https://www.mrcorfe.com/Hamble/MCQ/B2?Edit=1
10th Sep '25
Multiple Choice 2015-16
Question
Answer
Mislead1
Mislead2
Mislead3
Point
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Why is the nervous system important?
The nervous system enables humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour.
The nervous system enables humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour.
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How is the nervous system adapted to its function?
The responses formulated by the nervous system are very quick and therefore allow responses to be fast and protect the organism from danger.
Be able to explain how the structure of the nervous system is adapted to its functions.
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What do the control systems in the body include?
All control systems include:a) cells called receptors, which detect stimuli (changes in the environment), b) coordination centres (such as the brain, spinal cord and pancreas) that receive and process information from receptors, c) effectors, muscles or glands, which bring about responses which restore optimum levels.
All control systems include:a) cells called receptors, which detect stimuli (changes in the environment), b) coordination centres (such as the brain, spinal cord and pancreas) that receive and process information from receptors, c) effectors, muscles or glands, which bring about responses which restore optimum levels.
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How is this control made automatic?
It may involve chemical or nervous responses.
These automatic control systems may involve nervous responses or chemical responses.
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What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes.
Be able to explain that homeostasis is the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes.
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Why is homeostasis important?
Homeostasis maintains optimal conditions for enzyme action and all cell functions.
Homeostasis maintains optimal conditions for enzyme action and all cell functions.
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What things does homeostasis control?
In the human body, these include control of: a) blood glucose concentration. B) body temperature. C) water levels.
In the human body, these include control of: a) blood glucose concentration. B) body temperature. C) water levels.
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How is information transmitted in the nervous system?
Information from receptors passes along cells (neurones) as electrical impulses to the central nervous system (CNS).
Information from receptors passes along cells (neurones) as electrical impulses to the central nervous system (CNS).
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What is in the central nervous system?
The CNS is the brain and spinal cord.
The CNS is the brain and spinal cord.
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What is the role of the central nervous system?
The CNS coordinates the response of effectors which may be muscles contracting or glands secreting hormones.
The CNS coordinates the response of effectors which may be muscles contracting or glands secreting hormones.
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What are the stages of the reflex arc?
The stages of the reflex arc are stimulus, receptor, sensory, relay, motor, effector then response.
Stimulus --> Receptor --> Coordinator --> Effector --> Response
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How are the neurones adapted to their function?
Neurones axon allowing impulses to be transmitted long distances, they also have dendrites on the cell body which are branched to detect impulses from other nerves. They are insulated with a myelin (fatty) sheath so that impulses do not cross over and they have a synapse to propagate the impulses using chemical messengers.
Be able to explain how the various structures in a reflex arc including the sensory neurone, synapse, relay neurone and motor neurone relate to their function.
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Why are reflex actions so important?
They allow us to respond to our environment and keep ourselves out of danger.
Students should understand why reflex actions are important.
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How are reflex actions described?
Reflex actions are automatic and rapid; they do not involve the conscious part of the brain.
Reflex actions are automatic and rapid; they do not involve the conscious part of the brain.
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Required Practical 7 - Reaction Time (AT skills 1,3,4)
Required Practical - Reaction Time (AT skills 1,3,4)
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What is the endocrine system and what is its role?
The endocrine system is composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.
The endocrine system is composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.
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What are the names of the glands labelled 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 in the following image? http://bit.ly/2Cy01Tj
Number 1 is the pituitary gland, number 2 the thyroid, number 6 are the adrenal glands and number 7 the pancreas. Number 8 are the ovaries and number 9 the testes.
Students should be able to identify the position of the following on a diagram of the human body: Pituitary gland, Pancreas, Thyroid, Adrenal Gland, Ovary and Testes.
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What is the role of the bloodstream in the endocrine system?
The blood carries the hormone to a target organ where it produces an effect.
The blood carries the hormone to a target organ, where it produces an effect.
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How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system?
Compared to the nervous system the effects are slower but act for longer.
Compared to the nervous system the effects are slower, but act for longer.
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What is the pituitary gland described as and what is its role?
The pituitary gland in the brain is a "master gland" which secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions.
The pituitary gland in the brain is a "master gland" which secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions.
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What do the hormones released by the pituitary gland do?
The hormones released by the pituitary gland act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released to bring about effects.
These hormones in turn act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released to bring about effects.
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(HT) Where are thyroxine and adrenaline created in the body?
(HT) Thyroxine - thyroid gland. Adrenaline - adrenal gland.
Students should be able to explain the roles of thyroxine and adrenaline in the body (HT only)
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(HT) What is the role of adrenaline in the body?
(HT) Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress. It increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, preparing the body for "flight or fight".
Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress. It increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, preparing the body for "flight or fight". (HT only)
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(HT) What is the role of thyroxine in the body?
(HT) Thyroxine from the thyroid gland stimulates the basal metabolic rate. It plays an important role in growth and development. (HT only)
Thyroxine from the thyroid gland stimulates the basal metabolic rate. It plays an important role in growth and development. (HT only)
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(HT) How are thyroxine levels controlled?
(HT) The thyroxine levels are controlled by negative feedback.
Thyroxine levels are controlled by negative feedback. Interpret and explain simple diagrams of negative feedback control. (HT only)
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What organ monitors and controls blood glucose concentration?
Blood glucose concentration is monitored and controlled by the pancreas.
Blood glucose concentration is monitored and controlled by the pancreas
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How does the pancreas control blood glucose levels?
If the blood glucose concentration is too high, the pancreas produces the hormone insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells.
If the blood glucose concentration is too high, the pancreas produces the hormone insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells.
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What do the liver and muscle cells do to excess glucose?
In the liver and muscle cells excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage.
In the liver and muscle cells excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage.
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How does insulin control blood glucose levels?
When insulin is released it causes the liver to convert more glucose into glycogen.
When insulin is released it causes the liver to convert more glucose into glycogen.
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What is type 1 diabetes and how is it treated?
Type 1 diabetes is a disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin. It is characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels and is normally treated with insulin injections.
Type 1 diabetes is a disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin. It is characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels and is normally treated with insulin injections.
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What is type 2 diabetes and how is it controlled?
In Type 2 diabetes the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas. A carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime are common treatments.
In Type 2 diabetes the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas. A carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime are common treatments.
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Which diabetes is obesity a risk factor for?
Obesity is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.
Obesity is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.
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(HT) How does the body increase the blood glucose concentration?
(HT only) If the blood glucose concentration is too low, the pancreas produces the hormone glucagon that causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood.
(HT only) If the blood glucose concentration is too low, the pancreas produces the hormone glucagon that causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood.
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(HT) How does glucagon control blood glucose levels?
(HT only) Glucagon interacts with insulin in a negative feedback cycle to control blood glucose (sugar) levels in the body.
(HT only) Glucagon interacts with insulin in a negative feedback cycle to control blood glucose (sugar) levels in the body.
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How do osmotic changes in fluids affect red blood cells?
If a red blood cell is placed in water, water enters the cell by osmosis. Because the membrane is quite weak the cell will burst as the volume and therefore the pressure in the cell increases. Red blood cells shrink when placed in concentrated solutions of sugar as water moves out of them by osmosis.
Students should be able to explain the effect on cells of osmotic changes in body fluids
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(HT) How does ADH affect the permeability of the kidney tubules?
(HT) ADH increases the permeability of the kidney tubules (nephrons), causing them to reabsorb more water.
(HT only) Students should be able to describe the effect of ADH on the permeability of the kidney tubules.
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How does water from the lungs leave the body?
Water leaves the body via the lungs during exhalation.
Water leaves the body via the lungs during exhalation.
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(HT) What is the role of the hormone ADH?
(HT) ADH controls the level of water in the body by acting on the kidney tubules?
(HT only) The water level in the body is controlled by the hormone ADH which acts on the kidney tubules.
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What is lost from the skin through sweat?
Water, ions and urea are lost from the skin in sweat.
Water, ions and urea are lost from the skin in sweat.
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(HT) How is water concentration controlled by ADH and what is this process controlled by?
(HT) ADH is released by the pituitary gland when the blood is too concentrated and it causes more water to be reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidney tubules. This is controlled by negative feedback.
(HT only) ADH is released by the pituitary gland when the blood is too concentrated and it causes more water to be reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidney tubules. This is controlled by negative feedback.
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Can we control loss through the lungs and skin?
There is no control over water, ion or urea loss by the lungs or skin.
There is no control over water, ion or urea loss by the lungs or skin.
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How are people with kidney failure treated?
People who suffer from kidney failure may be treated by organ transplant or by using kidney dialysis. During dialysis ‘dirty’ blood (high in urea) is taken from a blood vessel in the arm, mixed with blood thinners to prevent clotting, and pumped into a dialysis machine. Inside the machine - separated by a partially permeable membrane the blood flows in the opposite direction to dialysis fluid, allowing exchange to occur between the two where a concentration gradient exists.
People who suffer from kidney failure may be treated by organ transplant or by using kidney dialysis. Students should know the basic principles of dialysis.
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What is lost in urine?
Excess water, ions and urea are removed via the kidneys in the urine.
Excess water, ions and urea are removed via the kidneys in the urine.
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What happens to body cells if they lose of gain too much water?
If body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis they do not function efficiently.
If body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis they do not function efficiently
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(HT) Where do excess amino acids come from and how do we safely get rid of them?
(HT) The digestion of proteins from the diet results in excess amino acids which need to be excreted safely. In the liver these amino acids are deaminated to form ammonia. Ammonia is toxic and so it is immediately converted to urea for safe excretion.
(HT only) The digestion of proteins from the diet results in excess amino acids which need to be excreted safely. In the liver these amino acids are deaminated to form ammonia. Ammonia is toxic and so it is immediately converted to urea for safe excretion.
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What is the function of the kidneys?
The function of the kidneys is to maintain water balance by reabsorbing water from the blooodstream into the cells until balance is restored.
Students should be able to describe the function of kidneys in maintaining the water balance of the body.
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How do the kidneys produce urine?
The kidneys produce urine by filtration of the blood and selective reabsorption of useful substances such as glucose, some ions and water.
The kidneys produce urine by filtration of the blood and selective reabsorption of useful substances such as glucose, some ions and water.
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What is the function of the brain and what is its structure?
The brain controls complex behaviour. It is made of billions of interconnected neurones and has different regions that carry out different functions.
The brain controls complex behaviour. It is made of billions of interconnected neurones and has different regions that carry out different functions.
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What are the functions of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and medulla?
The cerebral cortex controls personality, memory and conscious though. The cerebellum controls balance and co-ordination of movement and the medulla controls the heart rate and breathing rate.
Students should be able to identify the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and medulla on a diagram of the brain, and describe their functions
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(HT only) Why is it so hard to treat damage to the brain?
(HT only) Unlike other cells brain cells cannot re-grow.Therefore when damage occurs the cells cannot be saved. This means that brain damage tends to be permanent.
(HT only) Students should be able to explain some of the difficulties of investigating brain function and treating brain damage and disease.
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(HT only) How did neuroscientists discover the functions of the different parts of the brain?
(HT only) Neuroscientists have been able to map the regions of the brain to particular functions by studying patients with brain damage, electrically stimulating different parts of the brain and using MRI scanning techniques.
(HT only) Neuroscientists have been able to map the regions of the brain to particular functions by studying patients with brain damage, electrically stimulating different parts of the brain and using MRI scanning techniques.
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(HT only) What characteristics of the brain make it difficult to treat and investigate brain disorders?
(HT only)The complexity and delicacy of the brain makes investigating and treating brain disorders very difficult.
(HT only) The complexity and delicacy of the brain makes investigating and treating brain disorders very difficult.
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How do the cilliary muscles and the suspensory ligaments allow the eye to focus on near or distant objects?
The cilliary muslces Adjust the shape of the lens to make it more or less curved, so as to increase or decrease the refraction of light and the suspensory ligaments Slacken or stretch as the ciliary muscles contract or relax, to adjust the thickness and curvature of the lens. This in turn allows differences in the refraction of light onto the retina and therefore allows the eye to focus.
Students should be able to relate the structures of the eye to their functions. This includes accommodation to focus on near or distant objects.
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How is the eye adapted to its function?
The eye is a sense organ containing receptors sensitive to light intensity and colour.
Another adaptation is to dim light - The eye is a sense organ containing receptors sensitive to light intensity and colour.
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How are the structures of the following related to their functions: - retina - optic nerve - sclera - cornea - iris - ciliary muscles - suspensory ligaments?
Retina - contains the photo receptors to allow us to see. Optic nerve - Transmits signals from the photo receptors to the CNS through being a nerve cell. Sclera - Relatively tough outer casing of the eye for protection. Cornea - Transparent layer to allow light in. IT is curved to refract light. Iris - made of muscle to alter the amount of light entering the eye. Ciliary muscles - made of muscular tissue which contract or relax to move the suspensory ligaments. Suspensory ligaments - attached to the ciliary muscles and lens to aid accommodation.
Students should be able to identify the following structures on a diagram of the eye and explain how their structure is related to their function: ? retina ? optic nerve ? sclera ? cornea ? iris ? ciliary muscles ? suspensory ligaments.
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What is accommodation?
Accommodation is the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.
Accommodation is the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.
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What processes must the eye go through in order to focus on a near object or on a distant object?
To focus on a near object the eye must do the following: 1. The ciliary muscles contract. 2. The suspensory ligaments loosen. 3. The lens is then thicker and refracts light rays strongly. To focus on a distant object: - The ciliary muscles relax. - The suspensory ligaments are pulled tight - The lens is then pulled thin and only slightly refracts light rays.
To focus on a near object: ???? the ciliary muscles contract ?? the suspensory ligaments loosen ???? the lens is then thicker and refracts light rays strongly. To focus on a distant object: ? the ciliary muscles relax ? the suspensory ligaments are pulled tight ? the lens is then pulled thin and only slightly refracts light rays.
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What are myopia and hyperopia and how do they affect the eye?
Myopia is short sightedness and hyperopia is long sightedness and this causes rays of light to not focus on the retina.
Two common defects of the eyes are myopia (short sightedness) and hyperopia (long sightedness) in which rays of light do not focus on the retina. ???
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What are myopia and hyperopia usually treated with and how do they help?
Generally these defects are treated with spectacle lenses which refract the light rays so that they do focus on the retina.
Generally these defects are treated with spectacle lenses which refract the light rays so that they do focus on the retina.
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What new technologies are there in place to treat eye defects?
New technologies now include hard and soft contact lenses, laser surgery to change the shape of the cornea and a replacement lens in the eye.
New technologies now include hard and soft contact lenses, laser surgery to change the shape of the cornea and a replacement lens in the eye.
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What controls body temperature and how does it do it?
Body temperature is monitored and controlled by the thermoregulatory centre in the brain. The thermoregulatory centre contains receptors sensitive to the temperature of the blood.
Body temperature is monitored and controlled by the thermoregulatory centre in the brain. The thermoregulatory centre contains receptors sensitive to the temperature of the blood.
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What is the role of the skin in monitoring body temperature?
The skin contains receptors which detect changes in temperature and send impulses to the brain.
The skin contains receptors which detect changes in temperature and send impulses to the brain.
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What happens to the body when the core body temperature is too low?
If the body temperature is too high, blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and sweat is produced from the sweat glands.
If the body temperature is too high, blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and sweat is produced from the sweat glands.
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How do vasodilation and sweating help cool down the body?
Vasodilation and sweating transfer thermal energy from the skin to the environment.
Both these mechanisms cause a transfer of energy from the skin to the environment.
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What happens to the body when its core temperature is too low?
If the body temperature is too low, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction), sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract (shiver).
If the body temperature is too low, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction), sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract (shiver).
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(HT only) How does vasoconstriction help increase the body temperature?
(HT only) Vasoconstriction causes blood flow to the skin to decrease and slow down therefore decreasing the amount of energy lost to the environment from the skin.
(HT only) Students should be able to explain how these mechanisms lower or raise body temperature in a given context.
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What do reproductive hormones do to the body during puberty?
During puberty reproductive hormones cause secondary sex characteristics to develop.
During puberty reproductive hormones cause secondary sex characteristics to develop.
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What is the main female reproductive hormone and where is it produced?
Oestrogen is the main female reproductive hormone produced in the ovary.
Oestrogen is the main female reproductive hormone produced in the ovary.
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What is ovulation and how often does it occur?
At puberty eggs begin to mature and one is released approximately every 28 days. This is called ovulation.
At puberty eggs begin to mature and one is released approximately every 28 days. This is called ovulation
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Where is testosterone produced and what is its role?
Testosterone is the main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes and it stimulates sperm production.
Testosterone is the main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes and it stimulates sperm production.
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Is there just one hormone involved in the menstruation of women or are there several?
There are several hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle of a woman.
Several hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle of a woman.
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What is the role of follicle stimulating hormone?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes maturation of an egg in the ovary.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes maturation of an egg in the ovary.
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What is the role of luteinising hormone?
Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates the release of the egg.
Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates the release of the egg.
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Which hormones are involved in maintaining the uterus lining?
Oestrogen and progesterone are involved in maintaining the uterus lining.
Oestrogen and progesterone are involved in maintaining the uterus lining
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(HT only) How do FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone interact in the menstrual cycle?
(HT only) FSH causes the ovaries to secrete oestrogen.
(HT only) Students should be able to explain the interactions of FSH, oestrogen, LH and progesterone, in the control of the menstrual cycle
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Which of the hormones shows the sharpest spike in a graph of hormone levels during the menstrual cycle?
LH shows a sharp spike to cause the release of an egg (ovulation) and then drops down low after it.
(HT only) Students should be able to extract and interpret data from graphs showing hormone levels during the menstrual cycle.
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Give an advantage and disadvantage of condoms, the pill and the implant.
Condoms - A - also protect against STIs - D - not quite as effective as some hormonal methods. Pill - A - Highly effective if used correctly - D - needs to be remembered to be taken. Implant - A - doesn't need to be remembered each day - D - Sometimes long-term protection is not suitable.
Students should be able to evaluate the different hormonal and non- hormonal methods of contraception.
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What are the two categories of contraception?
Hormonal and non-hormonal/barrier methods.
Fertility can be controlled by a variety of hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception.
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Name at least 7 forms of contraception and how they work.
These include: ? oral contraceptives that contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature ? injection, implant or skin patch of slow release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years ? barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms which prevent the sperm reaching an egg ? intrauterine devices which prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone ? spermicidal agents which kill or disable sperm ? abstaining from intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct ? surgical methods of male and female sterilisation.
These include: ? oral contraceptives that contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature ? injection, implant or skin patch of slow release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years ? barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms which prevent the sperm reaching an egg ? intrauterine devices which prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone ? spermicidal agents which kill or disable sperm ? abstaining from intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct ? surgical methods of male and female sterilisation. Explain everyday and technological applications of science; evaluate associated personal, social, economic and environmental implications; and make decisions based on the evaluation of evidence and arguments.
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(HT) Which hormones can be used to treat infertility and how is it used?
(HT) FSH - promotes the maturation of more eggs. These multiple eggs can increase the chance of conceiving or be used in IVF. LH - to cause the release of those mature eggs.
(HT) Explain the use of hormones in modern reproductive technologies to treat infertility
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(HT) How has developments in microscope technology and techniques enabled IVF treatment to improve?
(HT) Microscopes can be used to monitor for fertilisation and development into embryos.
(HT) Explain how developments of microscopy techniques have enabled IVF treatments to develop.
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(HT) Which hormones can be used to treat infertility and how is it used?Which hormones can be used to treat infertility and how is it used?
(HT) FSH - promotes the maturation of more eggs. These multiple eggs can increase the chance of conceiving or be used in IVF. LH - to cause the release of those mature eggs.
This includes giving FSH and LH in a ?fertility drug? to a woman. She may then become pregnant in the normal way. (HT only)
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(HT) What are some social and ethical issues associated with IVF treatment?
(HT) IVF costs the NHS money, increased number of babies being born, embryos that are not used may be destroyed. Some people consider embryos to be new lives and view their destruction as unethical. These could also be used for research.
Understand social and ethical issues associated with IVF treatments (HT only)
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(HT) What are some of the disadvantages of IVF?
(HT) Although fertility treatment gives a woman the chance to have a baby of her own: ? it is very emotionally and physically stressful ? the success rates are not high ? it can lead to multiple births which are a risk to both the babies and the mother
Although fertility treatment gives a woman the chance to have a baby of her own: ? it is very emotionally and physically stressful ? the success rates are not high ? it can lead to multiple births which are a risk to both the babies and the mother. (HT only)
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(HT) Describe the stages of IVF.
(HT) IVF involves giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs. The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in a dish in the laboratory. The fertilised eggs develop into embryos. At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells one or two embryos are inserted into the mother's uterus (womb)
Evaluate from the perspective of patients and doctors the methods of treating infertility. (HT only)
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(Separates only) What are the hormonal responses in plants to light and gravity called?
Plants produce hormones to coordinate and control growth and responses to light (phototropism) and gravity (gravitropism or geotropism).
(Separates only) Plants produce hormones to coordinate and control growth and responses to light (phototropism) and gravity (gravitropism or geotropism).
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(Separates only) What causes the unequal growth rates in shoots and roots that means plants can grow in specific directions?
Unequal distributions of auxin cause unequal growth rates in plant roots and shoots
(Separates only) Unequal distributions of auxin cause unequal growth rates in plant roots and shoots. (Required Practical)
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(HT) What role does Gibberellins have in a plant?
(HT) Gibberellins are important in initiating seed germination.
(Separates only) (HT only) Gibberellins are important in initiating seed germination.
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(HT) What role does Ethene have in a plant?
(HT) Ethene controls cell division and ripening of fruits.
(Separates only) (HT only) Ethene controls cell division and ripening of fruits.
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(Separates only) Give some uses of plant hormones that can be used to control plant growth
selective weedkillers, rooting powders (auxins), seedless fruits.
(Separates only) Students should be able to describe the effects of some plant hormones and the different ways people use them to control plant growth.
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(Separates only) What are plant hormones used by people in?
Plant growth hormones are used in agriculture and horticulture
(Separates only) Plant growth hormones are used in agriculture and horticulture
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(Separates only) What negative effect can the use of hormones as weed killers have?
Everyday use of hormones as weed killers has an effect on biodiversity.
(Separates only) Understand how the everyday use of hormones as weed killers has an effect on biodiversity.
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(Separates only) How do people use auxins?
Auxins are used: ? as weed killers ? as rooting powders ? for promoting growth in tissue culture.
(Separates only) Auxins are used: ? as weed killers ? as rooting powders ? for promoting growth in tissue culture.
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(Separates only) How do people use ethene?
Ethene is used in the food industry to control ripening of fruit during storage and transport.
(Separates only) Ethene is used in the food industry to control ripening of fruit during storage and transport.
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(Separates only) How do people use Gibberellins?
Gibberellins can be used to end seed dormancy, promote flowering and increase fruit size.
(Separates only) Gibberellins can be used to: ? end seed dormancy ? promote flowering ? increase fruit size.
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How is the structure of DNA described and what is a genome?
DNA is a polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix. The genome is the set of chromosomes in each haploid cell in an organism.
Students should be able to describe the structure of DNA and define genome.
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Where is DNA found in a cell?
Nucleus
The genetic material in the nucleus of a cell is composed of a chemical called DNA.
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What is the structure of DNA like?
DNA is a polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix.
DNA is a polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix.
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How is DNA contained in the nucleus?
The DNA is contained in structures called chromosomes.
The DNA is contained in structures called chromosomes.
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What is a gene?
A gene is a small section of DNA on a chromosome. Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, to make a specific protein.
A gene is a small section of DNA on a chromosome. Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, to make a specific protein.
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What is a genome?
The genome of an organism is the entire genetic material of that organism.
The genome of an organism is the entire genetic material of that organism.
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Why is the study of the human genome important?
Develop medicines in the future
The whole human genome has now been studied and this will have great importance for medicine in the future.
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What is the importance of sutdying the human genome?
finding genes linked to different types of diseases, treating inherited disorders, using in tracing human migration patterns in the past
Students should be able to discuss the importance of understanding the human genome.
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What is the structure of a nucleotide like?
Each nucleotide consists of a common sugar and phosphate group with one of four different bases attached to the sugar
Each nucleotide consists of a common sugar and phosphate group with one of four different bases attached to the sugar
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What are the letters used for the four DNA bases?
A, C, T and G.
DNA contains four bases, A, C, G and T.
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What is DNA?
DNA is a polymer made of four different nucleotides.
Students should be able to describe DNA as a polymer made from four different nucleotides.
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What controls which amino acid is made during protien synthesis?
A sequence of three bases is the code for a particular amino acid.
A sequence of three bases is the code for a particular amino acid.
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What controls which protien is made during protien synthesis?
The order of bases controls the order in which amino acids are assembled to produce a particular protein.
The order of bases controls the order in which amino acids are assembled to produce a particular protein.
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What are the different parts of DNA strcuture?
The long strands of DNA consist of alternating sugar and phosphate sections. Attached to each sugar is one of the four bases
The long strands of DNA consist of alternating sugar and phosphate sections. Attached to each sugar is one of the four bases
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What is the structure of a DNA polymer?
The DNA polymer is made up of repeating nucleotide units.
The DNA polymer is made up of repeating nucleotide units. Interpret a diagram of DNA structure but will not be required to reproduce it.
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What are the steps in protein synthesis? What happens in these steps?
The two steps in protein synthesis are transcription and translocation. During transcription an enzyme unwinds the DNA strands to make up two strands of RNA. Here complimentary bases match up with the RNA to form new strands. Then any sections of unused RNA are transcribed into proteins.
(HT only) Students should be able to recall a simple description of protein synthesis
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How does the structure of DNA affect the protien that is made during protien synthesis?
A set of three bases codes for a particular amino acid. The order of bases controls the order of animo acids, this controls what protien is made
explain simply how the structure of DNA affects the protein made
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How do genetic variants influence a persons phenotype through coding DNA and non coding DNA?
Coding DNA - by altering the activity of a protein Non-coding DNA - by altering how genes are expressed
describe how genetic variants may influence phenotype: a) in coding DNA by altering the activity of a protein: and b) in non-coding DNA by altering how genes are expressed
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What are the DNA base pairs?
In the complementary strands a C is always linked to a G on the opposite strand and a T to an A.
(HT only) In the complementary strands a C is always linked to a G on the opposite strand and a T to an A.
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How can a change in DNA structure result in a change in the protein synthesised by a gene?
A differnet order of DNA base pairs will cause a different amino acid to be made, this in turn could produce a different protein
(HT only) Students should be able to explain how a change in DNA structure may result in a change in the protein synthesised by a gene
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Where does protein synthesis take place in a cell?
Proteins are synthesised on ribosomes, according to a template.
(HT only) Proteins are synthesised on ribosomes, according to a template.
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What is the role of a carrier molecule in protein synthesis?
(HT only) Carrier molecules brings specific amino acids to add to the growing protein chain in the correct order
(HT only) Carrier molecules bring specific amino acids to add to the growing protein chain in the correct order
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Why is a proteins unique shape important?
This unique shape enables the proteins to do their job as enzymes, hormones or forming structures in the body such as collagen.
(HT only) When the protein chain is complete it folds up to form a unique shape. This unique shape enables the proteins to do their job as enzymes, hormones or forming structures in the body such as collagen.
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What happens to the number of chromosomes in gametes from meiosis? How is the full number of chromosomes restored?
Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes. The full number is restored during fertilisation.
Students should be able to explain how meiosis halves the number of chromosomes in gametes and fertilisation restores the full number of chromosomes.
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How are gametes formed?
Cells in reproductive organs divide by meiosis to form gametes.
Cells in reproductive organs divide by meiosis to form gametes.
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What happens when a cell divides to form gametes? Are the gametes genetically identical or different?
First copies of the genetic information are made. Then the cell divides twice to form four gametes each with a single set of chromosomes. All gametes are genetically different from each other.
When a cell divides to form gametes: ? copies of the genetic information are made ? the cell divides twice to form four gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes ? all gametes are genetically different from each other.
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What happens during fertilisation? What happens to the cells as the embryo grows?
The gametes join and this restores the number of chromosomes. The new cell then divdes by mitosis and the number of cells increases. As the embryo develops cells differentiate.
Gametes join at fertilisation to restore the normal number of chromosomes. The new cell divides by mitosis. The number of cells increases. As the embryo develops cells differentiate.
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What sort of cells are produced during meiosis?
Meiosis produces non-identical cells.
Meiosis leads to non-identical cells being formed
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What sort of cells are produced during mitosis?
Mitosis produces identical cells.
Mitosis leads to identical cells being formed.
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What happens during meiosis? What are examples of gametes in animals and flowering plants?
During sexual reproduction male and female gametes are fused. The gametes of animals are sperm and egg cells and the gametes of flowering plants are pollen and egg cells.
Sexual reproduction involves the joining (fusion) of male and female gametes: ? sperm and egg cells in animals ? pollen and egg cells in flowering plants.
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How is variety gained during sexual reproduction?
Genetic information is mixed during sexual reproduction which leads to variety.
In sexual reproduction there is mixing of genetic information which leads to variety in the offspring.
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What process allows gametes to be formed?
Gametes are formed through meiosis.
The formation of gametes involves meiosis.
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How is asexual reproduction different to sexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and no fusion of gametes.
Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and no fusion of gametes.
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How does asexual reproduction lead to clones?
There is no mixing of genetic information therefore all offspring is genetically identical.This is due to asexual reproduction using only mitosis.
There is no mixing of genetic information. This leads to genetically identical offspring (clones). Only mitosis is involved.
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What is the effect on the protein if one DNA base is altered due to a mutation?
Most do not alter the protein, or only alter it slightly so that its appearance or function is not changed. (Mutations occur continuously)
(HT only) Mutations occur continuously. Most do not alter the protein, or only alter it slightly so that its appearance or function is not changed.
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What is the effect on the protein if a few DNA bases are altered due to continious mutations?
A few mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape. An enzyme may no longer fit the substrate binding site or a structural protein may lose its strength.
(HT only) A few mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape. An enzyme may no longer fit the substrate binding site or a structural protein may lose its strength.
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The normal coding for a gene is GGA ATG. What is the type of mutation for: 1. GGC ATG 2. GGA AT
1. Insertion 2. Deletions
(HT only) Modelling insertions and deletions in chromosomes to illustrate mutations
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Why does a having few mutations in the DNA code cause problems?
A few mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape. An enzyme may no longer fit the substrate binding site or a structural protein may lose its strength.
(HT only) A few mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape. An enzyme may no longer fit the substrate binding site or a structural protein may lose its strength.
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How can mutations in non-coding parts of DNA affect how genes are expressed?
Not all parts of DNA code for proteins. Non-coding parts of DNA can switch genes on and off, so variations in these areas of DNA may affect how genes are expressed.
(HT only) Not all parts of DNA code for proteins. Non-coding parts of DNA can switch genes on and off, so variations in these areas of DNA may affect how genes are expressed.
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What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
The advantages of sexual reproduction are that: ? produces variation in the offspring ? if the environment changes variation gives a survival advantage by natural selection ? natural selection can be speeded up by humans in selective breeding to increase food production.
Advantages of sexual reproduction: ? produces variation in the offspring ? if the environment changes variation gives a survival advantage by natural selection ? natural selection can be speeded up by humans in selective breeding to increase food production.
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What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
The advantages of asecual reproduction are that: ? only one parent needed ? more time and energy efficient as do not need to find a mate ? faster than sexual reproduction ? many identical offspring can be produced when conditions are favourable.
Advantages of asexual reproduction: ? only one parent needed ? more time and energy efficient as do not need to find a mate ? faster than sexual reproduction ? many identical offspring can be produced when conditions are favourable.
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Do all organisms have to reproduce only sexually or asexually?
Some organisms reproduce by both methods depending on the circumstances.
Some organisms reproduce by both methods depending on the circumstances.
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What is the definition for gamete?
The male and female sex cells (sperm and egg)
Students should be able to explain the term chromosome
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What is the definition for a chromosome?
thread-like strcutures in the cell nucleus that contain DNA
Students should be able to explain the term gene
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What is the definition for a allele?
different forms of a gene
Students should be able to explain the term allele
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What is the definition for a dominant?
an allele that is expressed when one or two copies are present, represented with a capital letter
Students should be able to explain the term dominant
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What is the definition for a recessive?
two copies of a recessive allele must be present for the characteristic to be expressed, represented by lowercase letter
Students should be able to explain the term recessive
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What is the definition for a homozygous?
where two alleles that are the same for a characteristic
Students should be able to explain the term homozygous
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What is the definition for a hetrozygous?
where two different alleles for a characteristic
Students should be able to explain the term hetrozygous
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What is the definition for a genotype?
the alleles present for a particular gene
Students should be able to explain the term genotype
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What is the definition for a phenotype?
the characteristic that is shown or expressed
Students should be able to explain the term phenotype
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Give two examples of characteristics that are controlled by a single gene
1. fur colour in mice 2. red-green colour blindness in humans
Some characteristics are controlled by a single gene, such as: fur colour in mice; and red-green colour blindness in humans. Each gene may have different forms called alleles.
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How are genotype and phenotype related?
The alleles present, or genotype, operate at a molecular level to develop characteristics that can be expressed as a phenotype.
The alleles present, or genotype, operate at a molecular level to develop characteristics that can be expressed as a phenotype.
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What is the phenotype when there is a dominant allele?
A dominant allele is always expressed, even if only one copy is present.
A dominant allele is always expressed, even if only one copy is present.
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What is the phenotype when there are two recessive alleles?
A recessive allele is only expressed if two copies are present (therefore no dominant allele present).
A recessive allele is only expressed if two copies are present (therefore no dominant allele present).
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What is the difference between homozygous and hetrozygous alleles?
If the two alleles present are the same the organism is homozygous for that trait, but if the alleles are different they are heterozygous.
If the two alleles present are the same the organism is homozygous for that trait, but if the alleles are different they are heterozygous.
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Are most characteristics controlled by single genes or multiple genes interacting?
Multiple genes interacting
Most characteristics are a result of multiple genes interacting, rather than a single gene.
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What is the probability of a child having homozygous recessive alleles if their parents are both hetrozygous for a trait?
1:4 / 25%
Students should be able to understand the concept of probability in predicting the results of a single gene cross, but recall that most phenotype features are the result of multiple genes rather than single gene inheritance
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What is the probability of a child having hetrozygous alleles if their parents are both hetrozygous for a trait?
2:4 / 50%
Students should be able to use direct proportion and simple ratios to express the outcome of a genetic cross.
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What is the probability of a child having a diseases that is carried on a dominant alleles if their parents are both hetrozygous for a trait?
3:4 / 75%
Students should be able to complete a Punnett square diagram and extract and interpret information from genetic crosses and family trees.
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What is the probability of a child having homozygous dominant alleles if their parents are both hetrozygous for a trait?
1:4 / 25%
(HT only) Students should be able to construct a genetic cross by Punnett square diagram and use it to make predictions using the theory of probability
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How are inherited diseases passed on?
These disorders are caused by the inheritance of certain alleles.
Some disorders are inherited. These disorders are caused by the inheritance of certain alleles.
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What causes polydactyly?
Polydactyly (having extra fingers or toes) is caused by a dominant allele.
Polydactyly (having extra fingers or toes) is caused by a dominant allele.
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What causes cystic fibrosis?
Cystic fibrosis (a respitory disease) is caused by a recessive allele, so both parents must carry the gene in order for the offspring to have the disease.
Cystic fibrosis (a respitory disease) is caused by a recessive allele, so both parents must carry the gene in order for the offspring to have the disease.
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What are the economical, social and ethical issues concerning embryo screening?
Embyro screening is expensive, can damage/kill the embryo, can prevent suffering, some people believe all life is valueable despite disease
Students should make informed judgements about the economic, social and ethical issues concerning embryo screening, given appropriate information. Appreciate that embryo screening and gene therapy may alleviate suffering but consider the ethical issues which arise.
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How many chromosomes are found in an ordinary human body cell?
Ordinary human body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Ordinary human body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
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What does the 23rd choromsome determine?
sex (male or female)
22 pairs control characteristics only, but one of the pairs carries the genes that determine sex.
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What is combination of sex chorosomes for a male and female?
? In females the sex chromosomes are the same (XX). ? In males the chromosomes are different (XY).
? In females the sex chromosomes are the same (XX). ? In males the chromosomes are different (XY).
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Draw a genetic cross to show sex inheritance
Students should be able to carry out a genetic cross to show sex inheritance.
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What is the probability of having a male or female offpsring?
1:1 / 50%
Students should understand and use direct proportion and simple ratios in genetic crosses.
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How have organisms been classified traditionally and who by?
Traditionally living things have been classified into groups depending on their structure and characteristics in a system developed by Carl Linnaeus
Traditionally living things have been classified into groups depending on their structure and characteristics in a system developed by Carl Linnaeus
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What did Linnaeus classify all living things into?
Linnaeus classified living things into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
Linnaeus classified living things into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
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How are organisms named scientifically?
Organisms are named scientifically first by the genus and then by the species.
Organisms are named by the binomial system of genus and species.
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What development lead to new models of classification and how?
As evidence of internal structures became more developed due to improvements in microscopes, and the understanding of biochemical processes progressed, new models of classification were proposed.
As evidence of internal structures became more developed due to improvements in microscopes, and the understanding of biochemical processes progressed, new models of classification were proposed. (WS) Understand how scientific methods and theories develop over time.
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Who developed the 'three-domain system' and how are organisms in this system classified?
Due to evidence available from chemical analysis there is now a ?three- domain system? developed by Carl Woese. In this system organisms are divided into: ? archaea (primitive bacteria usually living in extreme environments) ? bacteria (true bacteria) ? eukaryota (which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals).
Due to evidence available from chemical analysis there is now a ?three- domain system? developed by Carl Woese. In this system organisms are divided into: ? archaea (primitive bacteria usually living in extreme environments) ? bacteria (true bacteria) ? eukaryota (which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals).
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Why are evolutionary trees used by scientists and what data do they use for it?
Evolutionary trees are a method used by scientists to show how they believe organisms are related. They use current classification data for living organisms and fossil data for extinct organisms.
Evolutionary trees are a method used by scientists to show how they believe organisms are related. They use current classification data for living organisms and fossil data for extinct organisms.
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How does the genome and the environment influence the development of phenotype?
An organisms genome depends on the alleles that the organism inherits. Dominant characteristics inherited from the parents will be expressed always. If no dominant alleles are present then the recessive ones will be expressed. The environment can also affect certain phenotypes through variations in climate diet, physical accidents, culture and lifestyle.
Students should be able to describe simply how the genome and its interaction with the environment influence the development of the phenotype of an organism
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How do differences in the characteristics of individuals occur?
Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population is called variation and may be due to differences in: - the genes they have inherited (genetic causes) - the conditions in which they have developed (environmental causes) - a combination of genes and the environment
Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population is called variation and may be due to differences in: - the genes they have inherited (genetic causes) - the conditions in which they have developed (environmental causes) - a combination of genes and the environment
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How much genetic variation is usually within a population?
There is usually extensive genetic variation within a population of a species.
Students should be able to state that there is usually extensive genetic variation within a population of a species
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When is a recessive allele expressed?
A recessive allele is only expressed if two copies are present (therefore no dominant allele present).
A recessive allele is only expressed if two copies are present (therefore no dominant allele present).
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(Biology only) How often do mutations occur and how often do they lead to a new phenotype? What happens when a new phenotype is suited to an environmental change?
(Biology only) Mutations occur continuously. Very rarely a mutation will lead to a new phenotype. If the new phenotype is suited to an environmental change it can lead to a relatively rapid change in the species.
(Biology only) Mutations occur continuously. Very rarely a mutation will lead to a new phenotype. If the new phenotype is suited to an environmental change it can lead to a relatively rapid change in the species. There are links with this content to Speciation (biology only).
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What is evolution?
Evolution is a change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of a new species.
Students should be able to describe evolution as a change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of a new species.
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What does the theory of evolution state?
The theory of evolution by natural selection states that all species of living things have evolved from simple life forms that first developed more than three billion years ago.
The theory of evolution by natural selection states that all species of living things have evolved from simple life forms that first developed more than three billion years ago.
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How does evolution occur?
Evolution occurs through the natural selection of variants that give rise to phenotypes best suited to their environment.
Students should be able to explain how evolution occurs through natural selection of variants that give rise to phenotypes best suited to their environment. Use the theory of evolution by natural selection in an explanation.
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How is a new species formed?
If two populations of one species become so different in phenotype that they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring they have formed two new species.
If two populations of one species become so different in phenotype that they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring they have formed two new species.
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What are the impacts of selective breeding of food plants and domesticated animals?
Selective breeding will lead to narrowing of the gene pool. This means that potential future diseases could be more problematic as a larger percentage of the population would be affected. Selective breeding would also reduce variety in the future and could lead to problems relating to recessive genes.
Students should be able to explain the impact of selective breeding of food plants and domesticated animals.
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What is selective breeding and how long have humans been doing it?
Selective breeding (artificial selection) is the process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics. Humans have been doing this for thousands of years since they first bred food crops from wild plants and domesticated animals.
Selective breeding (artificial selection) is the process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics. Humans have been doing this for thousands of years since they first bred food crops from wild plants and domesticated animals.
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How do humans carry out selective breeding?
Selective breeding involves choosing parents with the desired characteristic from a mixed population. They are bred together. From the offspring those with the desired characteristic are bred together. This continues over many generations until all the offspring show the desired characteristic.
Selective breeding involves choosing parents with the desired characteristic from a mixed population. They are bred together. From the offspring those with the desired characteristic are bred together. This continues over many generations until all the offspring show the desired characteristic.
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Why are certain characteristics chosen during selective breeding? What are some examples of these in plants and animals?
The characteristic can be chosen for usefulness or appearance: ? Disease resistance in food crops. ? Animals which produce more meat or milk. ? Domestic dogs with a gentle nature. ? Large or unusual flowers.
The characteristic can be chosen for usefulness or appearance: ? Disease resistance in food crops. ? Animals which produce more meat or milk. ? Domestic dogs with a gentle nature. ? Large or unusual flowers.
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What disadvantages can selective breeding have?
Selective breeding can lead to ?inbreeding? where some breeds are particularly prone to disease or inherited defects.
Selective breeding can lead to ?inbreeding? where some breeds are particularly prone to disease or inherited defects.
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What evidence is there to support Darwin's theory of evolution?
Evidence for Darwin's theory is now available as it has been shown that characteristics are passed on to offspring in genes. There is further evidence in the fossil record and the knowledge of how resistance to antibiotics evolves in bacteria.
Evidence for Darwin's theory is now available as it has been shown that characteristics are passed on to offspring in genes. There is further evidence in the fossil record and the knowledge of how resistance to antibiotics evolves in bacteria.
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How did Oregor Mendal develop our understanding of genetics?
Oregor Mendel (1822-1884) studied the inheritance of different characteristics in pea plants. He found that when he bred red-flowered plants with white-flowered plants, all the offspring produced red flowers. If he bred these plants with each other, most of the offspring had red flowers, but some had white. This was because the allele for red flowers is dominant, and the allele for white flowers is recessive.
Students should be able to describe the development of our understanding of genetics including the work of Mendel
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Why was the importance of Mendel's discovery not accepted until after his death?
It took long time for Mendel's ideas to be accepted. That was because scientists did not know about chromosomes and genes until after Mendel died. Also, Mendel was a monk, not a scientist, and his work was not widely published or published at all in any science journal.
Students should be able to understand why the importance of Mendel's discovery was not recognised until after his death.
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What observation did Mendel make of the inheritance of plants?
In the mid-19th century Oregor Mendel carried out breeding experiments on plants. One of his observations was that the inheritance of each characteristic is determined by ?units? that are passed on to descendants unchanged.
In the mid-19th century Oregor Mendel carried out breeding experiments on plants. One of his observations was that the inheritance of each characteristic is determined by ?units? that are passed on to descendants unchanged.
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What wasn't observed about cell division until the late 19th century?
The behaviour of chromosomes.
In the late 19th century behaviour of chromosomes during cell division was observed
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What happened in the early 20th century to link Mendel's 'units' and chromosomes and what idea did this lead to?
In the early 20th century it was observed that chromosomes and Mendel?s ?units? behaved in similar ways. This led to the idea that the 'units', now called genes, were located on chromosomes.
In the early 20th century it was observed that chromosomes and Mendel?s ?units? behaved in similar ways. This led to the idea that the ?units?, now called genes, were located on chromosomes. There are links with this content to Oenetic inheritance.
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What happened in the mid-20th century to further develop gene theory?
In the mid-20th century the structure of DNA was determined and the mechanism of gene function worked out.
In the mid-20th century the structure of DNA was determined and the mechanism of gene function worked out. There are links with this content to Oenetic inheritance.
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What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering is the process of modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic.
Students should be able to describe genetic engineering as a process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic
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What examples are there of genetic engineering in plant crops?
An example of genetic engineering is plant crops have been genetically engineered to be resistant to diseases or to produce bigger better fruits.
An example of genetic engineering is plant crops have been genetically engineered to be resistant to diseases or to produce bigger better fruits.
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(Biology only) What examples in medicine uses genetically engineered bacteria?
(Biology only) Bacterial cells have been genetically engineered to produce useful substances such as human insulin to treat diabetes.
Bacterial cells have been genetically engineered to produce useful substances such as human insulin to treat diabetes. There are links with this content to role of biotechnology. (biology only).
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What are the potential benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture and medicine?
Some potential benefits of genetic engineering are improving yeild and productivity in crops for growing in harsher climates, giving rise to new potential medicines for hard to cure diseases and the potenital elimination of life threating genetic diseases. Some potential risks of genetic engineering are the introduction of resistant strains of detrimental micro-organism, lowering variation and therefore risking evolution and objections due to organisms becoming unatural and humans having too much power.
Students should be able to explain the potential benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture and in medicine and that some people have objections
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What occurs within the chromosomes during genetic engineering?
Genes from the chromosomes of humans and other organisms can be ?cut out? and transferred to cells of other organisms.
In genetic engineering, genes from the chromosomes of humans and other organisms can be ?cut out? and transferred to cells of other organisms.
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What do we call crops that have genes from other organisms in them?
Crops that have had their genes modified in this way are called genetically modified (GM) crops.
Crops that have had their genes modified in this way are called genetically modified (GM) crops.
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How does genetic modification increase the longevity of crops?
GM crops include ones that are resistant to insect attack or to herbicides.
GM crops include ones that are resistant to insect attack or to herbicides.
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How does genetic modification increase the yield of a crop?
GM crops generally show increased yields.
GM crops generally show increased yields.
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What concerns are there about GM crops?
Concerns about GM crops include the effect on populations of wild flowers and insects. Some people feel the effects of eating GM crops on human health have not been fully explored.
Concerns about GM crops include the effect on populations of wild flowers and insects. Some people feel the effects of eating GM crops on human health have not been fully explored.
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How is genetic modification important in medicine?
Modern medical research is exploring the possibility of genetic modification to overcome some inherited disorders.
Modern medical research is exploring the possibility of genetic modification to overcome some inherited disorders
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(HT only) What are the steps involved in genetic engineering?
(HT only) 1. enzymes are used to isolate the required gene; this gene is inserted into a vector, usually a bacterial plasmid or a virus 2. the vector is used to insert the gene into the required cells 3. genes are transferred to the cells of animals, plants or microorganisms at an early stage in their development so that they develop with desired characteristics.
(HT only) In genetic engineering: - enzymes are used to isolate the required gene; this gene is inserted into a vector, usually a bacterial plasmid or a virus - the vector is used to insert the gene into the required cells - genes are transferred to the cells of animals, plants or microorganisms at an early stage in their development so that they develop with desired characteristics. Interpret information about genetic engineering techniques and to make informed judgements about issues concerning cloning and genetic engineering, including OM crops.
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How does the technique of tissue culturing enable cloning? Why is this important for plants?
Tissue culture: using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants. This is important for preserving rare plant species or commercially in nurseries.
Tissue culture: using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants. This is important for preserving rare plant species or commercially in nurseries.
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What way, other than tissue culture, can plants be cloned by gardeners?
Through using cuttings to produce many identical new plants from a parent plant.
Cuttings: an older, but simple, method used by gardeners to produce many identical new plants from a parent plant.
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How is embryo transplant cloning carried out?
Embryo transplant cloning happens by splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers.
Embryo transplants: splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers.
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What are the steps involved in adult cell cloning?
1. The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell. 2. The nucleus from an adult body cell, such as a skin cell, is inserted into the egg cell. 3. An electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide to form an embryo. 4. These embryo cells contain the same genetic information as the adult skin cell. 5. When the embryo has developed into a ball of cells, it is inserted into the womb of an adult female to continue its development.
The process of adult cell cloning: ? The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell. ? The nucleus from an adult body cell, such as a skin cell, is inserted into the egg cell. ? An electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide to form an embryo. ? These embryo cells contain the same genetic information as the adult skin cell. ? When the embryo has developed into a ball of cells, it is inserted into the womb of an adult female to continue its development.
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What are the potential benefits and risks involved in cloning and why do some people object?
Benefits: All the new plants are genetically identical ? they will all have the desired characteristics. Organisms that are difficult or slow to breed normally can be reproduced quickly. Some plant varieties do not produce seeds, others have seeds that are dormant for long periods. Risks: If a clone is susceptible to disease or changes in environment, then all the clones will be susceptible. It will lead to less variation, and less opportunity to create new varieties in the future. Some people object to cloning as they feel it is unethical and unatural to clone. Some people object on religious grounds as well.
Explain the potential benefits and risks of cloning in agriculture and in medicine and that some people have ethical objections.
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How did Charles Darwin come up with the theory of evolution by natural selection?
Charles Darwin, as a result of observations on a round the world expedition, backed by years of experimentation and discussion and linked to developing knowledge of geology and fossils, proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Charles Darwin, as a result of observations on a round the world expedition, backed by years of experimentation and discussion and linked to developing knowledge of geology and fossils, proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
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What does the theory of eveolution by natural selection involve?
Theory of evolution by natural selection invovles: ? Individual organisms within a particular species show a wide range of variation for a characteristic. ? Individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive to breed successfully. ? The characteristics that have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next generation.
Theory of evolution by natural selection invovles: ? Individual organisms within a particular species show a wide range of variation for a characteristic. ? Individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive to breed successfully. ? The characteristics that have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next generation.
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What lead to the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection?
The theory of evolution by natural selection was developed over time and from information gathered by many scientists and he development of the social climate at the time.
Students should appreciate that the theory of evolution by natural selection developed over time and from information gathered by many scientists.
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What was the name of the book that Charles Darwin published his ideas in andwere people happy with it?
Darwin published his ideas in On the Origin of Species (1859). There was much controversy surrounding these revolutionary new ideas.
Darwin published his ideas in On the Origin of Species (1859). There was much controversy surrounding these revolutionary new ideas.
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Why did it take a long time for the theory of evolution by natural selection to be accepted?
The theory of evolution by natural selection was only gradually accepted because: ? the theory challenged the idea that Ood made all the animals and plants that live on Earth ? there was insufficient evidence at the time the theory was published to convince many scientists ? the mechanism of inheritance and variation was not known until 50 years after the theory was published.
The theory of evolution by natural selection was only gradually accepted because: ? the theory challenged the idea that Ood made all the animals and plants that live on Earth ? there was insufficient evidence at the time the theory was published to convince many scientists ? the mechanism of inheritance and variation was not known until 50 years after the theory was published.
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What was Lamarck's theory?
Lamarck's theory was that changes in an organism only occur during its lifetime and are then inhertted.
Other theories, including that of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, are based mainly on the idea that changes that occur in an organism during its lifetime can be inherited. We now know that in the vast majority of cases this type of inheritance cannot occur. A study of creationism is not required.
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What was the impact of Darwin and Wallace's ideas?
Darwin and Wallace's ideas lead to the realisation that life on earth evolved from a common organism eventually branching off into different species and families.
Students should be able to explain the impact of these ideas on biology
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Who was Alfred Russell Wallace and how is he linked to Charles Darwin?
Alfred Russel Wallace independently proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He published joint writings with Darwin in 1858 which prompted Darwin to publish On the Origin of Species (1859) the following year.
Alfred Russel Wallace independently proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He published joint writings with Darwin in 1858 which prompted Darwin to publish On the Origin of Species (1859) the following year.
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What is Wallace best known for?
Wallace worked worldwide gathering evidence for evolutionary theory. He is best known for his work on warning colouration in animals and his theory of speciation.
Wallace worked worldwide gathering evidence for evolutionary theory. He is best known for his work on warning colouration in animals and his theory of speciation.
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What was needed to support Alfred Wallace's work in order to lead to our current understanding of the theory of speciation?
Alfred Wallace did much pioneering work on speciation but more evidence over time has led to our current understanding of the theory of speciation.
Alfred Wallace did much pioneering work on speciation but more evidence over time has led to our current understanding of the theory of speciation
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In what ways do new species arise? How are these described?
New species can arise as a result of: Isolation - where two species become geographically separated each evolving in such a way that they can no longer breed. Oenetic variation - where each population has a wide range of alleles that control their characteristics Natural selection - where the alleles which help an organism to survive are selected in each population Speciation - where the populations become so different that successful interbreeding cannot happen anymore
Students should be able to describe the steps which give rise to new species. The theory of speciation has developed over time
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What evidence is there now to support Darwin'stheory of evolution?
We have now unearthed fossils which we have been able to sequence the genomes of as well aslook at similar characteristics which have developed over time in a range of fossilised remains. Testing of antibiotic resistant bacteria has also shown rapid evolution within the species in order to help them survive treatment with antibiotics.
Students should be able to describe the evidence for evolution including fossils and antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
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What are fossils?
Fossils are the remains of organisms from millions of years ago, which are found in rocks.
Fossils are the remains of organisms from millions of years ago, which are found in rocks.
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How can fossils be formed?
Fossils may be formed: ? from parts of organisms that have not decayed because one or more of the conditions needed for decay are absent ? when parts of the organism are replaced by minerals as they decay ? as preserved traces of organisms, such as footprints, burrows and rootlet traces.
Fossils may be formed: - from parts of organisms that have not decayed because one or more of the conditions needed for decay are absent - when parts of the organism are replaced by minerals as they decay - as preserved traces of organisms, such as footprints, burrows and rootlet traces.
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Why is there little evidence of very early life forms?
Many early forms of life were soft-bodied, which means that they have left few traces behind.
Many early forms of life were soft-bodied, which means that they have left few traces behind.
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Why can we not be certain of how life on earthformed even from hard bodied organisms?
What traces there were have been mainly destroyed by geological activity. This is why scientists cannot be certain about how life began on Earth.
What traces there were have been mainly destroyed by geological activity. This is why scientists cannot be certain about how life began on Earth.
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What is the main thing we can learn from fossils?
We can learn from fossils how much or how little different organisms have changed as life developed on Earth.
We can learn from fossils how much or how little different organisms have changed as life developed on Earth.
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Why is the fossil record described as incomplete?
Due to the constantly changing earth many fossils have been lost to us due to geographical changes suchas volcanoes and earth quakes. Some fossils have simply yet to be found and others still lie beneath the oceans.
Appreciate why the fossil record is incomplete
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How do scientific methods and theories develop over time?
Scientists constantly refine scientific methods by replicating them and finding and fixing flaws through new technology or knowledge. Theories are also challenged and evidence gathered regularly.
Understand how scientific methods and theories develop over time.
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What is extinction?
Extinction occurs when there are remaining individuals or a species still alive.
Extinctions occur when there are no remaining individuals of a species still alive.
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What are some of the factors that contribute to extinction?
Extinctions can occur when: changes to the environment occur, such as a change in climate, new diseases, new predators and new competitors.
Students should be able to describe factors which may contribute to the extinction of a species
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Why can bacteria evolve rapidly?
Bacteria can evolve rapidly because they reproduce at a fast rate.
Bacteria can evolve rapidly because they reproduce at a fast rate.
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What are the stages of antibacterial resistance?
Stages of antibacterial resistance include: 1. Mutations of bacterial pathogens produce new strains. 2. Some strains might be resistant to antibiotics, and so are not killed. 3. They survive and reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain rises. 4. The resistant strain will then spread because people are not immune to it and there is no effective treatment.
Stages of antibacterial resistance include: 1. Mutations of bacterial pathogens produce new strains. 2. Some strains might be resistant to antibiotics, and so are not killed. 3. They survive and reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain rises. 4. The resistant strain will then spread because people are not immune to it and there is no effective treatment.
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What is the bacteria MRSA resistant to?
MRSA is resistant to antibiotics.
MRSA is resistant to antibiotics. There are links with this content to Antibiotics and painkillers.
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What should be done to reduce the rate of development of antibiotc resistant bacteria?
To reduce the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains: ? doctors should not prescribe antibiotics inappropriately, such as treating non-serious or viral infections ? patients should complete their course of antibiotics so all bacteria are killed and none survive to mutate and form resistant strains ? the agricultural use of antibiotics should be restricted.
To reduce the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains: ? doctors should not prescribe antibiotics inappropriately, such as treating non-serious or viral infections ? patients should complete their course of antibiotics so all bacteria are killed and none survive to mutate and form resistant strains ? the agricultural use of antibiotics should be restricted.
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Why can't medical professionals just produce new antibiotics to fight resistant bacteria?
The development of new antibiotics is costly and slow. It is unlikely to keep up with the emergence of new resistant strains
The development of new antibiotics is costly and slow. It is unlikely to keep up with the emergence of new resistant strains
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What are the different levels of organisation in an ecosystem from individual organisms to the whole ecosystem?
Individual, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
Students should be able to describe different levels of organisation in an ecosystem from individual organisms to the whole ecosystem
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What is the importance of interdependence and competition in a community?
Interdependence - balance in population numbers of species, increased net productivity, predator prey cycles, mutualistic relationships. Competition - gives something natural selection to work for, separation of niches between species.
Students should be able to describe the importance of interdependence and competition in a community.
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What factors are organisms competing for in a given habitat?
plants are competing for light, space, nutrients, water. Animals are competing for food, water, shelter, territory, mates.
Students should be able to, when provided with appropriate information suggest the factors for which organisms are competing in a given habitat
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What is an ecosystem?
An ecosystem is the interaction of a community of living organisms (biotic) with the non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment.
An ecosystem is the interaction of a community of living organisms (biotic) with the non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment.
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What do organisms require to survive?
To survive and reproduce, organisms require a supply of materials from their surroundings and from the other living organisms there.
To survive and reproduce, organisms require a supply of materials from their surroundings and from the other living organisms there.
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What do plants compete for?
Plants in a community or habitat often compete with each other for light and space, and for water and mineral ions from the soil.
Plants in a community or habitat often compete with each other for light and space, and for water and mineral ions from the soil.
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What do animals compete for?
Animals often compete with each other for food, mates and territory.
Animals often compete with each other for food, mates and territory.
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What do species within a community depend on each other for?
Within a community each species depends on other species for food, shelter, pollination, seed dispersal etc. If one species is removed it can affect the whole community. This is called interdependence.
Within a community each species depends on other species for food, shelter, pollination, seed dispersal etc. If one species is removed it can affect the whole community. This is called interdependence.
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What is a stable community?
A stable community is one where all the species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes remain fairly constant.
A stable community is one where all the species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes remain fairly constant.
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What is an abiotic factor?
An abiotic factor is a non-living factor.
Students should be able to explain how a change in an abiotic factor would affect a given community given appropriate data or context.
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What abiotic (non-living) factors affect a community?
Abiotic (non-living) factors which can affect a community are: light intensity temperature moisture levels soil pH and mineral content wind intensity and direction carbon dioxide levels for plants oxygen levels for aquatic animals.
Abiotic (non-living) factors which can affect a community are: - light intensity - temperature - moisture levels - soil pH and mineral content - wind intensity and direction - carbon dioxide levels for plants - oxygen levels for aquatic animals.
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What is a biotic factor?
A living factor.
Students should be able to explain how a change in a biotic factor might affect a given community given appropriate data or context.
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What types of Biotic (living) factors affect a community?
Biotic (living) factors which can affect a community are: ? availability of food ? new predators arriving ? new pathogens ? one species outcompeting another so the numbers are no longer sufficient to breed.
Biotic (living) factors which can affect a community are: - availability of food - new predators arriving - new pathogens - one species out-competing another so the numbers are no longer sufficient to breed.
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What are the producers of biomass for life on Earth?
photosynthetic organisms are the producers of biomass for life on Earth.
Students should understand that photosynthetic organisms are the producers of biomass for life on Earth.
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How can feeding relationships be represented?
Feeding relationships within a community can be represented by food chains.
Feeding relationships within a community can be represented by food chains.
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What do all food chains begin with?
Food chains begin with a producer which synthesises molecules. This is usually a green plant or alga which makes glucose by photosynthesis.
All food chains begin with a producer which synthesises molecules. This is usually a green plant or alga which makes glucose by photosynthesis.
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What is the difference between mean, mode and median?
Mean = add all the repeats up and divide by the number of repeats. Mode = the number that occurs the most. Median = the middle number when all repeats are put in order from smallest to largest
In relation to abundance of organisms students should be able to understand the terms mean, mode and median (MS)
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What is the order of energy transfer between secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, producer and primary consumer
producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer.
Producers are eaten by primary consumers, which in turn may be eaten by secondary consumers and then tertiary consumers
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What is an organism that eats a consumer called? What is a consumer that is eaten by another consumer called?
Predator eats another consumer. Prey are consumers that are eaten by another consumer.
Consumers that kill and eat other animals are predators, and those eaten are prey.
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What is a predator-prey cycle?
In a stable community the numbers of predators and prey rise and fall in cycles, dependent on the numbers of each.
In a stable community the numbers of predators and prey rise and fall in cycles.
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What is an adaptation?
A characteristic about a species that allows it to be suited to the environment it lives.
Students should be able to, when provided with appropriate information suggest how organisms are adapted to the conditions in which they live.
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How are organisms adapted to live in their natural environment?
Organisms become adapted to their natural environment by evolution through natural selection.
Students should be able to explain how organisms are adapted to live in their natural environment, given appropriate information.
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What are the three types of adaptations organisms can have to survive in the conditions that they live?
Adaptations may be structural, behavioural or functional
Organisms have features (adaptations) that enable them to survive in the conditions in which they normally live. These adaptations may be structural, behavioural or functional
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What is an extremophile?
Organisms live in environments that are very extreme, such as high temperature, pressure, or salt concentration
Some organisms live in environments that are very extreme, such as at high temperature, pressure, or salt concentration. These organisms are called extremophiles.
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What type of microbe lives in deep sea vents?
Bacteria live in deep sea vents.
Bacteria living in deep sea vents are extremophiles.
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When would a transect line be used?
A transect line would be used to see a pattern/trend/correlation across a distance of an ecosystem in relation to an independent variable.
A range of experimental methods using transects and quadrats are used by ecologists to determine the distribution and abundance of species in an ecosystem. Required Practical 9 - Sampling Techniques (AT skills 1,3,4,6,8)
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What different parts of the ecosystem do materials cycle through?
Many different materials cycle through the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem.
Students should recall that many different materials cycle through the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem
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Why is it important that carbon and water are cycled through the ecosystem.
It is important that carbon and water are cycled through the ecosystem because there is only a finite number atoms.
Students should be able to explain the importance of the carbon and water cycles to living organisms
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Why do materials need to be recycled?
Materials need to be recycled to provide the building blocks for future organisms.
All materials in the living world are recycled to provide the building blocks for future organisms. Students are not expected to study the nitrogen cycle.
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What process are carbon to be cycled from A) carbon dioxide to producers, B) producers to consumers, C) Producers/consumers/decomposers to carbon dioxide and D) fossil fuels to carbon dioxide
A) Photosynthesis cycles carbon dioxide to producers. B) Feeding cycles producers to consumers. C) Respiration cycles producers/consumers/decomposers to carbon dioxide D) Combustion cycles fossil fuels to carbon dioxide.
The carbon cycle returns carbon from organisms to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide to be used by plants in photosynthesis.
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How do microorganisms help to cycle material through an ecosystem?
Microorganisms help cycling material by returning carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and mineral ions to the soil.
Students should be able to explain the role of microorganisms in cycling materials through an ecosystem by returning carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and mineral ions to the soil.
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Why is precipitation important for organisms in ecosystems?
Precipitation provides fresh water for plants and animals on land before it drains into the seas.
The water cycle provides fresh water for plants and animals on land before draining into the seas.
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How does water get from the land to the air and the air back to the land?
water turns to water vapour in the air through evaporation and returns to the land through precipitation.
Water is continuously evaporated and precipitated.
0
What three factors affect the rate of decay of biological material?
Temperature, water and the availability of oxygen affect the rate of decay.
Students should be able to explain how temperature, water and availability of oxygen affect the rate of decay of biological material.
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Name two groups of people would want to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste biological material.
gardeners and farmers would want to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste biological material.
Gardeners and farmers try to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste biological material.
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Why would gardeners and farmers want to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste material.
gardeners and farmers would want to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste material to provide compost as a natural fertiliser for their soils for growing plants.
The compost produced is used as a natural fertiliser for growing garden plants or crops.
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Under what conditions can decay produce methane that can be used a biogas fuel?
Anaerobic condition can produce methane gas. Biogas generators can be used to produce methane gas as a fuel.
Anaerobic decay produces methane gas. Biogas generators can be used to produce methane gas as a fuel.
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How might changes to the environment affect species?
Environmental changes affect the distribution of species in an ecosystem.
Environmental changes affect the distribution of species in an ecosystem.
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What are potential environmental changes?
Environmental changes include: temperature availability of water composition of atmospheric gases.
These changes include: - temperature - availability of water - composition of atmospheric gases.
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What might be some causes of changes in the environment?
Environmental changes may be seasonal, geographic or caused by human interaction.
The changes may be seasonal, geographic or caused by human interaction.
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How can an increase in human population affect pollution?
Rapid growth in the human population and an increase in the standard of living mean that increasingly more resources are used and more waste is produced. Unless waste and chemical materials are properly handled, more pollution will be caused.
Rapid growth in the human population and an increase in the standard of living mean that increasingly more resources are used and more waste is produced. Unless waste and chemical materials are properly handled, more pollution will be caused.
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Where can pollution occur and what does it occur from?
Pollution can occur: - in water, from sewage, fertiliser or toxic chemicals - in air, from smoke and acidic gases - on land, from landfill and from toxic chemicals.
Pollution can occur: ? in water, from sewage, fertiliser or toxic chemicals ? in air, from smoke and acidic gases ? on land, from landfill and from toxic chemicals.
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How can pollution affect biodiversity?
Pollution kills plants and animals which can reduce biodiversity.
Pollution kills plants and animals which can reduce biodiversity
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What are the environmental implications of deforestation?
Deforestation vastly affects the environment as well as reducing biodiversity. This occurs due to forest habitats being destroyed, soil erosion increasing, which causes barren land, flooding and land slides. Also atmospheric pollution is caused when forests are cleared by burning trees increasing global warming.
(WS) Evaluate the environmental implications of deforestation
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What are the biological consequences of global warming?
A rise of just a few degrees in world temperatures will have a dramatic impact on the climate: Global weather patterns will change, causing drought in some places and flooding in others. Melting of polar ice caps will raise sea levels, causing increased coastal erosion and flooding of low-lying land – including land where major cities lie.
Students should be able to describe some of the biological consequences of global warming
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Why is global warming increasing?
Levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere are increasing, and these contribute to global warming.
Levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere are increasing, and contribute to ?global warming?.
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What does the scientific consensus say about global warming and climate change?
The scientific consensus about global warming and climate change is based on systematic reviews of thousands of peer reviewed publications.
(WS) Understand that the scientific consensus about global warming and climate change is based on systematic reviews of thousands of peer reviewed publications.
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N/A
N/A
(WS) Explain why evidence is uncertain or incomplete in a complex context
0
What is the definition of biodiversity?
Biodiversity is the variety of all the different species of organisms on earth, or within an ecosystem.
Biodiversity is the variety of all the different species of organisms on earth, or within an ecosystem.
0
How do humans reduce the amount of land available for other animals?
Humans reduce the amount of land available for other animals and plants by building, quarrying, farming and dumping waste.
Humans reduce the amount of land available for other animals and plants by building, quarrying, farming and dumping waste
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What is the benefit of having a great biodiversity?
A great biodiversity ensures the stability of ecosystems by reducing the dependence of one species on another for food, shelter and the maintenance of the physical environment.
A great biodiversity ensures the stability of ecosystems by reducing the dependence of one species on another for food, shelter and the maintenance of the physical environment.
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How does the destruction of peat bogs affect biodiversity?
The destruction of peat bogs, and other areas of peat to produce garden compost, reduces the area of this habitat and thus the variety of different plant, animal and microorganism species that live there (biodiversity).
The destruction of peat bogs, and other areas of peat to produce garden compost, reduces the area of this habitat and thus the variety of different plant, animal and microorganism species that live there (biodiversity).
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Why is it so important to maintain biodiversity?
The future of the human species on Earth relies on us maintaining a good level of biodiversity.
The future of the human species on Earth relies on us maintaining a good level of biodiversity.
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What does the decay or burning of peat lead to?
The decay or burning of the peat releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
The decay or burning of the peat releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
0
What effect to human activities have on biodiversity in general?
Many human activities are reducing biodiversity and only recently have measures been taken to try to stop this reduction.
Many human activities are reducing biodiversity and only recently have measures been taken to try to stop this reduction.
0
Why is there conflict of opinion when it comes to the peat industry?
There is a need for cheap available compost to increase food production and the need to conserve peat bogs and peatlands as habitats for biodiversity and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions
(WS) Understand the conflict between the need for cheap available compost to increase food production and the need to conserve peat bogs and peatlands as habitats for biodiversity and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions
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What effect do waste, deforestation and global warming have on biodiversity?
Deforestation destroys the habitats of many species and therefore reduces their numbers within an environment. This reduces biodiversity drastically. Waste can have toxic effects on many species and therefore reduces numbers. In other cases, such as with algae, certain wastes can increase the numbers of certain species meaning they have a detrimental effect on the others around them. Global warming is causing the Earth's temperature to increase. This is having an effect on many species as it is changing their environment and therefore causing them problems such as lack of food or habitat.
(WS) Explain how waste, deforestation and global warming have an impact on biodiversity.
0
What two main reasons are there for large-scale deforestation in tropical areas?
Large-scale deforestation in tropical areas has occurred due to: - providing land for cattle and rice fields - growing crops for biofuels.
Large-scale deforestation in tropical areas has occurred to: ? provide land for cattle and rice fields ? grow crops for biofuels.
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What is the impact of both positive and negative human interactions in an ecosystem?
Positive impact increases population levels of certain species in a food chain. Negative impacts decrease population levels of certain species.
Students should be able to describe both positive and negative human interactions in an ecosystem and explain their impact on biodiversity.
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Why have scientists and concerned citizens had to put programmes in place to protect the environment?
Scientists and concerned citizens have put in place programmes to reduce the negative effects of humans on ecosystems and biodiversity.
Scientists and concerned citizens have put in place programmes to reduce the negative effects of humans on ecosystems and biodiversity
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What are some of the programmes put in place by scientists and concerned citizens to protect the environment?
Some of the programmes put in place to protect the environment are: - breeding programmes for endangered species - protection and regeneration of rare habitats - reintroduction of field margins and hedgerows in agricultural areas where farmers grow only one type of crop - reduction of deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions by some governments - recycling resources rather than dumping waste in landfill.
These include: ? breeding programmes for endangered species ? protection and regeneration of rare habitats ? reintroduction of field margins and hedgerows in agricultural areas where farmers grow only one type of crop ? reduction of deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions by some governments ? recycling resources rather than dumping waste in landfill.
0
What is the difference between a producer and primary consumer?
A producer is a green plant or algae that gains energy through photosynthesis. A primary consumer is a herbivore or omnivore that eats the producer.
Students should be able to describe the differences between the trophic levels of organisms within an ecosystem
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What is a producer?
Plants and algae make their own food and are called producers.
Level 1: Plants and algae make their own food and are called producers.
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What is a primary consumer?
Herbivores eat plants/algae and are called primary consumers.
Level 2: Herbivores eat plants/algae and are called primary consumers
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What are predators that eat herbivores called?
Predators that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers.
Level 3: Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers
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What is an apex predator?
Apex predators are carnivores or omnivores with no predators.
Level 4: Carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers. Apex predators are carnivores with no predators.
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What is the role of a decomposer and how do they do it?
Decomposers break down dead plant and animal matter by secreting enzymes into the environment.
Decomposers break down dead plant and animal matter by secreting enzymes into the environment.
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How do the food molecules broken down by decomposers get into the microorganism?
The food molecules get into the microorganism through diffusion.
Small soluble food molecules then diffuse into the microorganism.
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What do pyramids of biomass represent and where can trophic level 1 be found?
Pyramids of biomass can be constructed to represent the relative amount of biomass in each level of a food chain. Trophic level 1 is at the bottom of the pyramid.
Pyramids of biomass can be constructed to represent the relative amount of biomass in each level of a food chain. Trophic level 1 is at the bottom of the pyramid
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What is the shape of a pyramid of biomass?
A pyramid of biomass is large at the bottom and narrower at the top.
Students should be able to describe pyramids of biomass
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How is biomass lost between different trophic levels?
Biomass is lost at each trophic level through not being digested, being excreted or being used as energy by the organism.
Students should be able to explain how biomass is lost between the different trophic levels
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Name examples of producers.
Producers are mostly plants and algae which transfer about 1 % of the incident energy from light for photosynthesis.
Producers are mostly plants and algae which transfer about 1 % of the incident energy from light for photosynthesis.
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What % of biomass is transferred up each trophic level?
Only approximately 10 % of the biomass is transferred up each trophic level.
Only approximately 10 % of the biomass is transferred up each trophic level.
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What are losses of biomass due to?
Losses of biomass are due to: - not all the ingested material is absorbed, some is egested as faeces - some absorbed material is lost as waste, such as carbon dioxide and water in respiration and water and urea in urine.
Losses of biomass are due to: ? not all the ingested material is absorbed, some is egested as faeces ? some absorbed material is lost as waste, such as carbon dioxide and water in respiration and water and urea in urine.
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What is used in respiration?
Large amounts of glucose are used in respiration
Large amounts of glucose are used in respiration.
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If the producer trophic level has 4200J of energy and the primary consumer has 800J what is the efficiency of transfer between these trophic levels?
800J/4200J = 0.19 Which is 19%
(MS) Calculate the efficiency of biomass transfer between trophic levels.
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How can the efficiency of biomass transfers between trophic levels be calculated?
To calculate the efficiency of biomass transfers between trophic levels, percentages or fractions of mass must be used.
Students should be able to calculate the efficiency of biomass transfers between trophic levels by percentages or fractions of mass.
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How does lost biomass affect the amount of organisms at each trophic level?
The loss of biomass means that the number of organisms decrease at each trophic level as the amount of energy passed on between the trophic levels decreases.
Students should be able to explain how this affects the number of organisms at each trophic level
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What are the biological factors that affect food security?
The production of plants and animals for food ultimately depends on the factors that control plant growth - light availability, available nutrients and water in the soil, and competition with other plants.
Students should be able to describe some of the biological factors affecting levels of food security
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What does food security mean?
Food security is having enough food to feed a population.
Food security is having enough food to feed a population.
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What are some of the Biological factors which are threatening food security?
The following factors are threatening food security: -Increased birth rate. -changing diets in developed countries means scarce food resources are transported around the world -new pests and pathogens that affect farming. -environmental changes that affect food production, such as widespread famine occurring in some countries if rains fail -the cost of agricultural inputs -conflicts that have arisen in some parts of the world which affect the availability of water or food.
Biological factors which are threatening food security include: ? the increasing birth rate has threatened food security in some countries ? changing diets in developed countries means scarce food resources are transported around the world ? new pests and pathogens that affect farming ? environmental changes that affect food production, such as widespread famine occurring in some countries if rains fail ? the cost of agricultural inputs ? conflicts that have arisen in some parts of the world which affect the availability of water or food.
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What type of method should be used to feed all people on Earth?
Sustainable methods must be found to feed all people on Earth
Sustainable methods must be found to feed all people on Earth
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How could the efficiency of food production be improved?
The efficiency of food production can be improved by restricting energy transfer from food animals to the environment.
The efficiency of food production can be improved by restricting energy transfer from food animals to the environment.
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Why are some animals fed high protein foods?
Some animals are fed high protein foods to increase growth.
Some animals are fed high protein foods to increase growth.
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Why do some people have ethical objections to some modern intensive farming methods?
Some people have ethical objections to some modern intensive farming methods because it reduces variation in plant species that could lead to a crop being wiped out by disease.
(WS) Understand that some people have ethical objections to some modern intensive farming methods.
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Give an advantages and disadvantages of modern farming techniques.
An advantage of modern farming techniques is increased yield. A disadvantage is a lack of diversity in a crop.
(WS) Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of modern farming techniques.
0
Why is it important to maintain fish stock levels in the sea?
Fish stock levels are declining. It is important to maintain fish stocks at a level where breeding continues or certain species may disappear altogether in some areas
Fish stocks in the oceans are declining. It is important to maintain fish stocks at a level where breeding continues or certain species may disappear altogether in some areas
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What plays an important part in conservation of fish stocks at a sustainable level?
Control of net size and the introduction of fishing quotas play important roles in conservation of fish stocks at a sustainable level
Control of net size and the introduction of fishing quotas play important roles in conservation of fish stocks at a sustainable level
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What is the most sustainable way of fishing?
Use pole and line fishing techniques instead of nets.
(WS) Understand how application of different fishing techniques promotes recovery of fish stocks
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How can genetic modification be used to increase crop yield to meet the demands of a growing population.
Crops can be gentetically modified to be resistant to pests that could harm to crop.
Students should be able to describe and explain some possible biotechnical and agricultural solutions, including genetic modification, to the demands of the growing human population
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What can modern biotechnology techniques be used for?
Modern biotechnology techniques enable large quantities of microorganisms to be cultured for food.
Modern biotechnology techniques enable large quantities of microorganisms to be cultured for food.
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Why is the fungus Fusarium useful?
The fungus Fusarium is useful for producing mycoprotein, a protein-rich food suitable for vegetarians.
The fungus Fusarium is useful for producing mycoprotein, a protein-rich food suitable for vegetarians.
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How can a fungus be grown?
The fungus is grown on glucose syrup, in aerobic conditions, and the biomass is harvested and purified
The fungus is grown on glucose syrup, in aerobic conditions, and the biomass is harvested and purified
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Give an example where a genetically modified bacterium can be used.
A genetically modified bacterium produces human insulin. When harvested and purified this is used to treat people with diabetes.
A genetically modified bacterium produces human insulin. When harvested and purified this is used to treat people with diabetes.
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What type of crop could provide more food or food with an improved nutritional value?
Golden Rice provides improved nutritional value?
GM crops could provide more food or food with an improved nutritional value such as golden rice
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Mod
Number of Questions
0S
10
1B
10
1C
10
1P
10
BI
5
B2
B2.1
Homeostasis and response
B2.2
Hormones
B2.3
B2.3 - Genetic Inheritance
B2.4
B2.4 - Variation and evolution
B2.5
B2.5
B2.6
Human Impact on Biodiversity and the Environment
1
B1
C1
P1
2
B2
C2
P2
B
1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
8B
C
1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
l
Del
I
BI
P
1P
2P
3P
4P
5P
6P
7P
8P
S
0S
