and oxygen.
Photosynthesis is represented by the equation: (light above arrow) carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
0
What sort of reaction is photosynthesis and how do we know this?
Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction and we know this because energy is taken into the chloroplasts from the environment by light.
Students should be able to describe photosynthesis as an endothermic reaction in which energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light.
0
What five different uses do plants have for the glucose produced in photosynthesis?
The glucose produced in photosynthesis may be: - used for respiration - converted into insoluble starch for storage - used to produce fat or oil for storage - used to produce cellulose, which strengthens the cell wall - used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis.
The glucose produced in photosynthesis may be: ? used for respiration ? converted into insoluble starch for storage ? used to produce fat or oil for storage ? used to produce cellulose, which strengthens the cell wall ? used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis.
0
What else do plants need to produce proteins and where do they get them from?
To produce proteins, plants also use nitrate ions that are absorbed from the soil.
To produce proteins, plants also use nitrate ions that are absorbed from the soil.
0
How do each of the following factors affect the rate of photosynthesis: a) temperature, b) light intensity, c) carbon dioxide concentration, d) amount of chlorophyll?
Increasing temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis to a point as it increases collisions and therefore increases reaction rate. However past a point it starts to evaporate water and slows down photosynthesis. Increasing light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis to a point where it levels off. Increasing carbon dioxide concentration and the amount of chlorophyll has the same effect as increasing light intensity.
Students should be able to explain the effects of temperature, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and the amount of chlorophyll on the rate of photosynthesis.
0
What method can be used to measure and calculate the rate of photosynthesis?
The rate of photosynthesis can be measured by measuring the amount of oxygen produced over time.
Students should be able to measure and calculate rates of photosynthesis (MS)
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(HT only) What is a limiting factor of photosynthesis?
(HT only) A limiting factor of photosynthesis is any one of the following components: light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, the amount of chlorophyll, that if there is not enough of it will stop the rate of photosynthesis increasing regardless of how much there is of the other components.
(HT only) These factors interact and any one of them may be the factor that limits photosynthesis.
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(HT) How is the inverse square law important in terms of light intensity in the context of photosynthesis?
The inverse square law in important as it states that the intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.This means that when the light is moved twice as far from the plant it will receive a quarter of the energy.
(HT only) Students should understand and use inverse proportion ? the inverse square law and light intensity in the context of photosynthesis.
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(HT) How do limiting factors in a greenhouse relate to rate of photosynthesis and profit?
(HT only) The conditions within a greenhouse can be controlled and therefore can be enhanced to gain the maximum rate of photosynthesis while still maintaining profit.
(HT only) Limiting factors are important in the economics of enhancing the conditions in greenhouses to gain the maximum rate of photosynthesis while still maintaining profit.
0
What sort of reaction can cellular respiration be described as?
Cellular respiration is an exothermic reaction which is continuously occurring in living cells.
Students should be able to describe cellular respiration as an exothermic reaction which is continuously occurring in living cells.
0
What is the energy transferred in respiration needed for?
The energy transferred supplies all the energy needed for living processes.
The energy transferred supplies all the energy needed for living processes.
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In which ways can respiration in cells transfer energy?
Respiration in cells can take place aerobically (using oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen), to transfer energy.
Respiration in cells can take place aerobically (using oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen), to transfer energy.
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What is the difference in products and amount of energy produced by aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration?
The products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, energy and water and it produces far more energy than anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid and energy.
Students should be able to compare the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration with regard to the need for oxygen, the differing products and the relative amounts of energy transferred.
0
What three things do organisms need energy for?
Organisms need energy for: - chemical reactions to build larger molecules - movement - keeping warm.
Organisms need energy for: ? chemical reactions to build larger molecules ? movement ? keeping warm.
0
How can aerobic respiration be displayed in a word equation?
Aerobic respiration is represented by the equation: glucose oxygen --> carbon dioxide water
Aerobic respiration is represented by the equation: glucose oxygen --> carbon dioxide water
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What do the following symbols C6H12O6 , O2 , CO2 and H2O represent?
C6H12O6 is glucose, O2 is oxygen, CO2 is carbon dioxide and H2O is water.
Students should recognise the chemical symbols: C6H12O6 , O2 , CO2 and H2O.
0
What equation represents anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?
Anaerobic respiration in muscles is represented by the equation: glucose -> lactic acid.
Anaerobic respiration in muscles is represented by the equation: glucose -> lactic acid
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Why is less energy produced in anaerobic respiration compared to aerobic respiration?
As the oxidation of glucose is incomplete in anaerobic respiration much less energy is transferred than in aerobic respiration.
As the oxidation of glucose is incomplete in anaerobic respiration much less energy is transferred than in aerobic respiration.
0
What equation shows the anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells?
Anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells is represented by the equation: glucose -> ethanol carbon dioxide.
Anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells is represented by the equation: glucose -> ethanol carbon dioxide
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What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells also known as and why has it got economic importance?
Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation and has economic importance in the manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks.
Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation and has economic importance in the manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks
0
What does the body react to during exercise?
During exercise the human body reacts to the increased demand for energy.
During exercise the human body reacts to the increased demand for energy.
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What changes happen in the cardiovascular system when exercise increases and why?
The heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume increase during exercise to supply the muscles with more oxygenated blood.
The heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume increase during exercise to supply the muscles with more oxygenated blood.
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When does anaerobic respiration take place in muscles?
If insufficient oxygen is supplied anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles.
If insufficient oxygen is supplied anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles.
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What causes oxygen debt?
The incomplete oxidation of glucose causes a build up of lactic acid and creates an oxygen debt.
The incomplete oxidation of glucose causes a build up of lactic acid and creates an oxygen debt.
0
What happens to the muscles during long periods of vigorous activity?
During long periods of vigorous activity muscles become fatigued and stop contracting efficiently.
During long periods of vigorous activity muscles become fatigued and stop contracting efficiently.
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(HT) How is lactic acid converted back to glucose?
(HT only) Blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver where it is converted back into glucose.
(HT only) Blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver where it is converted back into glucose.
0
(HT) What is the oxygen debt?
(HT only) Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells.
(HT only) Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells.
0
How can metabolism be described?
Metabolism is the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body.
Metabolism is the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body.
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How are respiration and metabolism linked?
The energy transferred by respiration in cells is used by the organism for the continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism that synthesise new molecules.
The energy transferred by respiration in cells is used by the organism for the continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism that synthesise new molecules.
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What processes are included in metabolism?
Metabolism includes: a) conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose, b) the formation of lipid molecules from a molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids. C) ? the use of glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids which in turn are used to synthesise proteins. d) respiration. e) breakdown of excess proteins to form urea for excretion.
Metabolism includes: a) conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose, b) the formation of lipid molecules from a molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids. C) ? the use of glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids which in turn are used to synthesise proteins. d) respiration. e) breakdown of excess proteins to form urea for excretion
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Why are sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol important in the synthesis of new materials?
Sugars are important as they join together to make carbohydrates, amino acids are the components of proteins and fatty acids and glycerol become lipids.
Be able to explain the importance of sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol in the synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
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What are pathogens?
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease.
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease.
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What are the humans natural defence systems against pathogens?
The humans natural defence systems against pathogens are the skin, nose, stomach, trachea and bronchi.
Students should be able to describe the non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens, including the: - skin - nose - trachea and bronchi - stomach.
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What is the role of the immune system in the defence against disease?
The role of the immune system in the defence against disease is to detect and destroy pathogens that enter the body's blood stream.
Students should be able to explain the role of the immune system in the defence against disease.
0
How does the immune system respond if a pathogen enters the body?
If a pathogens enters the body the immune system tries to destroy the pathogen
If a pathogen enters the body the immune system tries to destroy the pathogen.
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How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens? (give 3 ways)
White blood cells help to defend against pathogens by: - phagocytosis - antibody production - antitoxin production.
White blood cells help to defend against pathogens by: - phagocytosis - antibody production - antitoxin production.
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How do the different pathogens spread in animals and plants?
Pathogens can be spread in plants and animals through direct contact, by water or through the air.
Students should be able to explain how diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi are spread in animals and plants.
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How can the spread of diseases be reduced or prevented?
The spread of pathogens can be reduced or prevented through simple hygiene (covering the mouth when coughing or washing hands), isolation of infected individuals, destroying vectors (such as mosquitoes carrying malaria) or vaccination.
Students should be able to explain how the spread of diseases can be reduced or prevented.
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What four categories can pathogens fall into?
Pathogens may be viruses, bacteria, protists or fungi.
Pathogens may be viruses, bacteria, protists or fungi.
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What can pathogens infect and how are they spread?
Pathogens may infect plants or animals and can be spread by direct contact, by water or by air.
Pathogens may infect plants or animals and can be spread by direct contact, by water or by air.
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What do bacteria and viruses do once inside the body?
Bacteria and viruses may reproduce rapidly inside the body.
Bacteria and viruses may reproduce rapidly inside the body.
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How do bacteria make us feel ill?
Bacteria may produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill.
Bacteria may produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill.
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How do viruses cause damage to the cells?
Viruses live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage.
Viruses live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage.
0
What is measles and why are young children vaccinated against it?
Measles is a viral disease showing symptoms of fever and a red skin rash. Measles is a serious illness that can be fatal if complications arise. For this reason most young children are vaccinated against measles.
Measles is a viral disease showing symptoms of fever and a red skin rash. Measles is a serious illness that can be fatal if complications arise. For this reason most young children are vaccinated against measles.
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How is the measles virus spread?
The measles virus is spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs.
The measles virus is spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs.
0
What is the initial symptom of HIV and what do antiretroviral drugs stop the virus doing?
HIV initially causes a flu-like illness. Unless successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs the virus attacks the body's immune cells.
HIV initially causes a flu-like illness. Unless successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs the virus attacks the body's immune cells.
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When does late stage HIV infection or AIDS occur?
Late stage HIV infection, or AIDS, occurs when the body's immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.
Late stage HIV infection, or AIDS, occurs when the body's immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.
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How is HIV spread?
HIV is spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needles.
HIV is spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needles.
0
What is tobacco mosaic virus?
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants including tomatoes.
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants including tomatoes.
0
How does tobacco mosaic virus reduce growth in plants?
TMV gives a distinctive 'mosaic' pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis.
TMV gives a distinctive 'mosaic' pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis.
0
How is Salmonella food poisoning spread?
Salmonella food poisoning is spread by bacteria ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions.
Salmonella food poisoning is spread by bacteria ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions.
0
What animal is vaccinated in the UK to control the spread of Salmonella?
In the UK, poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella to control the spread.
In the UK, poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella to control the spread.
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What are the symptoms of salmonella and what causes them?
Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the [Salmonella] bacteria and the toxins they secrete.
Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the [Salmonella] bacteria and the toxins they secrete.
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What is gonhorrhoea and what are the symptoms?
Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.
Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.
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How and why has treatment of gonorrhoea changed over time?
Gonorrhoea is caused by a bacterium and was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared.
Gonorrhoea is caused by a bacterium and was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared.
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How is gonhorroea spread?
Gonorrhoea is spread by sexual contact.
Gonorrhoea is spread by sexual contact.
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How can the spread of gonorrhoea be controlled?
The spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception such as a condom.
The spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception such as a condom.
0
What are three examples of plant diseases you need to know?
The three plant diseases you need to know are 1. mosaic virus as a viral disease 2. black spot as a fungal disease 3. aphids as insects
Knowledge of plant diseases is restricted to tobacco mosaic virus as a viral disease, black spot as a fungal disease and aphids as insects.
0
What are the pathogens that cause malaria called?
The pathogens that cause malaria are protists.
The pathogens that cause malaria are protists.
0
What is rose black spot and how does it affect the growth of a plant?
Rose black spot is a fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early. It affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced.
Rose black spot is a fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early. It affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced.
0
How is rose black spot spread in the environment?
Rose black spot is spread in the environment by water or wind.
Rose black spot is spread in the environment by water or wind.
0
How can rose black spot be treated?
Rose black spot can be treated by using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the affected leaves.
Rose black spot can be treated by using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the affected leaves.
0
What vector is used to spread malaria and what are the symptoms of it?
The malarial protist has a life cycle that includes the mosquito. Malaria causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal.
The malarial protist has a life cycle that includes the mosquito. Malaria causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal.
0
How is the spread of malaria controlled?
The spread of malaria is controlled by preventing the vectors, mosquitos, from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.
The spread of malaria is controlled by preventing the vectors, mosquitos, from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.
0
(Bio only) What can cause plant infections?
Plants can be infected by a range of viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens as well as by insects.
Plants can be infected by a range of viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens as well as by insects.
0
(Bio only) What causes deficiency conditions in plants?
Deficiency conditions in plants can be caused by a lack of ions
Plants can be damaged by a range of ion deficiency conditions. Knowledge of ions is limited to nitrate ions needed for protein synthesis and therefore growth, and magnesium ions needed to make chlorophyll. * The understanding of ion deficiencies allows horticulturists to provide optimum conditions for plants.
0
(Bio only) What ion can cause stunted growth and why?
Stunted growth is caused by nitrate deficiency, this is caused by reduced protein synthesis.
Stunted growth caused by nitrate deficiency
0
(Bio only) What ion can cause chlorosis (pale green leaves)?
Chlorosis is caused by magnesium deficiency
Chlorosis caused by magnesium deficiency
0
(Bio only) What are the chemical and physical plant defence responses.
Physical-Thorns Chemical-Toxins produced example stinging nettle.Some plants are poisionous.
Students should be able to describe physical and chemical plant defence responses.
0
(Bio only) What are the physical defences that plants have to resist invasion of microorganisms?
The physical defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms include: ? Cellulose cell walls. ? Tough waxy cuticle on leaves. ? Layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off.
Physical defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms. ? Cellulose cell walls. ? Tough waxy cuticle on leaves. ? Layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off.
0
(Bio only) What are the chemical defences that plants have to resist invasion of microorganisms?
The chemical plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms include: - Antibacterial chemicals. - Poisons to deter herbivores.
Chemical plant defence responses. ? Antibacterial chemicals. ? Poisons to deter herbivores.
0
(Bio only) What are the different ways that plant diseases can be detected?
(HT) Plant diseases can be detected by: - stunted growth - spots on leaves - areas of decay (rot) - growths - malformed stems or leaves - discolouration - the presence of pests.
(HT only) Plant diseases can be detected by: ? stunted growth ? spots on leaves ? areas of decay (rot) ? growths ? malformed stems or leaves ? discolouration ? the presence of pests.
0
(Bio only) How can plant diseases be identified? (give three ways)
(HT) Plant diseases can be identified by: - reference to a gardening manual or website - taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen - using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies.
(HT only) Identification can be made by: ? reference to a gardening manual or website ? taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen ? using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies.
0
(Bio only) What are the mechanical adaptations that plants have to resist invasion of microoganisms?
The mechnical adaptations that plants have to resist invasion of microorganisms are: - Thorns and hairs deter animals. - Leaves which droop or curl when touched. - Mimicry to trick animals.
Mechanical adaptations. ? Thorns and hairs deter animals. ? Leaves which droop or curl when touched. ? Mimicry to trick animals.
0
How do vaccinations prevent illness in an individual and the spread of disease in a population?
Vaccinations prevent the illness in an individual by stimulating the white blood cells to produce antibodies making the immune system quicker to respond if infected with the virus. Vaccinations reduce the wide spread of infectious diseases caused by viruses.
Students should be able to explain how vaccination will prevent illness in an individual, and how the spread of pathogens can be reduced by immunising a large proportion of the population.
0
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using vaccinations to prevent disease?
The advantages of using vaccinations to prevent disease are that less people will be infected by the disease, the disease will not spread as far and the cost of a vaccine is usually cheaper than treating an ill person. The disadvantages are that some people will still suffer with the illness (different strains or not full effects), there are posisble side affects of the vaccine and vaccinations cost NHS/people money.
Evaluate the global use of vaccination in the prevention of disease.
0
What is in a vaccine?
A vaccination is a small quantity of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen
Vaccination involves introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies.
0
How does a vaccination work?
The vaccination causes the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies. If the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection.
If the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection.
0
How are infective diseases treated?
Infected diseases can be treated by antibiotics and other medicines such as fungal creams
Students should be able to explain the use of antibiotics and other medicines in treating disease.
0
How are drugs used to cure bacterial diseases?
Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body.
Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body.
0
Why are specific antibiotics prescribed by doctors?
Doctors prescribe specific antibiotics because specific bacteria must be treated by specific antibiotics
It is important that specific bacteria should be treated by specific antibiotics.
0
What has the impact of using antibiotics to treat infectious bacterial diseases?
The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infectious bacterial diseases.
The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infectious bacterial diseases.
0
Why are doctors advised to not overly prescribe antibiotics?
Over prescription of antibiotics can lead to strains of bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotics
However, the emergence of strains resistant to antibiotics is of great concern.
0
Why can antibiotics not be used to treat viral infections?
Antibiotics cannot be used to treat viral infections because they do not kill viral pathogens
Antibiotics cannot kill viral pathogens.
0
Why do people take painkillers and other medicines when suffering from an infectious disease?
People take painkillers and other medicines to treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill pathogens.
Painkillers and other medicines are used to treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill pathogens.
0
Why are there no drugs to kill viruses? (vaccinations prevent infection)
There are no drugs to kill viruses that don't also damage the body's tissues.
It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging the body?s tissues.
0
Where are drugs traditionally extracted from?
Traditionally drugs were extracted from plants and microorganisms.
Traditionally drugs were extracted from plants and microorganisms.
0
Which plant does the heart drug digitalis orginate from?
The heart drug digitalis originates from foxgloves.
The heart drug digitalis originates from foxgloves.
0
Which plant does the painkiller aspirin orginate from?
The painkiller aspirin originates from willow.
The painkiller aspirin originates from willow.
0
Who discovered pneicillin and from what?
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium mould.
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium mould.
0
How are most new drugs synthesised by chemists?
Most new drugs are synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the starting point may still be a chemical extracted from a plant.
Most new drugs are synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the starting point may still be a chemical extracted from a plant.
0
Why are new drugs tested and trialled before being used?
New medical drugs have to be tested and trialled before being used to check that they are safe and effective.
New medical drugs have to be tested and trialled before being used to check that they are safe and effective.
0
What happens during preclinical testing?
Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals.
Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals.
0
What happens during clinical trials?
Clinical trials give the new drug to healthy volunteers and patients and observe the effects
Clinical trials use healthy volunteers and patients.
0
What level of dose is used at the start of the clinical trial?
During the clinical trial very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial.
Very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial.
0
If the new drug is found to be safe during the initial clinical trial what do scientists do to the dosage?
If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug.
If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug.
0
What does a double blind trial mean?
In double blind trials, some patients are given a placebo but neither the scientist or the patients know who has the drug and who has the placebo
In double blind trials, some patients are given a placebo.
0
What is the final stage of the drug trial?
The final stage of a drug trial is for the drug to scruntised by peer review.
Students understand that the results of testing and trials are published only after scrutiny by peer review. (WS)
0
What are the stages involved in developing a new drug?
The stages involved in developing a drug include preclinical, clinical trials with healthy volunteers and patients, then further trails to establish dosage, final stage is for the findings to be peer reviewed.
Students should be able to describe the process of discovery and development of potential new medicines, including preclinical and clinical testing.
0
(Bio only) How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells.
Students should be able to describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced.
0
(Bio only) How many clone of cells produce monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells.
0
(Bio only) Why are monoclonal antibodies important?
Monoclonal antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body.
The antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body.
0
(Bio only) How can monoclonal antibodies produced?
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody.
Antibodies are produced by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody.
0
(Bio only) How are hybridoma cells made and why are they useful?
Lymphocytes from mice are combined with a particular kind of tumour cell to make a cell called a hybridoma cell. The hybridoma cell can both divide and make the antibody.
The lymphocytes are combined with a particular kind of tumour cell to make a cell called a hybridoma cell. The hybridoma cell can both divide and make the antibody.
0
(Bio only) Why are single hybridoma cells cloned?
Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody.
Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody.
0
(Bio only) Why is the use of hybridoma cells important?
The use of hybridoma cells are important because a large amount of the antibodiy can be collected and purified
A large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified.
0
(Bio only) What ethical issues are there in the use of monochlonal antibodies?
The ethical issues surrounding monochlonal antibodies surround the extraction of lympocytes from white blood cells
Students should be able to describe some of the ways in which monoclonal antibodies can be used. * Appreciate the power of monoclonal antibodies and consider any ethical issues (WS).
0
(Bio only) List 6 ways that monoclonal antibodies can be used
Diagnosis in pregnancy tests to measure hormones and other chemicals in blood detect pathogens in the blood to locate or identify specific moleucles in cells or tissues by binding with fluorescent dye to treat diseases
Some examples [of monoclonal antibodies] include: ? for diagnosis such as in pregnancy tests ? in laboratories to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens ? in research to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent ?dye to treat some diseases (e.g. cancer)
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(Bio only) How can monochlonal diseases be used to treat cancer?
The antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing.
Monochlonal antibodies are used to treat cancer. The antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing.
0
(Bio only) Does the use of monochlonal antibodies harm other cells in the body?
No, other cells are not harmed as they are specific for antigens
Monochlonal antibodies deliver the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.
0
(Bio only) List examples of how monoclonal antibodies are useful as treatments or tests.
Monoclonal antibodies can be used in pregnacy tests. Glucose tests for diabetics. Testing for specific cancers.
Students are not expected to recall any specific tests or treatments but given appropriate information they should be able to explain how they work.
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(Bio only) What are the disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies?
Monoclonal antibodies create more side effects than expected. They are not yet as widely used as everyone hoped when they were first developed.
Monoclonal antibodies create more side effects than expected. They are not yet as widely used as everyone hoped when they were first developed.
0
(Bio only) What are the advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
Monoclonal antibodies enable fast treatment of diseases and may eradicate the need for human donars
* Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies.
0
Mod
Number of Questions
0S
10
1B
10
1C
10
1P
10
BI
5
B1
B1.1
Cell Structure
B1.2
Cell Division and transport
B1.3
Organisation
B1.4
Plant tissues, organs and Bioenergetics
B1.5
Infection and response
1
B1
C1
P1
2
B2
C2
P2
B
1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
8B
C
1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
l
Del
I
BI
P
1P
2P
3P
4P
5P
6P
7P
8P
S
0S
