https://www.mrcorfe.com/Hamble/MCQ/B?Edit=1
10th Sep '25
Multiple Choice 2015-16
Question
Answer
Mislead1
Mislead2
Mislead3
Point
Flag
What is the basic structure of plant and animal (eukaryotic) cells?
Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.
Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.
0
What is the structure of a bacterial cell?
Bacteria have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall.
Bacteria have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall.
0
What is the order of magnitude of an ant, DNA, red blood cell, carbon atom and bacterial cell?
The order of magnitude of an ant, DNA, red blood cell, carbon atom and bacterial cell is as follows: ant > red blood cell > bacterium > DNA > carbon atom.
Students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the scale and size of cells and be able to make order of magnitude calculations, including the use of standard form.
0
Are bacterial (prokaryotic) cells bigger or smaller than eukaryotic cells?
Bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) are much smaller in comparison to eukaryotic cells.
Bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) are much smaller in comparison.
0
What is unique about the DNA in a bacterial cell?
In bacteria the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. It is a single DNA loop and there may be one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids.
In bacteria the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. It is a single DNA loop and there may be one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids.
0
What sub-celluar structures are found in most animal cells?
Most animal cells have the following parts: a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes.
Most animal cells have the following parts: - a nucleus - cytoplasm - a cell membrane - mitochondria - ribosomes.
0
What additional sub-celluar structures do plant cells often have?
In addition to the parts found in animal cells, plant cells often have: chloroplasts, permanent vacuole filled with cell sap, cell wall.
In addition to the parts found in animal cells, plant cells often have: - chloroplasts - a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap - cell wall
0
What are plant and algal cell walls made of to strengthen the cell?
Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.
Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.
0
How are each of the following sub-ceullular structures related to their functions: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, and plasmids (bacterial cells)?
Nuclues - controls activities of the cell, contains DNA. Cytoplasm - site of chemical reactions, liquid for substances to diffuse/move. Cell membrane - controls movement of substances in and out of cells, partially permeable mebrane. Mitochondria - site of respiration, large surface area to volume ratio from folds. Chloroplasts - site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll to absorb light energy. Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis, they are very small. Plasmids - single loops of DNA, control activity of the cell.
Students should be able to explain how the main sub-cellular structures, including the nucleus, cell membranes, mitochondria, chloroplasts in plant cells and plasmids in bacterial cells are related to their functions.
0
What is the estimated size of an ant, the diameter of a hair, the length of a leaf cell, the size of a red blood cell, the length of bacterium, the size of a virus, the diameter of DNA and the size of a carbon atom.
The estimated size of an ant 3mm, the diameter of a hair 100um, the length of a leaf cell 70um, the size of a red blood cell 7um, the length of bacterium 1um, the size of a virus 100nm, the diameter of DNA 2.5nm and the size of a carbon atom 0.34nm.
Students should be able to use estimations and explain when they should be used to judge the relative size or area of sub-cellular structures.
0
What are the names of specialised cells in animals?
ells may be specialised to carry out a particular function: sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells in animals.
Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function: sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells in animals.
0
How are nerve cells specialised for their function?
Nerve cells have a long shape can conduct electricity so the can send messages between places in the body.
Nerve cells have a long shape can conduct electricity so the can send messages between places in the body.
0
How are muscle cells specialised for their function?
Muscle cells have: - a long shape so they can contract causing movement - lots of mitochondria to gain enough energy through respiration.
Muscle cells have: - a long shape so they can contract causing movement - lots of mitochondria to gain enough energy through respiration.
0
How are sperm cells specialised for their function?
Sperm cells have: - a pointed head to be streamlined and to poke into the egg cell - tail to swim - lots of mitrocondria to generate the energy to swim.
Sperm cells have: - a pointed head to be streamlined and to poke into the egg cell - tail to swim - lots of mitrocondria to generate the energy to swim.
0
What are the names of specialised cells in plants?
Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function: root hair cells, xylem and phloem cells in plants.
Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function: root hair cells, xylem and phloem cells in plants.
0
How are root hair cells specialised for their function?
Root hair cells have a large surface area to absorb water and nutrients.
Root hair cells have a large surface area to absorb water and nutrients.
0
How are xylem cells specialised for their function?
Xylem cells in plants have: - no cytoplasm or other organelles, - no cell walls on the end, so they form a tube - cell walls strengthened with waterproof lignin To: - transport water around the plant - to strengthen the plant
Xylem cells in plants have: - no cytoplasm or other organelles, - no cell walls on the end, so they form a tube - cell walls strengthened with waterproof lignin To: - transport water around the plant - to strengthen the plant
0
How are Phloem cells specialised for their function?
Phloem cells in plants have: - no cytoplasm or other organelles, - open ends with sieve plates between cells To: - transport 'phood' around the plant
Phloem cells in plants have: - no cytoplasm or other organelles, - open ends with sieve plates between cells To: - transport 'phood' around the plant
0
How has microscopy developedi over time?
More powerful, better quality light microscopes, and then electron microscopes.
Students should be able to understand how microscopy techniques have developed over time
0
What impact has the development of the electron microscope had on our knowledge of cells?
Electron microscopes can be used to study cells in much finer detail. This has enabled biologists to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures.
This means that electron microscopes can be used to study cells in much finer detail. This has enabled biologists to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures.
0
How has electron microscopy been able to increase our understanding of sub-cellular structures?
Electron microscopes have a magnification of up to x1,000,000 and resolution of up to 0.2nm.
Students should be able to explain how electron microscopy has increased understanding of sub-cellular structures. Limited to the differences in magnification and resolution.
0
Why is an electron microscope better than a light microscope?
An electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope.
An electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope.
0
How is the magnification equation re-arranged to calculate real size and image size?
real size = magnification / size of image size of image = magnification / real size
Students should be able to carry out calculations involving magnification, real size and image size using the formula: magnification = size of image x size of real object * Use prefixes centi, milli, micro and nano.
0
What is the relationship between the prefixes centi, milli, micro and nano?
Milli is 10^-3 of a metre, centi is 10^-2 of a metre, micro is 10^-6 of a metre and nano is 10^-9 of a metre.
Students should be able to use prefixes centi, milli, micro and nano.
0
How do you represent the size of a cell measuring 0.006cm using standard form?
6 x 10 to the power -3 cm.
Students should be able to express answers in standard form if appropriate
0
Required Practical 1 - Microscopy (AT Skills 1,7)
Required Practical 1 - Microscopy (AT skills 1,7)
0
(Biology only) Required Practical 2 - Microbiology (Biology only) (AT Skills 1,3,4,8)
(Biology only) Required Practical 2 - Microbiology (Biology only) (AT skills 1,3,4,8)
0
(Biology only) How do bacteria divide?
(Biology only) Bacteria divide by binary fission as often as once every 20 minutes.
(Biology only) Bacteria multiply by simple cell division (binary fission) as often as once every 20 minutes if they have enough nutrients and a suitable temperature.
0
(Biology only) When investigating the growth of bacteria, in what two ways can they be grown?
(Biology only) Bacteria are grown in a nutrient broth solution or as colonies on an agar gel plate.
(Biology only) Bacteria can be grown in a nutrient broth solution or as colonies on an agar gel plate.
0
(Biology only) What is special about the culture of organisms required when investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics?
(Biology only) Uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms are required for investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics.
(Biology only) Uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms are required for investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics.
0
(Biology only) How is an uncontaminated culture of microgransims prepared?
(Biology only) An uncontaminated culture is prepared using an aseptic technique.
(Biology only) Students should be able to describe how to prepare an uncontaminated culture using aseptic technique.
0
(Biology only) Why are petri dishes and culture media sterilised before use?
(Biology only) Petri dishes and culture media are sterilised before use to avoid contamination; it removes any existing microbes.
(Biology only) They should be able to explain why petri dishes and culture media must be sterilised before use
0
(Biology only) Why are inoculating loops, used to transfer microorganisms to media, passed through a flame?
(Biology only) Inoculating loops, used to transfer microorganisms to the media, must be passed through a flame to sterilise them; it removes any existing microbes.
(Biology only) They should be able to explain why inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to the media must be sterilised by passing them through a flame
0
(Biology only) Why should the lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape and stored upside down?
(Biology only) The lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape and stored upside down to prevent microbes from the air contaminating the culture and prevent microbes from the culture escaping. They are placed upside down to prevent condensation forming on the lid which could drip onto the agar and contaminate the culture.
(Biology only) They should be able to explain why the lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape and stored upside down
0
(Biology only) Why should cultures be incubated at 25oC in school laboratories?
(Biology only) Cultures are incubated at 25oC in school laboratories as it greatly reduces the chances of growing pathogens that are harmful to people at temperatures greater than 25oC.
(Biology only) They should be able to explain why in school laboratories, cultures should generally be incubated at 25?C.
0
(Biology only) How would the cross-sectional areas of colonies or clear areas around colonies be calculated? How can this be used to calculate the cross-sectional area for a radius of 0.25 mm?
(Biology only) Cross-sectional areas of colonies or clear areas around colonies are calculated using 'pie-r-squared'. For a cross-sectional area with radius 0.25mm: 3.14 x (0.25-squared) = 0.20mm (2d.p.)
(Biology only) Students should be able to calculate cross-sectional areas of colonies or clear areas around colonies using πr².
0
(Biology only) How is the number of bacteria in a population calculated after a certain time if given the mean division time?
(Biology only) 2 to the power of the number of generations x initial number of bacteria.
(Biology only) Students should be able to calculate the number of bacteria in a population after a certain time if given the mean division time.
0
(Biology only) What is the population of bacteria, which have a mean division time of 5-minutes, after 45-minutes if starting with just 5 bacteria? How would this answer be shown using standard form?
(Biology only) The population of bacteria, which have a mean division time of 5-minutes, after 45-minutes if starting with just 5 bacteria is: 45 divided by 5 = 9, so 2 to the power of 9 multiplied by 5 = 2560 bacteria. In standard form this is written as: 2.56 x 10 to the power 3 bacteria.
(Biology only) Students should be able to express the answer in standard form.
0
What is contained in the cell nucleus?
The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes made of DNA molecules
The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes made of DNA molecules.
0
What is a chromosome made up of?
Each chromosome carries a large number of genes
Each chromosome carries a large number of genes.
0
How are chromosomes normally found in body cells?
In body cells the chromosomes are normally found in pairs.
In body cells the chromosomes are normally found in pairs.
0
What is a cell cycle?
Where cells divide in a series of stages
Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.
0
What happens during the cell cycle?
During the cell cycle the genetic material is doubled and then divided into two identical cells.
During the cell cycle the genetic material is doubled and then divided into two identical cells.
0
What must happen before a cell divides?
Before a cell can divide it needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria. The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome.
Before a cell can divide it needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria. The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome.
0
in mitosis what happens after DNA has been replicated?
In mitosis one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides.
In mitosis one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides.
0
In mitosis how many cells are produced and how could you describe them?
Two - identical daughter cells
Finally the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells.
0
What are the three main stages of a cell cycle during mitosis?
1. Replication of DNA 2. DNA divides 3. Two cells formed
Students need to understand the three overall stages of the cell cycle but do not need to know the different phases of the mitosis stage.
0
Why is cell division by mitosis important in multicellular organisms?
For growth and development
Cell division by mitosis is important in the growth and development of multicellular organisms.
0
A human cell has 46 pairs of choromsomes what stage of mitosis is in it?
First stage - replication of DNA (Prophase)
Students should be able to recognise and describe situations in given contexts where mitosis is occurring.
0
What are the other risk factors apart from lifestyle risk factors?
There are also genetic risk factors for some cancers.
There are also genetic risk factors for some cancers.
0
In terms of cells what is cancer?
Cancer is the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division.
Students should be able to describe cancer as the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division.
0
What are benign tumours?
Benign tumours are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane.
Benign tumours are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane.
0
Can benign tumours cause cancer to spread around the body?
No, benign tumours do not invade other parts of the body.
Benign tumours do not invade other parts of the body.
0
What are malignant tumours?
Malignant tumour cells are cancers.
Malignant tumour cells are cancers.
0
How do malignant tumours form secondary tumours?
Malignant tumours invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours.
Malignant tumours invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours.
0
What are the main risk factors for various types of cancer?
The lifestyle risk factors for cancer can include, smoking, drinking alcohol, obesity and excessive exposure to sunlight.
Scientists have identified lifestyle risk factors for various types of cancer.
0
At what stage of an animal cell's life cycle does it differentiate?
Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage.
Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage.
0
What happens during cell differentiation when an organism develops?
As an organism develops, cells differentiate to form different types of cells.
As an organism develops, cells differentiate to form different types of cells.
0
What happens to a cell during differentiation to become a specialised cell?
As a cell differentiates it acquires different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry out a certain function. It has become a specialised cell.
As a cell differentiates it acquires different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry out a certain function. It has become a specialised cell.
0
Why is cell differentiation important?
Cell differentiation is important because it causes cells to become adapted for a particular function. This makes the cell specialised.
Students should be able to explain the importance of cell differentiation.
0
In mature animals, what is cell division mainly used for?
In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement
In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement.
0
What is a stem cell?
A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type, and from which certain other cells can arise from differentiation.
A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type, and from which certain other cells can arise from differentiation.
0
What is the function of stem cells in human embryos?
Stem cells from human embryos can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells
Stem cells from human embryos can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells.
0
What type of cells can be produced from bone marrow stem cells?
Stem cells from adult bone marrow can form many types of cells including blood cells
Stem cells from adult bone marrow can form many types of cells including blood cells.
0
What conditions are stem cells used to treat?
Treatment with stem cells may be able to help conditions such as diabetes and paralysis.
Treatment with stem cells may be able to help conditions such as diabetes and paralysis.
0
What is produced in therapeutic cloning?
In therapeutic cloning an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient.
In therapeutic cloning an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient.
0
Why can stem cells from embryos useful in medical treatment?
Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patient?s body so they may be used for medical treatment.
Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patient?s body so they may be used for medical treatment.
0
What are the dangers of using stem cells for treatment?
The use of stem cells has potential risks such as transfer of viral infection
The use of stem cells has potential risks such as transfer of viral infection, and some people have ethical or religious objections.
0
What are the ethical issues surrounding the use of stem cells?
harm/death to embyro, un natural, un godly
(WS) Evaluate the practical risks and benefits, as well as social and ethical issues, of the use of stem cells in medical research and treatments.
0
What is the function of stem cells in meristem tissues in plants?
Meristem tissue in plants can differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant.
Meristem tissue in plants can differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant.
0
What are the advantages of using stem cells from meristems in plants?
Stem cells from meristems in plants can be used to produce clones of plants quickly and economically.
Stem cells from meristems in plants can be used to produce clones of plants quickly and economically.
0
How can stem cells be used to ensure biodiversity?
Rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction.
Stem cells from meristems in plants are used. Rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction.
0
How can farmers benefit from the use of stem cells from meristems?
Crop plants with special features such as disease resistance can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers.
Crop plants with special features such as disease resistance can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers.
0
How do substances move in and out of cells?
diffusion
Substances may move into and out of cells across the cell membranes via diffusion.
0
What is the definition for diffusion?
Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
0
Name two substances that are transported in and out of cells by diffusion during gas exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Some of the substances transported in and out of cells by diffusion are oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange.
0
How does the waste product urea reach the kidney to be excreted?
Urea diffuses from cells into the blood plasma to reach the kidney for excretion
Some of the substances transported in and out of cells by diffusion are the waste product urea from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the kidney.
0
How does the concentration gradient affec the rate of diffusion?
The bigger the concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion will be
Explain how the difference in concentrations (concentration gradient) affect the rate of diffusion.
0
How does the difference in temperature affect the rate of diffusion?
The higher the temperature the faster the rate of diffusion
Explain how the difference in the temperature affect the rate of diffusion.
0
How does the surface area of the membrane affect the rate of diffusion?
The bigger the surface area the faster the rate of diffusion will be
Explain how the surface area of the membrane affect the rate of diffusion.
0
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
0
What are the important things to include in a diagram that shows osmosis?
Partially-permeable membrane, concentration of water and of sugar, arrows to show the net movement of water
(WS) Recognise, draw and interpret diagrams that model osmosis.
0
How do you calculate the rate of water uptake?
amount of water / time taken
(MS) Students should be able to: ? use simple compound measures of rate of water uptake
0
How do you calculate a percentage?
(thing you are interested in / total amount ) x 100
? use percentages
0
How do you calculate the percentage gain and loss of mass of plant tissue?
((end mass - start mass) / start mass )) x 100
? calculate percentage gain and loss of mass of plant tissue.
0
What marking points are important to consider when plotting, drawing and interpreting graphs?
(MS) Students should be able to plot, draw and interpret appropriate graphs.
0
What is the name of the process in which water moves across cell membranes?
Osmosis
Water may move across cell membranes via osmosis.
0
What is the surface area to volume ratio of a single-celled organism like?
A single-celled organism has a relatively large surface area to volume ratio.
A single-celled organism has a relatively large surface area to volume ratio.
0
How does having a large surface area to volume ratio help cells?
Having a large surface area to volume allows sufficient transport of molecules into and out of the cell to meet the needs of the organism.
Having a large surface area to volume allows sufficient transport of molecules into and out of the cell to meet the needs of the organism.
0
How do you calculate surface area to volume ratios?
volume = width x height x bredth area = width x height display as a ratio
Students should be able to calculate and compare surface area to volume ratios. (MS)
0
Why do simple organisms need exchange surfaces?
To allow for diffuse of substances in and out. They have high surface area to volume ratio to increase the rate of this.
Students should be able to explain the need for exchange surfaces in terms of surface area to volume ratio.
0
Why do multicelluar organisms need transport systems?
Too complex for simple diffusion across a membrane so transport systems are needed to deliver substances to target organs/tissues.
Students should be able to explain why multicellular organisms have transport systems in terms of surface area to volume ration
0
How are the small intestine and lungs in mammals adapted for exchanging materials?
Lungs have a large surface area to volume ratio due to the structure of alveloi Small intestines have villi to increase their surface to volume ratio
Students should be able to explain how the small intestine and lungs in mammals are adapted for exchanging materials.
0
How are the gills in fish are adapted for exchanging materials?
Gills have a large surface area, partially permable membrane.
Students should be able to explain how the gills in fish are adapted for exchanging materials.
0
How are leaves in plants adapted for exchanging materials?
Leaves have guard cells and spongy mesophyl with gaps
Students should be able to explain how the leaves in plants are adapted for exchanging materials.
0
How are multicellular organisms adapted for exchanging materials?
Multicellular organisms have specalised surfaces and organ systems
In multicellular organisms, surfaces and organ systems are specialised for exchanging materials.
0
How do organisms get substances they need in and out of cells?
Specalised surfaces allow sufficient molecules to be transported into and out of cells for the organism?s needs.
Specalised surfaces allow sufficient molecules to be transported into and out of cells for the organism?s needs.
0
How can the effectiveness of an exchange surface be increased?
The effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased by: ? having a large surface area ? a membrane that is thin, to provide a short diffusion path ? (in animals) having an efficient blood supply ? (in animals, for gaseous exchange) being ventilated.
The effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased by: ? having a large surface area ? a membrane that is thin, to provide a short diffusion path ? (in animals) having an efficient blood supply ? (in animals, for gaseous exchange) being ventilated.
0
What is active transport?
Active transport is a process that moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient).
Active transport moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient).
0
Does active transport require energy?
Active transport requires energy from respiration.
Active transport requires energy from respiration.
0
How does active transport allow plants to absorb esstential ions from soil?
Active transport allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hairs from very dilute solutions in the soil.
Active transport allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hairs from very dilute solutions in the soil.
0
Why do plants require ions from the soil?
Plants require ions for healthy growth.
Plants require ions for healthy growth.
0
How does active transport allow sugar to move from the gut into the blood when it has a higher sugar concentration?
Active transport also allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration.
Active transport also allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration.
0
Why is sugar esstential to cells of living things?
Sugar is esstential to cells of living things as it is used for cell respiration
Sugar molecules are used for cell respiration.
0
What are the three ways that substances can enter and leave cells?
Diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
Students should be able to describe how substances are transported into and out of cells by diffusion, osmosis and active transport
0
What are the differences between diffusion, osmosis and active transport?
Diffusion is the spreading out of particles down a concentration gradient with/without a partially permeable membrane. Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high concentration to a low concentration solution across a partially permeable membrane. Active transport is the movement of ions in solution across a partially permeable membrane through carrier proteins, this requires energy
students should be able to explain the differences between the three processes.
0
What are the basic building blocks of living organisms?
The basic building blocks of living organisms are called cells
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.
0
What is a tissue?
A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function.
A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function.
0
What are organs?
Organs are aggregations of tissues performing specific functions.
Organs are aggregations of tissues performing specific functions.
0
What are organ systems?
Organs are organised into organ systems, which work together to form organisms.
Organs are organised into organ systems, which work together to form organisms.
0
What is the order, from smallest to largest, of organs, organ systems, cells and tissues?
The cellular organisation is: Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.
Students should be able to develop an understanding of size and scale in relation to cells, tissues, organs and systems.
0
Why is the digestive system an example of an organ system?
The digestive system is an example of an organ system as it has several organs working together.
The digestive system is an example of an organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food.
0
How do enzymes relate to metabolism?
Enzymes relate to metabolism as they help in the digestion of food.
Students should be able to relate knowledge of enzymes to Metabolism.
0
What are the products of digestion used for?
The products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins as well as glucose being used for respiration.
The products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Some glucose is used in respiration.
0
Where is bile made and stored?
Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder
Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
0
What does bile do with the stomach acid?
Bile neutralises stomach acid.
[Bile] is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach.
0
What does bile do with fats?
Bile emulsifies fats to form small droplets to increase the surface area of the fats and increase the rate of digestion.
[Bile] also emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increases the surface area.
0
What two factors increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase?
The alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase.
The alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase.
0
How does temperature and pH affect the activity of enzymes?
Temperature affects enzyme activities by decreasing its activity either side of the optimum pH.
Students should be able to describe the nature of enzyme molecules and relate their activity to temperature and pH changes.
0
How do you calculate a rate of reaction?
The rate of reaction is calculated by the reactant used or product made divided by time.
Students should be able to carry out rate calculations for chemical reactions.
0
What is the most important part of the enzyme with regartds to its shape?
The most important part of an enzymes structure is the active site.
Enzymes catalyse specific reactions in living organisms due to the shape of their active site.
0
The binding of the substrate with the active site is known as what theory?
The binding of the substrate with the active site is known as the Lock and Key theory.
Students should be able to use the ?lock and key theory? as a simplified model to explain enzyme action.
0
Where are amylase, protease and lipases created in the body?
Amylase is produced in the saliva/mouth, pnacreas and small intestine. Protease is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine. Lipases are produced in the pancreas and small intestine.
Students should be able to recall the sites of production and the action of amylase, proteases and lipases.
0
Why are enzymes needed in digestion?
Enzymes are needed in digestion to convert food to small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Digestive enzymes convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
0
What do carbohydrases break carbohydrates down to?
Carbohydrases break carbohydrates into simple sugars.
Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates to simple sugars.
0
What does the carbohydrase amylase break down?
The carbohydrase amalyse breaks down starch in sugars.
Amylase is a carbohydrase which breaks down starch.
0
What do proteases break proteins down into?
Proteases break down proteins into amino acids
Proteases break down proteins to amino acids.
0
What do lipases break fat/lipids down into?
Lipases break down fat/lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Lipases break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids.
0
What is the structure and function of each of the following: a) heart, b) lungs?
The structure and function of the heart and lungs are: a) Heart - muscle, 4 chambers, left and right side, function is to pump blood around the body. b) lungs - large surface area, gas exchange surface.
Students should know the structure and functioning of the human heart and lungs
0
How are lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?
The lungs are adpated for gas exchange as they have a large surface area, moist lining, copious blood supply, maintain concetration gradient (ventilation and blood moving through), short diffusion distance.
how lungs are adapted for gaseous exchange.
0
How is blood pumped around the body in the human circulatory system?
The blood is pumped around the body in a double circulatory system.
The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.
0
Where does the left ventricle pump blood to and where does the right ventricle pump to?
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.
0
What are the names and functions of the blood vessels in the heart?
The main structures in the heart and their functions are: Aorta: a thick walled artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body Vena Cava: a thinner walled vein that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart Pulmonary artery: a thick walled artery that carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs Coronary arteries: carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
Knowledge of the blood vessels associated with the heart is limited to the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and coronary arteries. Knowledge of the names of the heart valves is not required.
0
What are the names and functions of the main structures in the lungs?
The main structures in the lungs and their functions are: Trachea: is a wide, hollow tube that connects the larynx (or voice box) to the bronchi of the lungs Bronchi: main passage of air into the lungs Alveoli: tiny sacs with large surface area that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream Capillary network: very thin blood vessels that surround the avleoli for rapid gas exchange
Knowledge of the lungs is restricted to the trachea, bronchi, alveoli and the capillary network surrounding the alveoli.
0
What controls the natural resting heart rate?
The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker.
The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker.
0
What are artificial pacemakers?
Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate.
Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate.
0
What different types of cells make up blood tissue?
Blood is a tissue consisting of plasma, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended.
Blood is a tissue consisting of plasma, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended.
0
What are the functions of the components of blood? Plasma, red blood cell, white blood cell, platelets.
The functions of the components of blood are: Plasma: suspends the red and white blood cells Red blood cell: transports oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body White blood cell: attacks and kills pathogens Platelets: causes blood to clot
Students should know the functions of each of these blood components.
0
What risks are related to the use of blood products?
Some of the risks related to the use of blood products can include allergic reactions and blood borne infections.
(WS) Evaluate risks related to use of blood products.
0
How are the red and white blood cells adapted for their functions?
White blood cells are adapted to their function of killing pathogens as they produce antibodies, antitoxins and they can change their shape to squeeze into blood vessels. Red blood cells are adapted to their function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide as they have a large surface area, they dont have a nucleus and have a thin outer membrane for rapid diffusion.
Students should be able to recognise different types of blood cells in a photograph or diagram, and explain how they are adapted to their functions.
0
What are the three different types of blood vessel found in the body?
The three types of blood vessels are arteries, veins and capillaries.
The body contains three different types of blood vessel: ? arteries ? veins ? capillaries.
0
How does the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries relate to their functions?
The function of arteries is to carry blood away from the heart, they have narrow lumen and their walls are made of thick elastic fibers to withstand the high pressure blood flow. The function of veins is to carry blood back to the heart, they have wide lumen and thin walls to reduce resistance of blood flow. The function of capillaries is to support the exchange of substances to cells in the body. They have very narrow lumen as blood flow is not under high pressure and thin walls for rapid exchange of substances.
Students should be able to explain how the structure of these vessels relates to their functions.
0
How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?
Rate of blood flow can be calculated using: rate = blood volume / time
Students should be able to use simple compound measures such as rate and carry out rate calculations for blood flow.
0
What are the advantages and disadvantages of treating cardiovascular diseases using drugs, mechanical devices or transplant?
The advantages of each treatment for cardiovascular diseases are: Drugs - less negative impact on the body Mechanical devices - strong and durable can last a lifetime Transplants - can last a life time The disadvantages of each treatment for cardiovascular diseases are: Drugs - Required to take everyday, may not continue to work long term Mechanical devices - not long term solution. Causes clotting of red blood cells so drugs required too. Transplants - anti rejection drugs can be needed for the rest of their life
Students should be able to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of treating cardiovascular diseases by drugs, mechanical devices or transplant.
0
How does coronary heart disease effect the body?
In coronary heart disease layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them.
In coronary heart disease layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them.
0
What are the causes, and impact on the heart, of angina?
The layers of fatty material reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.
The layers of fatty material reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.
0
What are stents used for?
Stents are used to keep the coronary arteries open.
Stents are used to keep the coronary arteries open.
0
What effect do statins have on the body?
Statins are widely used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.
Statins are widely used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.
0
What effect can a faulty heart value have on the body?
Heart valves may become faulty, preventing the valve from opening fully, or the heart valve might develop a leak.
In some people heart valves may become faulty, preventing the valve from opening fully, or the heart valve might develop a leak.
0
What are the consequences of having a faulty heart valve?
The effects of having a faulty heart value can include heart failure, stroke, blood clots or death due to sudden cardiac arrest.
Students should understand the consequences of faulty valves.
0
How can heart faulty heart valves be replaced?
Faulty heart valves can be replaced using biological or mechanical valves.
Faulty heart valves can be replaced using biological or mechanical valves.
0
What is a long term treatment for heart or lung failure?
In the case of heart failure a donor heart, or heart and lungs can be transplanted.
In the case of heart failure a donor heart, or heart and lungs can be transplanted.
0
When is it appropriate to use an artificial heart?
Artificial hearts are occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery.
Artificial hearts are occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery.
0
What does the term "health" relate to?
Health is the state of physical and mental well-being.
Health is the state of physical and mental well-being.
0
What factors can relate to ill health?
Diseases, both communicable and non-communicable, are major causes of ill health. Other factors including diet, stress and life situations may have a profound effect on both physical and mental health.
Diseases, both communicable and non-communicable, are major causes of ill health. Other factors including diet, stress and life situations may have a profound effect on both physical and mental health.
0
Can some diseases cause a person to contract other illnesses?
Different types of disease may interact. Defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
Different types of disease may interact. Defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
0
How are viruses linked to cancer?
Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancers.
Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancers.
0
How are immune reactions related to allergies?
Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.
Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.
0
What other impacts can severe physical illness have on a person?
Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness.
Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness.
0
What does the term "relationship" mean when referring to disease incidence data presented in a table or graph?
The term relationship refers to how one or more factors can effect the frequency of disease.
Students should be able to translate disease incidence information between graphical and numerical forms, construct and interpret frequency tables and diagrams, bar charts and histograms, and use a scatter diagram to identify a correlation between two variables. (MS)
0
What does epidemiological data refer to?
Epidemiological data is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where) and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
Students should understand the principles of sampling as applied to scientific data, including epidemiological data. (MS)
0
What are the risk factors that can increase the rate of a disease?
Risk factors are linked to an increased rate of a disease. They can be aspects of a person's lifestyle, substances in the person's body or environment.
Risk factors are linked to an increased rate of a disease. They can be: ? aspects of a person?s lifestyle ? substances in the person?s body or environment.
0
What does the term "risk factors" mean?
Risk factors are linked to an increased rate of a disease.
(WS) Interpret data about risk factors for specified diseases.
0
What are the different causal mechanisms that have been proven for some risk factors such as diet, smoking, obesity, radiation?
A causal mechanism has been proven for some risk factors, but not in others. The effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease. Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes. The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function. The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer. The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies. Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer.
A causal mechanism has been proven for some risk factors, but not in others. ? The effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease. ? Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes. ? The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function. ? The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer. ? The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies. ? Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer.
0
Are diseases usually caused by one or more factors?
Many diseases are caused by the interaction of a number of factors.
Many diseases are caused by the interaction of a number of factors.
0
What impact would a larger sample size have on the validity of the data?
The larger a sample the more representative of that popular the results of the analysis would be. The data would be more valid.
Students should be able to understand the principles of sampling as applied to scientific data in terms of risk factors.
0
What correlation would you expect to see between the following pairs of variables in terms of risk factors: a) smoking vs. incidence of cancer, b) alcohol consumption vs. foetal growth, c) drugs vs. mental health concerns?
The expected correlation between the following variables could be: a) the more you smoke the higher chance of cancer you have, b) the higher the alcohol consumption the lower the foetal growth c) the higher the drug use the higher the risk of mental health concerns
Students should be able to use a scatter diagram to identify a correlation between two variables in terms of risk factors.
0
How do the structures of each plant tissue relate to their function?
The epidermis tissue within a plant is thin and transparent in order to let light to reach the palisade layer. The palisade mesophyll tissue has many chloroplasts as it is the main site of photosynthesis. The spongy mesophyll tissue has large gaps to allow for gas exchange. The xylem is made of a column of dead cells which are waterproof. Phloem is made of live cells protected in the middle of the plant so they can transport glucose. The meristem tissue is made of stem cells which allow for rapid growth and repair.
Students should be able to explain how the structures of plant tissues are related to their functions.
0
What tissues are found within the plant?
Plant tissues include: - epidermal tissues - palisade mesophyll - spongy mesophyll - xylem and phloem - meristem tissue found at the growing tips of shoots and roots.
Plant tissues include: - epidermal tissues - palisade mesophyll - spongy mesophyll - xylem and phloem - meristem tissue found at the growing tips of shoots and roots.
0
What level of organisation do plant leaves fall into?
The leaf is a plant organ.
The leaf is a plant organ. Knowledge limited to epidermis, palisade and spongy mesophyll, xylem and phloem, and guard cells surrounding stomata.
0
How are the following adapted to their functions: a) root hair cells, b) xylem, c) phloem?
Root hair cells have a large surface area to volume ratio to allow for effective transport of substances. The inside of the xylem vessels is made of dead cells that are waterproof to allow water up the stem. The phloem are made of live cells meaning transport can happen by active transport as well as diffusion.
Students should be able to explain how the structure of root hair cells, xylem and phloem are adapted to their functions.
0
How does increasing temperature, humidity and light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?
Increasing temperature increases transpiration due to increased evaporation of water from the stomata. Increasing humidity decreases the rate of transpiration due to the concentration of water particles on the outside of the leaf being higher and therefore osmosis not occurring. Increasing light intensity increases the rate of transpiration due to the increase in the rate of photosynthesis.
Students should be able to explain the effect of changing temperature, humidity, air movement and light intensity on the rate of transpiration.
0
Which parts of the plant are involved in transporting substances?
The roots, stem and leaves form a plant organ system for transport of substances around the plant.
The roots, stem and leaves form a plant organ system for transport of substances around the plant.
0
What are translocation and transpiration and how do they work?
Transpiration is the process by which water evaporates from the leaves, through the opening of the stomata, which results in more water being drawn up from the roots. Translocation is the movement of nutrients and other substances from the leaves to the rest of the plant.This happens through diffusion and active transport.
Students should be able to describe the process of transpiration and translocation, including the structure and function of the stomata.
0
What is the job of the root hair cells and how are they adapted to it?
Root hair cells have a large surface area to volume ratio so that they are adapted for the efficient uptake of water by osmosis, and mineral ions by active transport.
Root hair cells are adapted for the efficient uptake of water by osmosis, and mineral ions by active transport.
0
What is the role of xylem tissue and how is it adapted for it?
Xylem tissue transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves. It is composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin adapted for the transport of water in the transpiration stream.
Xylem tissue transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves. It is composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin adapted for the transport of water in the transpiration stream.
0
What is the role of the stomata and guard cells?
The role of stomata and guard cells are to control gas exchange and water loss.
The role of stomata and guard cells are to control gas exchange and water loss.
0
What is the role of the phloem and what is the name of this process?
Phloem tissue transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage. The movement of food molecules through phloem tissue is called translocation.
Phloem tissue transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage. The movement of food molecules through phloem tissue is called translocation.
0
What products are made in photosynthesis when carbon dioxide and water react?
In photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water react to make glucose and oxygen.
Photosynthesis is represented by the equation: (light above arrow) carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
0
What sort of reaction is photosynthesis and how do we know this?
Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction and we know this because energy is taken into the chloroplasts from the environment by light.
Students should be able to describe photosynthesis as an endothermic reaction in which energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light.
0
What five different uses do plants have for the glucose produced in photosynthesis?
The glucose produced in photosynthesis may be: - used for respiration - converted into insoluble starch for storage - used to produce fat or oil for storage - used to produce cellulose, which strengthens the cell wall - used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis.
The glucose produced in photosynthesis may be: ? used for respiration ? converted into insoluble starch for storage ? used to produce fat or oil for storage ? used to produce cellulose, which strengthens the cell wall ? used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis.
0
What else do plants need to produce proteins and where do they get them from?
To produce proteins, plants also use nitrate ions that are absorbed from the soil.
To produce proteins, plants also use nitrate ions that are absorbed from the soil.
0
How do each of the following factors affect the rate of photosynthesis: a) temperature, b) light intensity, c) carbon dioxide concentration, d) amount of chlorophyll?
Increasing temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis to a point as it increases collisions and therefore increases reaction rate. However past a point it starts to evaporate water and slows down photosynthesis. Increasing light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis to a point where it levels off. Increasing carbon dioxide concentration and the amount of chlorophyll has the same effect as increasing light intensity.
Students should be able to explain the effects of temperature, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and the amount of chlorophyll on the rate of photosynthesis.
0
What method can be used to measure and calculate the rate of photosynthesis?
The rate of photosynthesis can be measured by measuring the amount of oxygen produced over time.
Students should be able to measure and calculate rates of photosynthesis (MS)
0
(HT only) What is a limiting factor of photosynthesis?
(HT only) A limiting factor of photosynthesis is any one of the following components: light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, the amount of chlorophyll, that if there is not enough of it will stop the rate of photosynthesis increasing regardless of how much there is of the other components.
(HT only) These factors interact and any one of them may be the factor that limits photosynthesis.
0
(HT) How is the inverse square law important in terms of light intensity in the context of photosynthesis?
The inverse square law in important as it states that the intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.This means that when the light is moved twice as far from the plant it will receive a quarter of the energy.
(HT only) Students should understand and use inverse proportion ? the inverse square law and light intensity in the context of photosynthesis.
0
(HT) How do limiting factors in a greenhouse relate to rate of photosynthesis and profit?
(HT only) The conditions within a greenhouse can be controlled and therefore can be enhanced to gain the maximum rate of photosynthesis while still maintaining profit.
(HT only) Limiting factors are important in the economics of enhancing the conditions in greenhouses to gain the maximum rate of photosynthesis while still maintaining profit.
0
What sort of reaction can cellular respiration be described as?
Cellular respiration is an exothermic reaction which is continuously occurring in living cells.
Students should be able to describe cellular respiration as an exothermic reaction which is continuously occurring in living cells.
0
What is the energy transferred in respiration needed for?
The energy transferred supplies all the energy needed for living processes.
The energy transferred supplies all the energy needed for living processes.
0
In which ways can respiration in cells transfer energy?
Respiration in cells can take place aerobically (using oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen), to transfer energy.
Respiration in cells can take place aerobically (using oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen), to transfer energy.
0
What is the difference in products and amount of energy produced by aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration?
The products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, energy and water and it produces far more energy than anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid and energy.
Students should be able to compare the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration with regard to the need for oxygen, the differing products and the relative amounts of energy transferred.
0
What three things do organisms need energy for?
Organisms need energy for: - chemical reactions to build larger molecules - movement - keeping warm.
Organisms need energy for: ? chemical reactions to build larger molecules ? movement ? keeping warm.
0
How can aerobic respiration be displayed in a word equation?
Aerobic respiration is represented by the equation: glucose oxygen --> carbon dioxide water
Aerobic respiration is represented by the equation: glucose oxygen --> carbon dioxide water
0
What do the following symbols C6H12O6 , O2 , CO2 and H2O represent?
C6H12O6 is glucose, O2 is oxygen, CO2 is carbon dioxide and H2O is water.
Students should recognise the chemical symbols: C6H12O6 , O2 , CO2 and H2O.
0
What equation represents anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?
Anaerobic respiration in muscles is represented by the equation: glucose -> lactic acid.
Anaerobic respiration in muscles is represented by the equation: glucose -> lactic acid
0
Why is less energy produced in anaerobic respiration compared to aerobic respiration?
As the oxidation of glucose is incomplete in anaerobic respiration much less energy is transferred than in aerobic respiration.
As the oxidation of glucose is incomplete in anaerobic respiration much less energy is transferred than in aerobic respiration.
0
What equation shows the anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells?
Anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells is represented by the equation: glucose -> ethanol carbon dioxide.
Anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells is represented by the equation: glucose -> ethanol carbon dioxide
0
What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells also known as and why has it got economic importance?
Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation and has economic importance in the manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks.
Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation and has economic importance in the manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks
0
What does the body react to during exercise?
During exercise the human body reacts to the increased demand for energy.
During exercise the human body reacts to the increased demand for energy.
0
What changes happen in the cardiovascular system when exercise increases and why?
The heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume increase during exercise to supply the muscles with more oxygenated blood.
The heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume increase during exercise to supply the muscles with more oxygenated blood.
0
When does anaerobic respiration take place in muscles?
If insufficient oxygen is supplied anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles.
If insufficient oxygen is supplied anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles.
0
What causes oxygen debt?
The incomplete oxidation of glucose causes a build up of lactic acid and creates an oxygen debt.
The incomplete oxidation of glucose causes a build up of lactic acid and creates an oxygen debt.
0
What happens to the muscles during long periods of vigorous activity?
During long periods of vigorous activity muscles become fatigued and stop contracting efficiently.
During long periods of vigorous activity muscles become fatigued and stop contracting efficiently.
0
(HT) How is lactic acid converted back to glucose?
(HT only) Blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver where it is converted back into glucose.
(HT only) Blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver where it is converted back into glucose.
0
(HT) What is the oxygen debt?
(HT only) Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells.
(HT only) Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells.
0
How can metabolism be described?
Metabolism is the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body.
Metabolism is the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body.
0
How are respiration and metabolism linked?
The energy transferred by respiration in cells is used by the organism for the continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism that synthesise new molecules.
The energy transferred by respiration in cells is used by the organism for the continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism that synthesise new molecules.
0
What processes are included in metabolism?
Metabolism includes: a) conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose, b) the formation of lipid molecules from a molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids. C) ? the use of glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids which in turn are used to synthesise proteins. d) respiration. e) breakdown of excess proteins to form urea for excretion.
Metabolism includes: a) conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose, b) the formation of lipid molecules from a molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids. C) ? the use of glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids which in turn are used to synthesise proteins. d) respiration. e) breakdown of excess proteins to form urea for excretion
0
Why are sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol important in the synthesis of new materials?
Sugars are important as they join together to make carbohydrates, amino acids are the components of proteins and fatty acids and glycerol become lipids.
Be able to explain the importance of sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol in the synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
0
What are pathogens?
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease.
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease.
0
What are the humans natural defence systems against pathogens?
The humans natural defence systems against pathogens are the skin, nose, stomach, trachea and bronchi.
Students should be able to describe the non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens, including the: - skin - nose - trachea and bronchi - stomach.
0
What is the role of the immune system in the defence against disease?
The role of the immune system in the defence against disease is to detect and destroy pathogens that enter the body's blood stream.
Students should be able to explain the role of the immune system in the defence against disease.
0
How does the immune system respond if a pathogen enters the body?
If a pathogens enters the body the immune system tries to destroy the pathogen
If a pathogen enters the body the immune system tries to destroy the pathogen.
0
How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens? (give 3 ways)
White blood cells help to defend against pathogens by: - phagocytosis - antibody production - antitoxin production.
White blood cells help to defend against pathogens by: - phagocytosis - antibody production - antitoxin production.
0
How do the different pathogens spread in animals and plants?
Pathogens can be spread in plants and animals through direct contact, by water or through the air.
Students should be able to explain how diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi are spread in animals and plants.
0
How can the spread of diseases be reduced or prevented?
The spread of pathogens can be reduced or prevented through simple hygiene (covering the mouth when coughing or washing hands), isolation of infected individuals, destroying vectors (such as mosquitoes carrying malaria) or vaccination.
Students should be able to explain how the spread of diseases can be reduced or prevented.
0
What four categories can pathogens fall into?
Pathogens may be viruses, bacteria, protists or fungi.
Pathogens may be viruses, bacteria, protists or fungi.
0
What can pathogens infect and how are they spread?
Pathogens may infect plants or animals and can be spread by direct contact, by water or by air.
Pathogens may infect plants or animals and can be spread by direct contact, by water or by air.
0
What do bacteria and viruses do once inside the body?
Bacteria and viruses may reproduce rapidly inside the body.
Bacteria and viruses may reproduce rapidly inside the body.
0
How do bacteria make us feel ill?
Bacteria may produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill.
Bacteria may produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill.
0
How do viruses cause damage to the cells?
Viruses live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage.
Viruses live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage.
0
What is measles and why are young children vaccinated against it?
Measles is a viral disease showing symptoms of fever and a red skin rash. Measles is a serious illness that can be fatal if complications arise. For this reason most young children are vaccinated against measles.
Measles is a viral disease showing symptoms of fever and a red skin rash. Measles is a serious illness that can be fatal if complications arise. For this reason most young children are vaccinated against measles.
0
How is the measles virus spread?
The measles virus is spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs.
The measles virus is spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs.
0
What is the initial symptom of HIV and what do antiretroviral drugs stop the virus doing?
HIV initially causes a flu-like illness. Unless successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs the virus attacks the body's immune cells.
HIV initially causes a flu-like illness. Unless successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs the virus attacks the body's immune cells.
0
When does late stage HIV infection or AIDS occur?
Late stage HIV infection, or AIDS, occurs when the body's immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.
Late stage HIV infection, or AIDS, occurs when the body's immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.
0
How is HIV spread?
HIV is spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needles.
HIV is spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needles.
0
What is tobacco mosaic virus?
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants including tomatoes.
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants including tomatoes.
0
How does tobacco mosaic virus reduce growth in plants?
TMV gives a distinctive 'mosaic' pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis.
TMV gives a distinctive 'mosaic' pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis.
0
How is Salmonella food poisoning spread?
Salmonella food poisoning is spread by bacteria ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions.
Salmonella food poisoning is spread by bacteria ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions.
0
What animal is vaccinated in the UK to control the spread of Salmonella?
In the UK, poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella to control the spread.
In the UK, poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella to control the spread.
0
What are the symptoms of salmonella and what causes them?
Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the [Salmonella] bacteria and the toxins they secrete.
Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the [Salmonella] bacteria and the toxins they secrete.
0
What is gonhorrhoea and what are the symptoms?
Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.
Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.
0
How and why has treatment of gonorrhoea changed over time?
Gonorrhoea is caused by a bacterium and was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared.
Gonorrhoea is caused by a bacterium and was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared.
0
How is gonhorroea spread?
Gonorrhoea is spread by sexual contact.
Gonorrhoea is spread by sexual contact.
0
How can the spread of gonorrhoea be controlled?
The spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception such as a condom.
The spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception such as a condom.
0
What are three examples of plant diseases you need to know?
The three plant diseases you need to know are 1. mosaic virus as a viral disease 2. black spot as a fungal disease 3. aphids as insects
Knowledge of plant diseases is restricted to tobacco mosaic virus as a viral disease, black spot as a fungal disease and aphids as insects.
0
What are the pathogens that cause malaria called?
The pathogens that cause malaria are protists.
The pathogens that cause malaria are protists.
0
What is rose black spot and how does it affect the growth of a plant?
Rose black spot is a fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early. It affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced.
Rose black spot is a fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early. It affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced.
0
How is rose black spot spread in the environment?
Rose black spot is spread in the environment by water or wind.
Rose black spot is spread in the environment by water or wind.
0
How can rose black spot be treated?
Rose black spot can be treated by using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the affected leaves.
Rose black spot can be treated by using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the affected leaves.
0
What vector is used to spread malaria and what are the symptoms of it?
The malarial protist has a life cycle that includes the mosquito. Malaria causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal.
The malarial protist has a life cycle that includes the mosquito. Malaria causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal.
0
How is the spread of malaria controlled?
The spread of malaria is controlled by preventing the vectors, mosquitos, from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.
The spread of malaria is controlled by preventing the vectors, mosquitos, from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.
0
(Bio only) What can cause plant infections?
Plants can be infected by a range of viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens as well as by insects.
Plants can be infected by a range of viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens as well as by insects.
0
(Bio only) What causes deficiency conditions in plants?
Deficiency conditions in plants can be caused by a lack of ions
Plants can be damaged by a range of ion deficiency conditions. Knowledge of ions is limited to nitrate ions needed for protein synthesis and therefore growth, and magnesium ions needed to make chlorophyll. * The understanding of ion deficiencies allows horticulturists to provide optimum conditions for plants.
0
(Bio only) What ion can cause stunted growth and why?
Stunted growth is caused by nitrate deficiency, this is caused by reduced protein synthesis.
Stunted growth caused by nitrate deficiency
0
(Bio only) What ion can cause chlorosis (pale green leaves)?
Chlorosis is caused by magnesium deficiency
Chlorosis caused by magnesium deficiency
0
(Bio only) What are the chemical and physical plant defence responses.
Physical-Thorns Chemical-Toxins produced example stinging nettle.Some plants are poisionous.
Students should be able to describe physical and chemical plant defence responses.
0
(Bio only) What are the physical defences that plants have to resist invasion of microorganisms?
The physical defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms include: ? Cellulose cell walls. ? Tough waxy cuticle on leaves. ? Layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off.
Physical defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms. ? Cellulose cell walls. ? Tough waxy cuticle on leaves. ? Layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off.
0
(Bio only) What are the chemical defences that plants have to resist invasion of microorganisms?
The chemical plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms include: - Antibacterial chemicals. - Poisons to deter herbivores.
Chemical plant defence responses. ? Antibacterial chemicals. ? Poisons to deter herbivores.
0
(Bio only) What are the different ways that plant diseases can be detected?
(HT) Plant diseases can be detected by: - stunted growth - spots on leaves - areas of decay (rot) - growths - malformed stems or leaves - discolouration - the presence of pests.
(HT only) Plant diseases can be detected by: ? stunted growth ? spots on leaves ? areas of decay (rot) ? growths ? malformed stems or leaves ? discolouration ? the presence of pests.
0
(Bio only) How can plant diseases be identified? (give three ways)
(HT) Plant diseases can be identified by: - reference to a gardening manual or website - taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen - using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies.
(HT only) Identification can be made by: ? reference to a gardening manual or website ? taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen ? using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies.
0
(Bio only) What are the mechanical adaptations that plants have to resist invasion of microoganisms?
The mechnical adaptations that plants have to resist invasion of microorganisms are: - Thorns and hairs deter animals. - Leaves which droop or curl when touched. - Mimicry to trick animals.
Mechanical adaptations. ? Thorns and hairs deter animals. ? Leaves which droop or curl when touched. ? Mimicry to trick animals.
0
How do vaccinations prevent illness in an individual and the spread of disease in a population?
Vaccinations prevent the illness in an individual by stimulating the white blood cells to produce antibodies making the immune system quicker to respond if infected with the virus. Vaccinations reduce the wide spread of infectious diseases caused by viruses.
Students should be able to explain how vaccination will prevent illness in an individual, and how the spread of pathogens can be reduced by immunising a large proportion of the population.
0
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using vaccinations to prevent disease?
The advantages of using vaccinations to prevent disease are that less people will be infected by the disease, the disease will not spread as far and the cost of a vaccine is usually cheaper than treating an ill person. The disadvantages are that some people will still suffer with the illness (different strains or not full effects), there are posisble side affects of the vaccine and vaccinations cost NHS/people money.
Evaluate the global use of vaccination in the prevention of disease.
0
What is in a vaccine?
A vaccination is a small quantity of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen
Vaccination involves introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies.
0
How does a vaccination work?
The vaccination causes the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies. If the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection.
If the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection.
0
How are infective diseases treated?
Infected diseases can be treated by antibiotics and other medicines such as fungal creams
Students should be able to explain the use of antibiotics and other medicines in treating disease.
0
How are drugs used to cure bacterial diseases?
Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body.
Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body.
0
Why are specific antibiotics prescribed by doctors?
Doctors prescribe specific antibiotics because specific bacteria must be treated by specific antibiotics
It is important that specific bacteria should be treated by specific antibiotics.
0
What has the impact of using antibiotics to treat infectious bacterial diseases?
The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infectious bacterial diseases.
The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infectious bacterial diseases.
0
Why are doctors advised to not overly prescribe antibiotics?
Over prescription of antibiotics can lead to strains of bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotics
However, the emergence of strains resistant to antibiotics is of great concern.
0
Why can antibiotics not be used to treat viral infections?
Antibiotics cannot be used to treat viral infections because they do not kill viral pathogens
Antibiotics cannot kill viral pathogens.
0
Why do people take painkillers and other medicines when suffering from an infectious disease?
People take painkillers and other medicines to treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill pathogens.
Painkillers and other medicines are used to treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill pathogens.
0
Why are there no drugs to kill viruses? (vaccinations prevent infection)
There are no drugs to kill viruses that don't also damage the body's tissues.
It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging the body?s tissues.
0
Where are drugs traditionally extracted from?
Traditionally drugs were extracted from plants and microorganisms.
Traditionally drugs were extracted from plants and microorganisms.
0
Which plant does the heart drug digitalis orginate from?
The heart drug digitalis originates from foxgloves.
The heart drug digitalis originates from foxgloves.
0
Which plant does the painkiller aspirin orginate from?
The painkiller aspirin originates from willow.
The painkiller aspirin originates from willow.
0
Who discovered pneicillin and from what?
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium mould.
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium mould.
0
How are most new drugs synthesised by chemists?
Most new drugs are synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the starting point may still be a chemical extracted from a plant.
Most new drugs are synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the starting point may still be a chemical extracted from a plant.
0
Why are new drugs tested and trialled before being used?
New medical drugs have to be tested and trialled before being used to check that they are safe and effective.
New medical drugs have to be tested and trialled before being used to check that they are safe and effective.
0
What happens during preclinical testing?
Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals.
Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals.
0
What happens during clinical trials?
Clinical trials give the new drug to healthy volunteers and patients and observe the effects
Clinical trials use healthy volunteers and patients.
0
What level of dose is used at the start of the clinical trial?
During the clinical trial very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial.
Very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial.
0
If the new drug is found to be safe during the initial clinical trial what do scientists do to the dosage?
If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug.
If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug.
0
What does a double blind trial mean?
In double blind trials, some patients are given a placebo but neither the scientist or the patients know who has the drug and who has the placebo
In double blind trials, some patients are given a placebo.
0
What is the final stage of the drug trial?
The final stage of a drug trial is for the drug to scruntised by peer review.
Students understand that the results of testing and trials are published only after scrutiny by peer review. (WS)
0
What are the stages involved in developing a new drug?
The stages involved in developing a drug include preclinical, clinical trials with healthy volunteers and patients, then further trails to establish dosage, final stage is for the findings to be peer reviewed.
Students should be able to describe the process of discovery and development of potential new medicines, including preclinical and clinical testing.
0
(Bio only) How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells.
Students should be able to describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced.
0
(Bio only) How many clone of cells produce monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells.
0
(Bio only) Why are monoclonal antibodies important?
Monoclonal antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body.
The antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body.
0
(Bio only) How can monoclonal antibodies produced?
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody.
Antibodies are produced by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody.
0
(Bio only) How are hybridoma cells made and why are they useful?
Lymphocytes from mice are combined with a particular kind of tumour cell to make a cell called a hybridoma cell. The hybridoma cell can both divide and make the antibody.
The lymphocytes are combined with a particular kind of tumour cell to make a cell called a hybridoma cell. The hybridoma cell can both divide and make the antibody.
0
(Bio only) Why are single hybridoma cells cloned?
Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody.
Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody.
0
(Bio only) Why is the use of hybridoma cells important?
The use of hybridoma cells are important because a large amount of the antibodiy can be collected and purified
A large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified.
0
(Bio only) What ethical issues are there in the use of monochlonal antibodies?
The ethical issues surrounding monochlonal antibodies surround the extraction of lympocytes from white blood cells
Students should be able to describe some of the ways in which monoclonal antibodies can be used. * Appreciate the power of monoclonal antibodies and consider any ethical issues (WS).
0
(Bio only) List 6 ways that monoclonal antibodies can be used
Diagnosis in pregnancy tests to measure hormones and other chemicals in blood detect pathogens in the blood to locate or identify specific moleucles in cells or tissues by binding with fluorescent dye to treat diseases
Some examples [of monoclonal antibodies] include: ? for diagnosis such as in pregnancy tests ? in laboratories to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens ? in research to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent ?dye to treat some diseases (e.g. cancer)
0
(Bio only) How can monochlonal diseases be used to treat cancer?
The antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing.
Monochlonal antibodies are used to treat cancer. The antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing.
0
(Bio only) Does the use of monochlonal antibodies harm other cells in the body?
No, other cells are not harmed as they are specific for antigens
Monochlonal antibodies deliver the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.
0
(Bio only) List examples of how monoclonal antibodies are useful as treatments or tests.
Monoclonal antibodies can be used in pregnacy tests. Glucose tests for diabetics. Testing for specific cancers.
Students are not expected to recall any specific tests or treatments but given appropriate information they should be able to explain how they work.
0
(Bio only) What are the disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies?
Monoclonal antibodies create more side effects than expected. They are not yet as widely used as everyone hoped when they were first developed.
Monoclonal antibodies create more side effects than expected. They are not yet as widely used as everyone hoped when they were first developed.
0
(Bio only) What are the advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
Monoclonal antibodies enable fast treatment of diseases and may eradicate the need for human donars
* Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies.
0
Why is the nervous system important?
The nervous system enables humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour.
The nervous system enables humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour.
0
How is the nervous system adapted to its function?
The responses formulated by the nervous system are very quick and therefore allow responses to be fast and protect the organism from danger.
Be able to explain how the structure of the nervous system is adapted to its functions.
0
What do the control systems in the body include?
All control systems include:a) cells called receptors, which detect stimuli (changes in the environment), b) coordination centres (such as the brain, spinal cord and pancreas) that receive and process information from receptors, c) effectors, muscles or glands, which bring about responses which restore optimum levels.
All control systems include:a) cells called receptors, which detect stimuli (changes in the environment), b) coordination centres (such as the brain, spinal cord and pancreas) that receive and process information from receptors, c) effectors, muscles or glands, which bring about responses which restore optimum levels.
0
How is this control made automatic?
It may involve chemical or nervous responses.
These automatic control systems may involve nervous responses or chemical responses.
0
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes.
Be able to explain that homeostasis is the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes.
0
Why is homeostasis important?
Homeostasis maintains optimal conditions for enzyme action and all cell functions.
Homeostasis maintains optimal conditions for enzyme action and all cell functions.
0
What things does homeostasis control?
In the human body, these include control of: a) blood glucose concentration. B) body temperature. C) water levels.
In the human body, these include control of: a) blood glucose concentration. B) body temperature. C) water levels.
0
How is information transmitted in the nervous system?
Information from receptors passes along cells (neurones) as electrical impulses to the central nervous system (CNS).
Information from receptors passes along cells (neurones) as electrical impulses to the central nervous system (CNS).
0
What is in the central nervous system?
The CNS is the brain and spinal cord.
The CNS is the brain and spinal cord.
0
What is the role of the central nervous system?
The CNS coordinates the response of effectors which may be muscles contracting or glands secreting hormones.
The CNS coordinates the response of effectors which may be muscles contracting or glands secreting hormones.
0
What are the stages of the reflex arc?
The stages of the reflex arc are stimulus, receptor, sensory, relay, motor, effector then response.
Stimulus --> Receptor --> Coordinator --> Effector --> Response
0
How are the neurones adapted to their function?
Neurones axon allowing impulses to be transmitted long distances, they also have dendrites on the cell body which are branched to detect impulses from other nerves. They are insulated with a myelin (fatty) sheath so that impulses do not cross over and they have a synapse to propagate the impulses using chemical messengers.
Be able to explain how the various structures in a reflex arc including the sensory neurone, synapse, relay neurone and motor neurone relate to their function.
0
Why are reflex actions so important?
They allow us to respond to our environment and keep ourselves out of danger.
Students should understand why reflex actions are important.
0
How are reflex actions described?
Reflex actions are automatic and rapid; they do not involve the conscious part of the brain.
Reflex actions are automatic and rapid; they do not involve the conscious part of the brain.
0
Required Practical 7 - Reaction Time (AT skills 1,3,4)
Required Practical - Reaction Time (AT skills 1,3,4)
0
What is the endocrine system and what is its role?
The endocrine system is composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.
The endocrine system is composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.
0
What are the names of the glands labelled 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 in the following image? http://bit.ly/2Cy01Tj
Number 1 is the pituitary gland, number 2 the thyroid, number 6 are the adrenal glands and number 7 the pancreas. Number 8 are the ovaries and number 9 the testes.
Students should be able to identify the position of the following on a diagram of the human body: Pituitary gland, Pancreas, Thyroid, Adrenal Gland, Ovary and Testes.
0
What is the role of the bloodstream in the endocrine system?
The blood carries the hormone to a target organ where it produces an effect.
The blood carries the hormone to a target organ, where it produces an effect.
0
How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system?
Compared to the nervous system the effects are slower but act for longer.
Compared to the nervous system the effects are slower, but act for longer.
0
What is the pituitary gland described as and what is its role?
The pituitary gland in the brain is a "master gland" which secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions.
The pituitary gland in the brain is a "master gland" which secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions.
0
What do the hormones released by the pituitary gland do?
The hormones released by the pituitary gland act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released to bring about effects.
These hormones in turn act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released to bring about effects.
0
(HT) Where are thyroxine and adrenaline created in the body?
(HT) Thyroxine - thyroid gland. Adrenaline - adrenal gland.
Students should be able to explain the roles of thyroxine and adrenaline in the body (HT only)
0
(HT) What is the role of adrenaline in the body?
(HT) Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress. It increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, preparing the body for "flight or fight".
Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress. It increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, preparing the body for "flight or fight". (HT only)
0
(HT) What is the role of thyroxine in the body?
(HT) Thyroxine from the thyroid gland stimulates the basal metabolic rate. It plays an important role in growth and development. (HT only)
Thyroxine from the thyroid gland stimulates the basal metabolic rate. It plays an important role in growth and development. (HT only)
0
(HT) How are thyroxine levels controlled?
(HT) The thyroxine levels are controlled by negative feedback.
Thyroxine levels are controlled by negative feedback. Interpret and explain simple diagrams of negative feedback control. (HT only)
0
What organ monitors and controls blood glucose concentration?
Blood glucose concentration is monitored and controlled by the pancreas.
Blood glucose concentration is monitored and controlled by the pancreas
0
How does the pancreas control blood glucose levels?
If the blood glucose concentration is too high, the pancreas produces the hormone insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells.
If the blood glucose concentration is too high, the pancreas produces the hormone insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells.
0
What do the liver and muscle cells do to excess glucose?
In the liver and muscle cells excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage.
In the liver and muscle cells excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage.
0
How does insulin control blood glucose levels?
When insulin is released it causes the liver to convert more glucose into glycogen.
When insulin is released it causes the liver to convert more glucose into glycogen.
0
What is type 1 diabetes and how is it treated?
Type 1 diabetes is a disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin. It is characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels and is normally treated with insulin injections.
Type 1 diabetes is a disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin. It is characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels and is normally treated with insulin injections.
0
What is type 2 diabetes and how is it controlled?
In Type 2 diabetes the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas. A carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime are common treatments.
In Type 2 diabetes the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas. A carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime are common treatments.
0
Which diabetes is obesity a risk factor for?
Obesity is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.
Obesity is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.
0
(HT) How does the body increase the blood glucose concentration?
(HT only) If the blood glucose concentration is too low, the pancreas produces the hormone glucagon that causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood.
(HT only) If the blood glucose concentration is too low, the pancreas produces the hormone glucagon that causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood.
0
(HT) How does glucagon control blood glucose levels?
(HT only) Glucagon interacts with insulin in a negative feedback cycle to control blood glucose (sugar) levels in the body.
(HT only) Glucagon interacts with insulin in a negative feedback cycle to control blood glucose (sugar) levels in the body.
0
How do osmotic changes in fluids affect red blood cells?
If a red blood cell is placed in water, water enters the cell by osmosis. Because the membrane is quite weak the cell will burst as the volume and therefore the pressure in the cell increases. Red blood cells shrink when placed in concentrated solutions of sugar as water moves out of them by osmosis.
Students should be able to explain the effect on cells of osmotic changes in body fluids
0
(HT) How does ADH affect the permeability of the kidney tubules?
(HT) ADH increases the permeability of the kidney tubules (nephrons), causing them to reabsorb more water.
(HT only) Students should be able to describe the effect of ADH on the permeability of the kidney tubules.
0
How does water from the lungs leave the body?
Water leaves the body via the lungs during exhalation.
Water leaves the body via the lungs during exhalation.
0
(HT) What is the role of the hormone ADH?
(HT) ADH controls the level of water in the body by acting on the kidney tubules?
(HT only) The water level in the body is controlled by the hormone ADH which acts on the kidney tubules.
0
What is lost from the skin through sweat?
Water, ions and urea are lost from the skin in sweat.
Water, ions and urea are lost from the skin in sweat.
0
(HT) How is water concentration controlled by ADH and what is this process controlled by?
(HT) ADH is released by the pituitary gland when the blood is too concentrated and it causes more water to be reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidney tubules. This is controlled by negative feedback.
(HT only) ADH is released by the pituitary gland when the blood is too concentrated and it causes more water to be reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidney tubules. This is controlled by negative feedback.
0
Can we control loss through the lungs and skin?
There is no control over water, ion or urea loss by the lungs or skin.
There is no control over water, ion or urea loss by the lungs or skin.
0
How are people with kidney failure treated?
People who suffer from kidney failure may be treated by organ transplant or by using kidney dialysis. During dialysis ‘dirty’ blood (high in urea) is taken from a blood vessel in the arm, mixed with blood thinners to prevent clotting, and pumped into a dialysis machine. Inside the machine - separated by a partially permeable membrane the blood flows in the opposite direction to dialysis fluid, allowing exchange to occur between the two where a concentration gradient exists.
People who suffer from kidney failure may be treated by organ transplant or by using kidney dialysis. Students should know the basic principles of dialysis.
0
What is lost in urine?
Excess water, ions and urea are removed via the kidneys in the urine.
Excess water, ions and urea are removed via the kidneys in the urine.
0
What happens to body cells if they lose of gain too much water?
If body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis they do not function efficiently.
If body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis they do not function efficiently
0
(HT) Where do excess amino acids come from and how do we safely get rid of them?
(HT) The digestion of proteins from the diet results in excess amino acids which need to be excreted safely. In the liver these amino acids are deaminated to form ammonia. Ammonia is toxic and so it is immediately converted to urea for safe excretion.
(HT only) The digestion of proteins from the diet results in excess amino acids which need to be excreted safely. In the liver these amino acids are deaminated to form ammonia. Ammonia is toxic and so it is immediately converted to urea for safe excretion.
0
What is the function of the kidneys?
The function of the kidneys is to maintain water balance by reabsorbing water from the blooodstream into the cells until balance is restored.
Students should be able to describe the function of kidneys in maintaining the water balance of the body.
0
How do the kidneys produce urine?
The kidneys produce urine by filtration of the blood and selective reabsorption of useful substances such as glucose, some ions and water.
The kidneys produce urine by filtration of the blood and selective reabsorption of useful substances such as glucose, some ions and water.
0
What is the function of the brain and what is its structure?
The brain controls complex behaviour. It is made of billions of interconnected neurones and has different regions that carry out different functions.
The brain controls complex behaviour. It is made of billions of interconnected neurones and has different regions that carry out different functions.
0
What are the functions of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and medulla?
The cerebral cortex controls personality, memory and conscious though. The cerebellum controls balance and co-ordination of movement and the medulla controls the heart rate and breathing rate.
Students should be able to identify the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and medulla on a diagram of the brain, and describe their functions
0
(HT only) Why is it so hard to treat damage to the brain?
(HT only) Unlike other cells brain cells cannot re-grow.Therefore when damage occurs the cells cannot be saved. This means that brain damage tends to be permanent.
(HT only) Students should be able to explain some of the difficulties of investigating brain function and treating brain damage and disease.
0
(HT only) How did neuroscientists discover the functions of the different parts of the brain?
(HT only) Neuroscientists have been able to map the regions of the brain to particular functions by studying patients with brain damage, electrically stimulating different parts of the brain and using MRI scanning techniques.
(HT only) Neuroscientists have been able to map the regions of the brain to particular functions by studying patients with brain damage, electrically stimulating different parts of the brain and using MRI scanning techniques.
0
(HT only) What characteristics of the brain make it difficult to treat and investigate brain disorders?
(HT only)The complexity and delicacy of the brain makes investigating and treating brain disorders very difficult.
(HT only) The complexity and delicacy of the brain makes investigating and treating brain disorders very difficult.
0
How do the cilliary muscles and the suspensory ligaments allow the eye to focus on near or distant objects?
The cilliary muslces Adjust the shape of the lens to make it more or less curved, so as to increase or decrease the refraction of light and the suspensory ligaments Slacken or stretch as the ciliary muscles contract or relax, to adjust the thickness and curvature of the lens. This in turn allows differences in the refraction of light onto the retina and therefore allows the eye to focus.
Students should be able to relate the structures of the eye to their functions. This includes accommodation to focus on near or distant objects.
0
How is the eye adapted to its function?
The eye is a sense organ containing receptors sensitive to light intensity and colour.
Another adaptation is to dim light - The eye is a sense organ containing receptors sensitive to light intensity and colour.
0
How are the structures of the following related to their functions: - retina - optic nerve - sclera - cornea - iris - ciliary muscles - suspensory ligaments?
Retina - contains the photo receptors to allow us to see. Optic nerve - Transmits signals from the photo receptors to the CNS through being a nerve cell. Sclera - Relatively tough outer casing of the eye for protection. Cornea - Transparent layer to allow light in. IT is curved to refract light. Iris - made of muscle to alter the amount of light entering the eye. Ciliary muscles - made of muscular tissue which contract or relax to move the suspensory ligaments. Suspensory ligaments - attached to the ciliary muscles and lens to aid accommodation.
Students should be able to identify the following structures on a diagram of the eye and explain how their structure is related to their function: ? retina ? optic nerve ? sclera ? cornea ? iris ? ciliary muscles ? suspensory ligaments.
0
What is accommodation?
Accommodation is the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.
Accommodation is the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.
0
What processes must the eye go through in order to focus on a near object or on a distant object?
To focus on a near object the eye must do the following: 1. The ciliary muscles contract. 2. The suspensory ligaments loosen. 3. The lens is then thicker and refracts light rays strongly. To focus on a distant object: - The ciliary muscles relax. - The suspensory ligaments are pulled tight - The lens is then pulled thin and only slightly refracts light rays.
To focus on a near object: ???? the ciliary muscles contract ?? the suspensory ligaments loosen ???? the lens is then thicker and refracts light rays strongly. To focus on a distant object: ? the ciliary muscles relax ? the suspensory ligaments are pulled tight ? the lens is then pulled thin and only slightly refracts light rays.
0
What are myopia and hyperopia and how do they affect the eye?
Myopia is short sightedness and hyperopia is long sightedness and this causes rays of light to not focus on the retina.
Two common defects of the eyes are myopia (short sightedness) and hyperopia (long sightedness) in which rays of light do not focus on the retina. ???
0
What are myopia and hyperopia usually treated with and how do they help?
Generally these defects are treated with spectacle lenses which refract the light rays so that they do focus on the retina.
Generally these defects are treated with spectacle lenses which refract the light rays so that they do focus on the retina.
0
What new technologies are there in place to treat eye defects?
New technologies now include hard and soft contact lenses, laser surgery to change the shape of the cornea and a replacement lens in the eye.
New technologies now include hard and soft contact lenses, laser surgery to change the shape of the cornea and a replacement lens in the eye.
0
What controls body temperature and how does it do it?
Body temperature is monitored and controlled by the thermoregulatory centre in the brain. The thermoregulatory centre contains receptors sensitive to the temperature of the blood.
Body temperature is monitored and controlled by the thermoregulatory centre in the brain. The thermoregulatory centre contains receptors sensitive to the temperature of the blood.
0
What is the role of the skin in monitoring body temperature?
The skin contains receptors which detect changes in temperature and send impulses to the brain.
The skin contains receptors which detect changes in temperature and send impulses to the brain.
0
What happens to the body when the core body temperature is too low?
If the body temperature is too high, blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and sweat is produced from the sweat glands.
If the body temperature is too high, blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and sweat is produced from the sweat glands.
0
How do vasodilation and sweating help cool down the body?
Vasodilation and sweating transfer thermal energy from the skin to the environment.
Both these mechanisms cause a transfer of energy from the skin to the environment.
0
What happens to the body when its core temperature is too low?
If the body temperature is too low, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction), sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract (shiver).
If the body temperature is too low, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction), sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract (shiver).
0
(HT only) How does vasoconstriction help increase the body temperature?
(HT only) Vasoconstriction causes blood flow to the skin to decrease and slow down therefore decreasing the amount of energy lost to the environment from the skin.
(HT only) Students should be able to explain how these mechanisms lower or raise body temperature in a given context.
0
What do reproductive hormones do to the body during puberty?
During puberty reproductive hormones cause secondary sex characteristics to develop.
During puberty reproductive hormones cause secondary sex characteristics to develop.
0
What is the main female reproductive hormone and where is it produced?
Oestrogen is the main female reproductive hormone produced in the ovary.
Oestrogen is the main female reproductive hormone produced in the ovary.
0
What is ovulation and how often does it occur?
At puberty eggs begin to mature and one is released approximately every 28 days. This is called ovulation.
At puberty eggs begin to mature and one is released approximately every 28 days. This is called ovulation
0
Where is testosterone produced and what is its role?
Testosterone is the main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes and it stimulates sperm production.
Testosterone is the main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes and it stimulates sperm production.
0
Is there just one hormone involved in the menstruation of women or are there several?
There are several hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle of a woman.
Several hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle of a woman.
0
What is the role of follicle stimulating hormone?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes maturation of an egg in the ovary.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes maturation of an egg in the ovary.
0
What is the role of luteinising hormone?
Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates the release of the egg.
Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates the release of the egg.
0
Which hormones are involved in maintaining the uterus lining?
Oestrogen and progesterone are involved in maintaining the uterus lining.
Oestrogen and progesterone are involved in maintaining the uterus lining
0
(HT only) How do FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone interact in the menstrual cycle?
(HT only) FSH causes the ovaries to secrete oestrogen.
(HT only) Students should be able to explain the interactions of FSH, oestrogen, LH and progesterone, in the control of the menstrual cycle
0
Which of the hormones shows the sharpest spike in a graph of hormone levels during the menstrual cycle?
LH shows a sharp spike to cause the release of an egg (ovulation) and then drops down low after it.
(HT only) Students should be able to extract and interpret data from graphs showing hormone levels during the menstrual cycle.
0
Give an advantage and disadvantage of condoms, the pill and the implant.
Condoms - A - also protect against STIs - D - not quite as effective as some hormonal methods. Pill - A - Highly effective if used correctly - D - needs to be remembered to be taken. Implant - A - doesn't need to be remembered each day - D - Sometimes long-term protection is not suitable.
Students should be able to evaluate the different hormonal and non- hormonal methods of contraception.
0
What are the two categories of contraception?
Hormonal and non-hormonal/barrier methods.
Fertility can be controlled by a variety of hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception.
0
Name at least 7 forms of contraception and how they work.
These include: ? oral contraceptives that contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature ? injection, implant or skin patch of slow release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years ? barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms which prevent the sperm reaching an egg ? intrauterine devices which prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone ? spermicidal agents which kill or disable sperm ? abstaining from intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct ? surgical methods of male and female sterilisation.
These include: ? oral contraceptives that contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature ? injection, implant or skin patch of slow release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years ? barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms which prevent the sperm reaching an egg ? intrauterine devices which prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone ? spermicidal agents which kill or disable sperm ? abstaining from intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct ? surgical methods of male and female sterilisation. Explain everyday and technological applications of science; evaluate associated personal, social, economic and environmental implications; and make decisions based on the evaluation of evidence and arguments.
0
(HT) Which hormones can be used to treat infertility and how is it used?
(HT) FSH - promotes the maturation of more eggs. These multiple eggs can increase the chance of conceiving or be used in IVF. LH - to cause the release of those mature eggs.
(HT) Explain the use of hormones in modern reproductive technologies to treat infertility
0
(HT) How has developments in microscope technology and techniques enabled IVF treatment to improve?
(HT) Microscopes can be used to monitor for fertilisation and development into embryos.
(HT) Explain how developments of microscopy techniques have enabled IVF treatments to develop.
0
(HT) Which hormones can be used to treat infertility and how is it used?Which hormones can be used to treat infertility and how is it used?
(HT) FSH - promotes the maturation of more eggs. These multiple eggs can increase the chance of conceiving or be used in IVF. LH - to cause the release of those mature eggs.
This includes giving FSH and LH in a ?fertility drug? to a woman. She may then become pregnant in the normal way. (HT only)
0
(HT) What are some social and ethical issues associated with IVF treatment?
(HT) IVF costs the NHS money, increased number of babies being born, embryos that are not used may be destroyed. Some people consider embryos to be new lives and view their destruction as unethical. These could also be used for research.
Understand social and ethical issues associated with IVF treatments (HT only)
0
(HT) What are some of the disadvantages of IVF?
(HT) Although fertility treatment gives a woman the chance to have a baby of her own: ? it is very emotionally and physically stressful ? the success rates are not high ? it can lead to multiple births which are a risk to both the babies and the mother
Although fertility treatment gives a woman the chance to have a baby of her own: ? it is very emotionally and physically stressful ? the success rates are not high ? it can lead to multiple births which are a risk to both the babies and the mother. (HT only)
0
(HT) Describe the stages of IVF.
(HT) IVF involves giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs. The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in a dish in the laboratory. The fertilised eggs develop into embryos. At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells one or two embryos are inserted into the mother's uterus (womb)
Evaluate from the perspective of patients and doctors the methods of treating infertility. (HT only)
0
(Separates only) What are the hormonal responses in plants to light and gravity called?
Plants produce hormones to coordinate and control growth and responses to light (phototropism) and gravity (gravitropism or geotropism).
(Separates only) Plants produce hormones to coordinate and control growth and responses to light (phototropism) and gravity (gravitropism or geotropism).
0
(Separates only) What causes the unequal growth rates in shoots and roots that means plants can grow in specific directions?
Unequal distributions of auxin cause unequal growth rates in plant roots and shoots
(Separates only) Unequal distributions of auxin cause unequal growth rates in plant roots and shoots. (Required Practical)
0
(HT) What role does Gibberellins have in a plant?
(HT) Gibberellins are important in initiating seed germination.
(Separates only) (HT only) Gibberellins are important in initiating seed germination.
0
(HT) What role does Ethene have in a plant?
(HT) Ethene controls cell division and ripening of fruits.
(Separates only) (HT only) Ethene controls cell division and ripening of fruits.
0
(Separates only) Give some uses of plant hormones that can be used to control plant growth
selective weedkillers, rooting powders (auxins), seedless fruits.
(Separates only) Students should be able to describe the effects of some plant hormones and the different ways people use them to control plant growth.
0
(Separates only) What are plant hormones used by people in?
Plant growth hormones are used in agriculture and horticulture
(Separates only) Plant growth hormones are used in agriculture and horticulture
0
(Separates only) What negative effect can the use of hormones as weed killers have?
Everyday use of hormones as weed killers has an effect on biodiversity.
(Separates only) Understand how the everyday use of hormones as weed killers has an effect on biodiversity.
0
(Separates only) How do people use auxins?
Auxins are used: ? as weed killers ? as rooting powders ? for promoting growth in tissue culture.
(Separates only) Auxins are used: ? as weed killers ? as rooting powders ? for promoting growth in tissue culture.
0
(Separates only) How do people use ethene?
Ethene is used in the food industry to control ripening of fruit during storage and transport.
(Separates only) Ethene is used in the food industry to control ripening of fruit during storage and transport.
0
(Separates only) How do people use Gibberellins?
Gibberellins can be used to end seed dormancy, promote flowering and increase fruit size.
(Separates only) Gibberellins can be used to: ? end seed dormancy ? promote flowering ? increase fruit size.
0
How is the structure of DNA described and what is a genome?
DNA is a polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix. The genome is the set of chromosomes in each haploid cell in an organism.
Students should be able to describe the structure of DNA and define genome.
0
Where is DNA found in a cell?
Nucleus
The genetic material in the nucleus of a cell is composed of a chemical called DNA.
0
What is the structure of DNA like?
DNA is a polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix.
DNA is a polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix.
0
How is DNA contained in the nucleus?
The DNA is contained in structures called chromosomes.
The DNA is contained in structures called chromosomes.
0
What is a gene?
A gene is a small section of DNA on a chromosome. Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, to make a specific protein.
A gene is a small section of DNA on a chromosome. Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, to make a specific protein.
0
What is a genome?
The genome of an organism is the entire genetic material of that organism.
The genome of an organism is the entire genetic material of that organism.
0
Why is the study of the human genome important?
Develop medicines in the future
The whole human genome has now been studied and this will have great importance for medicine in the future.
0
What is the importance of sutdying the human genome?
finding genes linked to different types of diseases, treating inherited disorders, using in tracing human migration patterns in the past
Students should be able to discuss the importance of understanding the human genome.
0
What is the structure of a nucleotide like?
Each nucleotide consists of a common sugar and phosphate group with one of four different bases attached to the sugar
Each nucleotide consists of a common sugar and phosphate group with one of four different bases attached to the sugar
0
What are the letters used for the four DNA bases?
A, C, T and G.
DNA contains four bases, A, C, G and T.
0
What is DNA?
DNA is a polymer made of four different nucleotides.
Students should be able to describe DNA as a polymer made from four different nucleotides.
0
What controls which amino acid is made during protien synthesis?
A sequence of three bases is the code for a particular amino acid.
A sequence of three bases is the code for a particular amino acid.
0
What controls which protien is made during protien synthesis?
The order of bases controls the order in which amino acids are assembled to produce a particular protein.
The order of bases controls the order in which amino acids are assembled to produce a particular protein.
0
What are the different parts of DNA strcuture?
The long strands of DNA consist of alternating sugar and phosphate sections. Attached to each sugar is one of the four bases
The long strands of DNA consist of alternating sugar and phosphate sections. Attached to each sugar is one of the four bases
0
What is the structure of a DNA polymer?
The DNA polymer is made up of repeating nucleotide units.
The DNA polymer is made up of repeating nucleotide units. Interpret a diagram of DNA structure but will not be required to reproduce it.
0
What are the steps in protein synthesis? What happens in these steps?
The two steps in protein synthesis are transcription and translocation. During transcription an enzyme unwinds the DNA strands to make up two strands of RNA. Here complimentary bases match up with the RNA to form new strands. Then any sections of unused RNA are transcribed into proteins.
(HT only) Students should be able to recall a simple description of protein synthesis
0
How does the structure of DNA affect the protien that is made during protien synthesis?
A set of three bases codes for a particular amino acid. The order of bases controls the order of animo acids, this controls what protien is made
explain simply how the structure of DNA affects the protein made
0
How do genetic variants influence a persons phenotype through coding DNA and non coding DNA?
Coding DNA - by altering the activity of a protein Non-coding DNA - by altering how genes are expressed
describe how genetic variants may influence phenotype: a) in coding DNA by altering the activity of a protein: and b) in non-coding DNA by altering how genes are expressed
0
What are the DNA base pairs?
In the complementary strands a C is always linked to a G on the opposite strand and a T to an A.
(HT only) In the complementary strands a C is always linked to a G on the opposite strand and a T to an A.
0
How can a change in DNA structure result in a change in the protein synthesised by a gene?
A differnet order of DNA base pairs will cause a different amino acid to be made, this in turn could produce a different protein
(HT only) Students should be able to explain how a change in DNA structure may result in a change in the protein synthesised by a gene
0
Where does protein synthesis take place in a cell?
Proteins are synthesised on ribosomes, according to a template.
(HT only) Proteins are synthesised on ribosomes, according to a template.
0
What is the role of a carrier molecule in protein synthesis?
(HT only) Carrier molecules brings specific amino acids to add to the growing protein chain in the correct order
(HT only) Carrier molecules bring specific amino acids to add to the growing protein chain in the correct order
0
Why is a proteins unique shape important?
This unique shape enables the proteins to do their job as enzymes, hormones or forming structures in the body such as collagen.
(HT only) When the protein chain is complete it folds up to form a unique shape. This unique shape enables the proteins to do their job as enzymes, hormones or forming structures in the body such as collagen.
0
What happens to the number of chromosomes in gametes from meiosis? How is the full number of chromosomes restored?
Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes. The full number is restored during fertilisation.
Students should be able to explain how meiosis halves the number of chromosomes in gametes and fertilisation restores the full number of chromosomes.
0
How are gametes formed?
Cells in reproductive organs divide by meiosis to form gametes.
Cells in reproductive organs divide by meiosis to form gametes.
0
What happens when a cell divides to form gametes? Are the gametes genetically identical or different?
First copies of the genetic information are made. Then the cell divides twice to form four gametes each with a single set of chromosomes. All gametes are genetically different from each other.
When a cell divides to form gametes: ? copies of the genetic information are made ? the cell divides twice to form four gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes ? all gametes are genetically different from each other.
0
What happens during fertilisation? What happens to the cells as the embryo grows?
The gametes join and this restores the number of chromosomes. The new cell then divdes by mitosis and the number of cells increases. As the embryo develops cells differentiate.
Gametes join at fertilisation to restore the normal number of chromosomes. The new cell divides by mitosis. The number of cells increases. As the embryo develops cells differentiate.
0
What sort of cells are produced during meiosis?
Meiosis produces non-identical cells.
Meiosis leads to non-identical cells being formed
0
What sort of cells are produced during mitosis?
Mitosis produces identical cells.
Mitosis leads to identical cells being formed.
0
What happens during meiosis? What are examples of gametes in animals and flowering plants?
During sexual reproduction male and female gametes are fused. The gametes of animals are sperm and egg cells and the gametes of flowering plants are pollen and egg cells.
Sexual reproduction involves the joining (fusion) of male and female gametes: ? sperm and egg cells in animals ? pollen and egg cells in flowering plants.
0
How is variety gained during sexual reproduction?
Genetic information is mixed during sexual reproduction which leads to variety.
In sexual reproduction there is mixing of genetic information which leads to variety in the offspring.
0
What process allows gametes to be formed?
Gametes are formed through meiosis.
The formation of gametes involves meiosis.
0
How is asexual reproduction different to sexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and no fusion of gametes.
Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and no fusion of gametes.
0
How does asexual reproduction lead to clones?
There is no mixing of genetic information therefore all offspring is genetically identical.This is due to asexual reproduction using only mitosis.
There is no mixing of genetic information. This leads to genetically identical offspring (clones). Only mitosis is involved.
0
What is the effect on the protein if one DNA base is altered due to a mutation?
Most do not alter the protein, or only alter it slightly so that its appearance or function is not changed. (Mutations occur continuously)
(HT only) Mutations occur continuously. Most do not alter the protein, or only alter it slightly so that its appearance or function is not changed.
0
What is the effect on the protein if a few DNA bases are altered due to continious mutations?
A few mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape. An enzyme may no longer fit the substrate binding site or a structural protein may lose its strength.
(HT only) A few mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape. An enzyme may no longer fit the substrate binding site or a structural protein may lose its strength.
0
The normal coding for a gene is GGA ATG. What is the type of mutation for: 1. GGC ATG 2. GGA AT
1. Insertion 2. Deletions
(HT only) Modelling insertions and deletions in chromosomes to illustrate mutations
0
Why does a having few mutations in the DNA code cause problems?
A few mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape. An enzyme may no longer fit the substrate binding site or a structural protein may lose its strength.
(HT only) A few mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape. An enzyme may no longer fit the substrate binding site or a structural protein may lose its strength.
0
How can mutations in non-coding parts of DNA affect how genes are expressed?
Not all parts of DNA code for proteins. Non-coding parts of DNA can switch genes on and off, so variations in these areas of DNA may affect how genes are expressed.
(HT only) Not all parts of DNA code for proteins. Non-coding parts of DNA can switch genes on and off, so variations in these areas of DNA may affect how genes are expressed.
0
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
The advantages of sexual reproduction are that: ? produces variation in the offspring ? if the environment changes variation gives a survival advantage by natural selection ? natural selection can be speeded up by humans in selective breeding to increase food production.
Advantages of sexual reproduction: ? produces variation in the offspring ? if the environment changes variation gives a survival advantage by natural selection ? natural selection can be speeded up by humans in selective breeding to increase food production.
0
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
The advantages of asecual reproduction are that: ? only one parent needed ? more time and energy efficient as do not need to find a mate ? faster than sexual reproduction ? many identical offspring can be produced when conditions are favourable.
Advantages of asexual reproduction: ? only one parent needed ? more time and energy efficient as do not need to find a mate ? faster than sexual reproduction ? many identical offspring can be produced when conditions are favourable.
0
Do all organisms have to reproduce only sexually or asexually?
Some organisms reproduce by both methods depending on the circumstances.
Some organisms reproduce by both methods depending on the circumstances.
0
What is the definition for gamete?
The male and female sex cells (sperm and egg)
Students should be able to explain the term chromosome
0
What is the definition for a chromosome?
thread-like strcutures in the cell nucleus that contain DNA
Students should be able to explain the term gene
0
What is the definition for a allele?
different forms of a gene
Students should be able to explain the term allele
0
What is the definition for a dominant?
an allele that is expressed when one or two copies are present, represented with a capital letter
Students should be able to explain the term dominant
0
What is the definition for a recessive?
two copies of a recessive allele must be present for the characteristic to be expressed, represented by lowercase letter
Students should be able to explain the term recessive
0
What is the definition for a homozygous?
where two alleles that are the same for a characteristic
Students should be able to explain the term homozygous
0
What is the definition for a hetrozygous?
where two different alleles for a characteristic
Students should be able to explain the term hetrozygous
0
What is the definition for a genotype?
the alleles present for a particular gene
Students should be able to explain the term genotype
0
What is the definition for a phenotype?
the characteristic that is shown or expressed
Students should be able to explain the term phenotype
0
Give two examples of characteristics that are controlled by a single gene
1. fur colour in mice 2. red-green colour blindness in humans
Some characteristics are controlled by a single gene, such as: fur colour in mice; and red-green colour blindness in humans. Each gene may have different forms called alleles.
0
How are genotype and phenotype related?
The alleles present, or genotype, operate at a molecular level to develop characteristics that can be expressed as a phenotype.
The alleles present, or genotype, operate at a molecular level to develop characteristics that can be expressed as a phenotype.
0
What is the phenotype when there is a dominant allele?
A dominant allele is always expressed, even if only one copy is present.
A dominant allele is always expressed, even if only one copy is present.
0
What is the phenotype when there are two recessive alleles?
A recessive allele is only expressed if two copies are present (therefore no dominant allele present).
A recessive allele is only expressed if two copies are present (therefore no dominant allele present).
0
What is the difference between homozygous and hetrozygous alleles?
If the two alleles present are the same the organism is homozygous for that trait, but if the alleles are different they are heterozygous.
If the two alleles present are the same the organism is homozygous for that trait, but if the alleles are different they are heterozygous.
0
Are most characteristics controlled by single genes or multiple genes interacting?
Multiple genes interacting
Most characteristics are a result of multiple genes interacting, rather than a single gene.
0
What is the probability of a child having homozygous recessive alleles if their parents are both hetrozygous for a trait?
1:4 / 25%
Students should be able to understand the concept of probability in predicting the results of a single gene cross, but recall that most phenotype features are the result of multiple genes rather than single gene inheritance
0
What is the probability of a child having hetrozygous alleles if their parents are both hetrozygous for a trait?
2:4 / 50%
Students should be able to use direct proportion and simple ratios to express the outcome of a genetic cross.
0
What is the probability of a child having a diseases that is carried on a dominant alleles if their parents are both hetrozygous for a trait?
3:4 / 75%
Students should be able to complete a Punnett square diagram and extract and interpret information from genetic crosses and family trees.
0
What is the probability of a child having homozygous dominant alleles if their parents are both hetrozygous for a trait?
1:4 / 25%
(HT only) Students should be able to construct a genetic cross by Punnett square diagram and use it to make predictions using the theory of probability
0
How are inherited diseases passed on?
These disorders are caused by the inheritance of certain alleles.
Some disorders are inherited. These disorders are caused by the inheritance of certain alleles.
0
What causes polydactyly?
Polydactyly (having extra fingers or toes) is caused by a dominant allele.
Polydactyly (having extra fingers or toes) is caused by a dominant allele.
0
What causes cystic fibrosis?
Cystic fibrosis (a respitory disease) is caused by a recessive allele, so both parents must carry the gene in order for the offspring to have the disease.
Cystic fibrosis (a respitory disease) is caused by a recessive allele, so both parents must carry the gene in order for the offspring to have the disease.
0
What are the economical, social and ethical issues concerning embryo screening?
Embyro screening is expensive, can damage/kill the embryo, can prevent suffering, some people believe all life is valueable despite disease
Students should make informed judgements about the economic, social and ethical issues concerning embryo screening, given appropriate information. Appreciate that embryo screening and gene therapy may alleviate suffering but consider the ethical issues which arise.
0
How many chromosomes are found in an ordinary human body cell?
Ordinary human body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Ordinary human body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
0
What does the 23rd choromsome determine?
sex (male or female)
22 pairs control characteristics only, but one of the pairs carries the genes that determine sex.
0
What is combination of sex chorosomes for a male and female?
? In females the sex chromosomes are the same (XX). ? In males the chromosomes are different (XY).
? In females the sex chromosomes are the same (XX). ? In males the chromosomes are different (XY).
0
Draw a genetic cross to show sex inheritance
Students should be able to carry out a genetic cross to show sex inheritance.
0
What is the probability of having a male or female offpsring?
1:1 / 50%
Students should understand and use direct proportion and simple ratios in genetic crosses.
0
How have organisms been classified traditionally and who by?
Traditionally living things have been classified into groups depending on their structure and characteristics in a system developed by Carl Linnaeus
Traditionally living things have been classified into groups depending on their structure and characteristics in a system developed by Carl Linnaeus
0
What did Linnaeus classify all living things into?
Linnaeus classified living things into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
Linnaeus classified living things into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
0
How are organisms named scientifically?
Organisms are named scientifically first by the genus and then by the species.
Organisms are named by the binomial system of genus and species.
0
What development lead to new models of classification and how?
As evidence of internal structures became more developed due to improvements in microscopes, and the understanding of biochemical processes progressed, new models of classification were proposed.
As evidence of internal structures became more developed due to improvements in microscopes, and the understanding of biochemical processes progressed, new models of classification were proposed. (WS) Understand how scientific methods and theories develop over time.
0
Who developed the 'three-domain system' and how are organisms in this system classified?
Due to evidence available from chemical analysis there is now a ?three- domain system? developed by Carl Woese. In this system organisms are divided into: ? archaea (primitive bacteria usually living in extreme environments) ? bacteria (true bacteria) ? eukaryota (which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals).
Due to evidence available from chemical analysis there is now a ?three- domain system? developed by Carl Woese. In this system organisms are divided into: ? archaea (primitive bacteria usually living in extreme environments) ? bacteria (true bacteria) ? eukaryota (which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals).
0
Why are evolutionary trees used by scientists and what data do they use for it?
Evolutionary trees are a method used by scientists to show how they believe organisms are related. They use current classification data for living organisms and fossil data for extinct organisms.
Evolutionary trees are a method used by scientists to show how they believe organisms are related. They use current classification data for living organisms and fossil data for extinct organisms.
0
How does the genome and the environment influence the development of phenotype?
An organisms genome depends on the alleles that the organism inherits. Dominant characteristics inherited from the parents will be expressed always. If no dominant alleles are present then the recessive ones will be expressed. The environment can also affect certain phenotypes through variations in climate diet, physical accidents, culture and lifestyle.
Students should be able to describe simply how the genome and its interaction with the environment influence the development of the phenotype of an organism
0
How do differences in the characteristics of individuals occur?
Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population is called variation and may be due to differences in: - the genes they have inherited (genetic causes) - the conditions in which they have developed (environmental causes) - a combination of genes and the environment
Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population is called variation and may be due to differences in: - the genes they have inherited (genetic causes) - the conditions in which they have developed (environmental causes) - a combination of genes and the environment
0
How much genetic variation is usually within a population?
There is usually extensive genetic variation within a population of a species.
Students should be able to state that there is usually extensive genetic variation within a population of a species
0
When is a recessive allele expressed?
A recessive allele is only expressed if two copies are present (therefore no dominant allele present).
A recessive allele is only expressed if two copies are present (therefore no dominant allele present).
0
(Biology only) How often do mutations occur and how often do they lead to a new phenotype? What happens when a new phenotype is suited to an environmental change?
(Biology only) Mutations occur continuously. Very rarely a mutation will lead to a new phenotype. If the new phenotype is suited to an environmental change it can lead to a relatively rapid change in the species.
(Biology only) Mutations occur continuously. Very rarely a mutation will lead to a new phenotype. If the new phenotype is suited to an environmental change it can lead to a relatively rapid change in the species. There are links with this content to Speciation (biology only).
0
What is evolution?
Evolution is a change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of a new species.
Students should be able to describe evolution as a change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of a new species.
0
What does the theory of evolution state?
The theory of evolution by natural selection states that all species of living things have evolved from simple life forms that first developed more than three billion years ago.
The theory of evolution by natural selection states that all species of living things have evolved from simple life forms that first developed more than three billion years ago.
0
How does evolution occur?
Evolution occurs through the natural selection of variants that give rise to phenotypes best suited to their environment.
Students should be able to explain how evolution occurs through natural selection of variants that give rise to phenotypes best suited to their environment. Use the theory of evolution by natural selection in an explanation.
0
How is a new species formed?
If two populations of one species become so different in phenotype that they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring they have formed two new species.
If two populations of one species become so different in phenotype that they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring they have formed two new species.
0
What are the impacts of selective breeding of food plants and domesticated animals?
Selective breeding will lead to narrowing of the gene pool. This means that potential future diseases could be more problematic as a larger percentage of the population would be affected. Selective breeding would also reduce variety in the future and could lead to problems relating to recessive genes.
Students should be able to explain the impact of selective breeding of food plants and domesticated animals.
0
What is selective breeding and how long have humans been doing it?
Selective breeding (artificial selection) is the process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics. Humans have been doing this for thousands of years since they first bred food crops from wild plants and domesticated animals.
Selective breeding (artificial selection) is the process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics. Humans have been doing this for thousands of years since they first bred food crops from wild plants and domesticated animals.
0
How do humans carry out selective breeding?
Selective breeding involves choosing parents with the desired characteristic from a mixed population. They are bred together. From the offspring those with the desired characteristic are bred together. This continues over many generations until all the offspring show the desired characteristic.
Selective breeding involves choosing parents with the desired characteristic from a mixed population. They are bred together. From the offspring those with the desired characteristic are bred together. This continues over many generations until all the offspring show the desired characteristic.
0
Why are certain characteristics chosen during selective breeding? What are some examples of these in plants and animals?
The characteristic can be chosen for usefulness or appearance: ? Disease resistance in food crops. ? Animals which produce more meat or milk. ? Domestic dogs with a gentle nature. ? Large or unusual flowers.
The characteristic can be chosen for usefulness or appearance: ? Disease resistance in food crops. ? Animals which produce more meat or milk. ? Domestic dogs with a gentle nature. ? Large or unusual flowers.
0
What disadvantages can selective breeding have?
Selective breeding can lead to ?inbreeding? where some breeds are particularly prone to disease or inherited defects.
Selective breeding can lead to ?inbreeding? where some breeds are particularly prone to disease or inherited defects.
0
What evidence is there to support Darwin's theory of evolution?
Evidence for Darwin's theory is now available as it has been shown that characteristics are passed on to offspring in genes. There is further evidence in the fossil record and the knowledge of how resistance to antibiotics evolves in bacteria.
Evidence for Darwin's theory is now available as it has been shown that characteristics are passed on to offspring in genes. There is further evidence in the fossil record and the knowledge of how resistance to antibiotics evolves in bacteria.
0
How did Oregor Mendal develop our understanding of genetics?
Oregor Mendel (1822-1884) studied the inheritance of different characteristics in pea plants. He found that when he bred red-flowered plants with white-flowered plants, all the offspring produced red flowers. If he bred these plants with each other, most of the offspring had red flowers, but some had white. This was because the allele for red flowers is dominant, and the allele for white flowers is recessive.
Students should be able to describe the development of our understanding of genetics including the work of Mendel
0
Why was the importance of Mendel's discovery not accepted until after his death?
It took long time for Mendel's ideas to be accepted. That was because scientists did not know about chromosomes and genes until after Mendel died. Also, Mendel was a monk, not a scientist, and his work was not widely published or published at all in any science journal.
Students should be able to understand why the importance of Mendel's discovery was not recognised until after his death.
0
What observation did Mendel make of the inheritance of plants?
In the mid-19th century Oregor Mendel carried out breeding experiments on plants. One of his observations was that the inheritance of each characteristic is determined by ?units? that are passed on to descendants unchanged.
In the mid-19th century Oregor Mendel carried out breeding experiments on plants. One of his observations was that the inheritance of each characteristic is determined by ?units? that are passed on to descendants unchanged.
0
What wasn't observed about cell division until the late 19th century?
The behaviour of chromosomes.
In the late 19th century behaviour of chromosomes during cell division was observed
0
What happened in the early 20th century to link Mendel's 'units' and chromosomes and what idea did this lead to?
In the early 20th century it was observed that chromosomes and Mendel?s ?units? behaved in similar ways. This led to the idea that the 'units', now called genes, were located on chromosomes.
In the early 20th century it was observed that chromosomes and Mendel?s ?units? behaved in similar ways. This led to the idea that the ?units?, now called genes, were located on chromosomes. There are links with this content to Oenetic inheritance.
0
What happened in the mid-20th century to further develop gene theory?
In the mid-20th century the structure of DNA was determined and the mechanism of gene function worked out.
In the mid-20th century the structure of DNA was determined and the mechanism of gene function worked out. There are links with this content to Oenetic inheritance.
0
What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering is the process of modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic.
Students should be able to describe genetic engineering as a process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic
0
What examples are there of genetic engineering in plant crops?
An example of genetic engineering is plant crops have been genetically engineered to be resistant to diseases or to produce bigger better fruits.
An example of genetic engineering is plant crops have been genetically engineered to be resistant to diseases or to produce bigger better fruits.
0
(Biology only) What examples in medicine uses genetically engineered bacteria?
(Biology only) Bacterial cells have been genetically engineered to produce useful substances such as human insulin to treat diabetes.
Bacterial cells have been genetically engineered to produce useful substances such as human insulin to treat diabetes. There are links with this content to role of biotechnology. (biology only).
0
What are the potential benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture and medicine?
Some potential benefits of genetic engineering are improving yeild and productivity in crops for growing in harsher climates, giving rise to new potential medicines for hard to cure diseases and the potenital elimination of life threating genetic diseases. Some potential risks of genetic engineering are the introduction of resistant strains of detrimental micro-organism, lowering variation and therefore risking evolution and objections due to organisms becoming unatural and humans having too much power.
Students should be able to explain the potential benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture and in medicine and that some people have objections
0
What occurs within the chromosomes during genetic engineering?
Genes from the chromosomes of humans and other organisms can be ?cut out? and transferred to cells of other organisms.
In genetic engineering, genes from the chromosomes of humans and other organisms can be ?cut out? and transferred to cells of other organisms.
0
What do we call crops that have genes from other organisms in them?
Crops that have had their genes modified in this way are called genetically modified (GM) crops.
Crops that have had their genes modified in this way are called genetically modified (GM) crops.
0
How does genetic modification increase the longevity of crops?
GM crops include ones that are resistant to insect attack or to herbicides.
GM crops include ones that are resistant to insect attack or to herbicides.
0
How does genetic modification increase the yield of a crop?
GM crops generally show increased yields.
GM crops generally show increased yields.
0
What concerns are there about GM crops?
Concerns about GM crops include the effect on populations of wild flowers and insects. Some people feel the effects of eating GM crops on human health have not been fully explored.
Concerns about GM crops include the effect on populations of wild flowers and insects. Some people feel the effects of eating GM crops on human health have not been fully explored.
0
How is genetic modification important in medicine?
Modern medical research is exploring the possibility of genetic modification to overcome some inherited disorders.
Modern medical research is exploring the possibility of genetic modification to overcome some inherited disorders
0
(HT only) What are the steps involved in genetic engineering?
(HT only) 1. enzymes are used to isolate the required gene; this gene is inserted into a vector, usually a bacterial plasmid or a virus 2. the vector is used to insert the gene into the required cells 3. genes are transferred to the cells of animals, plants or microorganisms at an early stage in their development so that they develop with desired characteristics.
(HT only) In genetic engineering: - enzymes are used to isolate the required gene; this gene is inserted into a vector, usually a bacterial plasmid or a virus - the vector is used to insert the gene into the required cells - genes are transferred to the cells of animals, plants or microorganisms at an early stage in their development so that they develop with desired characteristics. Interpret information about genetic engineering techniques and to make informed judgements about issues concerning cloning and genetic engineering, including OM crops.
0
How does the technique of tissue culturing enable cloning? Why is this important for plants?
Tissue culture: using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants. This is important for preserving rare plant species or commercially in nurseries.
Tissue culture: using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants. This is important for preserving rare plant species or commercially in nurseries.
0
What way, other than tissue culture, can plants be cloned by gardeners?
Through using cuttings to produce many identical new plants from a parent plant.
Cuttings: an older, but simple, method used by gardeners to produce many identical new plants from a parent plant.
0
How is embryo transplant cloning carried out?
Embryo transplant cloning happens by splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers.
Embryo transplants: splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers.
0
What are the steps involved in adult cell cloning?
1. The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell. 2. The nucleus from an adult body cell, such as a skin cell, is inserted into the egg cell. 3. An electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide to form an embryo. 4. These embryo cells contain the same genetic information as the adult skin cell. 5. When the embryo has developed into a ball of cells, it is inserted into the womb of an adult female to continue its development.
The process of adult cell cloning: ? The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell. ? The nucleus from an adult body cell, such as a skin cell, is inserted into the egg cell. ? An electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide to form an embryo. ? These embryo cells contain the same genetic information as the adult skin cell. ? When the embryo has developed into a ball of cells, it is inserted into the womb of an adult female to continue its development.
0
What are the potential benefits and risks involved in cloning and why do some people object?
Benefits: All the new plants are genetically identical ? they will all have the desired characteristics. Organisms that are difficult or slow to breed normally can be reproduced quickly. Some plant varieties do not produce seeds, others have seeds that are dormant for long periods. Risks: If a clone is susceptible to disease or changes in environment, then all the clones will be susceptible. It will lead to less variation, and less opportunity to create new varieties in the future. Some people object to cloning as they feel it is unethical and unatural to clone. Some people object on religious grounds as well.
Explain the potential benefits and risks of cloning in agriculture and in medicine and that some people have ethical objections.
0
How did Charles Darwin come up with the theory of evolution by natural selection?
Charles Darwin, as a result of observations on a round the world expedition, backed by years of experimentation and discussion and linked to developing knowledge of geology and fossils, proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Charles Darwin, as a result of observations on a round the world expedition, backed by years of experimentation and discussion and linked to developing knowledge of geology and fossils, proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
0
What does the theory of eveolution by natural selection involve?
Theory of evolution by natural selection invovles: ? Individual organisms within a particular species show a wide range of variation for a characteristic. ? Individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive to breed successfully. ? The characteristics that have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next generation.
Theory of evolution by natural selection invovles: ? Individual organisms within a particular species show a wide range of variation for a characteristic. ? Individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive to breed successfully. ? The characteristics that have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next generation.
0
What lead to the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection?
The theory of evolution by natural selection was developed over time and from information gathered by many scientists and he development of the social climate at the time.
Students should appreciate that the theory of evolution by natural selection developed over time and from information gathered by many scientists.
0
What was the name of the book that Charles Darwin published his ideas in andwere people happy with it?
Darwin published his ideas in On the Origin of Species (1859). There was much controversy surrounding these revolutionary new ideas.
Darwin published his ideas in On the Origin of Species (1859). There was much controversy surrounding these revolutionary new ideas.
0
Why did it take a long time for the theory of evolution by natural selection to be accepted?
The theory of evolution by natural selection was only gradually accepted because: ? the theory challenged the idea that Ood made all the animals and plants that live on Earth ? there was insufficient evidence at the time the theory was published to convince many scientists ? the mechanism of inheritance and variation was not known until 50 years after the theory was published.
The theory of evolution by natural selection was only gradually accepted because: ? the theory challenged the idea that Ood made all the animals and plants that live on Earth ? there was insufficient evidence at the time the theory was published to convince many scientists ? the mechanism of inheritance and variation was not known until 50 years after the theory was published.
0
What was Lamarck's theory?
Lamarck's theory was that changes in an organism only occur during its lifetime and are then inhertted.
Other theories, including that of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, are based mainly on the idea that changes that occur in an organism during its lifetime can be inherited. We now know that in the vast majority of cases this type of inheritance cannot occur. A study of creationism is not required.
0
What was the impact of Darwin and Wallace's ideas?
Darwin and Wallace's ideas lead to the realisation that life on earth evolved from a common organism eventually branching off into different species and families.
Students should be able to explain the impact of these ideas on biology
0
Who was Alfred Russell Wallace and how is he linked to Charles Darwin?
Alfred Russel Wallace independently proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He published joint writings with Darwin in 1858 which prompted Darwin to publish On the Origin of Species (1859) the following year.
Alfred Russel Wallace independently proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He published joint writings with Darwin in 1858 which prompted Darwin to publish On the Origin of Species (1859) the following year.
0
What is Wallace best known for?
Wallace worked worldwide gathering evidence for evolutionary theory. He is best known for his work on warning colouration in animals and his theory of speciation.
Wallace worked worldwide gathering evidence for evolutionary theory. He is best known for his work on warning colouration in animals and his theory of speciation.
0
What was needed to support Alfred Wallace's work in order to lead to our current understanding of the theory of speciation?
Alfred Wallace did much pioneering work on speciation but more evidence over time has led to our current understanding of the theory of speciation.
Alfred Wallace did much pioneering work on speciation but more evidence over time has led to our current understanding of the theory of speciation
0
In what ways do new species arise? How are these described?
New species can arise as a result of: Isolation - where two species become geographically separated each evolving in such a way that they can no longer breed. Oenetic variation - where each population has a wide range of alleles that control their characteristics Natural selection - where the alleles which help an organism to survive are selected in each population Speciation - where the populations become so different that successful interbreeding cannot happen anymore
Students should be able to describe the steps which give rise to new species. The theory of speciation has developed over time
0
What evidence is there now to support Darwin'stheory of evolution?
We have now unearthed fossils which we have been able to sequence the genomes of as well aslook at similar characteristics which have developed over time in a range of fossilised remains. Testing of antibiotic resistant bacteria has also shown rapid evolution within the species in order to help them survive treatment with antibiotics.
Students should be able to describe the evidence for evolution including fossils and antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
0
What are fossils?
Fossils are the remains of organisms from millions of years ago, which are found in rocks.
Fossils are the remains of organisms from millions of years ago, which are found in rocks.
0
How can fossils be formed?
Fossils may be formed: ? from parts of organisms that have not decayed because one or more of the conditions needed for decay are absent ? when parts of the organism are replaced by minerals as they decay ? as preserved traces of organisms, such as footprints, burrows and rootlet traces.
Fossils may be formed: - from parts of organisms that have not decayed because one or more of the conditions needed for decay are absent - when parts of the organism are replaced by minerals as they decay - as preserved traces of organisms, such as footprints, burrows and rootlet traces.
0
Why is there little evidence of very early life forms?
Many early forms of life were soft-bodied, which means that they have left few traces behind.
Many early forms of life were soft-bodied, which means that they have left few traces behind.
0
Why can we not be certain of how life on earthformed even from hard bodied organisms?
What traces there were have been mainly destroyed by geological activity. This is why scientists cannot be certain about how life began on Earth.
What traces there were have been mainly destroyed by geological activity. This is why scientists cannot be certain about how life began on Earth.
0
What is the main thing we can learn from fossils?
We can learn from fossils how much or how little different organisms have changed as life developed on Earth.
We can learn from fossils how much or how little different organisms have changed as life developed on Earth.
0
Why is the fossil record described as incomplete?
Due to the constantly changing earth many fossils have been lost to us due to geographical changes suchas volcanoes and earth quakes. Some fossils have simply yet to be found and others still lie beneath the oceans.
Appreciate why the fossil record is incomplete
0
How do scientific methods and theories develop over time?
Scientists constantly refine scientific methods by replicating them and finding and fixing flaws through new technology or knowledge. Theories are also challenged and evidence gathered regularly.
Understand how scientific methods and theories develop over time.
0
What is extinction?
Extinction occurs when there are remaining individuals or a species still alive.
Extinctions occur when there are no remaining individuals of a species still alive.
0
What are some of the factors that contribute to extinction?
Extinctions can occur when: changes to the environment occur, such as a change in climate, new diseases, new predators and new competitors.
Students should be able to describe factors which may contribute to the extinction of a species
0
Why can bacteria evolve rapidly?
Bacteria can evolve rapidly because they reproduce at a fast rate.
Bacteria can evolve rapidly because they reproduce at a fast rate.
0
What are the stages of antibacterial resistance?
Stages of antibacterial resistance include: 1. Mutations of bacterial pathogens produce new strains. 2. Some strains might be resistant to antibiotics, and so are not killed. 3. They survive and reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain rises. 4. The resistant strain will then spread because people are not immune to it and there is no effective treatment.
Stages of antibacterial resistance include: 1. Mutations of bacterial pathogens produce new strains. 2. Some strains might be resistant to antibiotics, and so are not killed. 3. They survive and reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain rises. 4. The resistant strain will then spread because people are not immune to it and there is no effective treatment.
0
What is the bacteria MRSA resistant to?
MRSA is resistant to antibiotics.
MRSA is resistant to antibiotics. There are links with this content to Antibiotics and painkillers.
0
What should be done to reduce the rate of development of antibiotc resistant bacteria?
To reduce the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains: ? doctors should not prescribe antibiotics inappropriately, such as treating non-serious or viral infections ? patients should complete their course of antibiotics so all bacteria are killed and none survive to mutate and form resistant strains ? the agricultural use of antibiotics should be restricted.
To reduce the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains: ? doctors should not prescribe antibiotics inappropriately, such as treating non-serious or viral infections ? patients should complete their course of antibiotics so all bacteria are killed and none survive to mutate and form resistant strains ? the agricultural use of antibiotics should be restricted.
0
Why can't medical professionals just produce new antibiotics to fight resistant bacteria?
The development of new antibiotics is costly and slow. It is unlikely to keep up with the emergence of new resistant strains
The development of new antibiotics is costly and slow. It is unlikely to keep up with the emergence of new resistant strains
0
What are the different levels of organisation in an ecosystem from individual organisms to the whole ecosystem?
Individual, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
Students should be able to describe different levels of organisation in an ecosystem from individual organisms to the whole ecosystem
0
What is the importance of interdependence and competition in a community?
Interdependence - balance in population numbers of species, increased net productivity, predator prey cycles, mutualistic relationships. Competition - gives something natural selection to work for, separation of niches between species.
Students should be able to describe the importance of interdependence and competition in a community.
0
What factors are organisms competing for in a given habitat?
plants are competing for light, space, nutrients, water. Animals are competing for food, water, shelter, territory, mates.
Students should be able to, when provided with appropriate information suggest the factors for which organisms are competing in a given habitat
0
What is an ecosystem?
An ecosystem is the interaction of a community of living organisms (biotic) with the non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment.
An ecosystem is the interaction of a community of living organisms (biotic) with the non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment.
0
What do organisms require to survive?
To survive and reproduce, organisms require a supply of materials from their surroundings and from the other living organisms there.
To survive and reproduce, organisms require a supply of materials from their surroundings and from the other living organisms there.
0
What do plants compete for?
Plants in a community or habitat often compete with each other for light and space, and for water and mineral ions from the soil.
Plants in a community or habitat often compete with each other for light and space, and for water and mineral ions from the soil.
0
What do animals compete for?
Animals often compete with each other for food, mates and territory.
Animals often compete with each other for food, mates and territory.
0
What do species within a community depend on each other for?
Within a community each species depends on other species for food, shelter, pollination, seed dispersal etc. If one species is removed it can affect the whole community. This is called interdependence.
Within a community each species depends on other species for food, shelter, pollination, seed dispersal etc. If one species is removed it can affect the whole community. This is called interdependence.
0
What is a stable community?
A stable community is one where all the species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes remain fairly constant.
A stable community is one where all the species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes remain fairly constant.
0
What is an abiotic factor?
An abiotic factor is a non-living factor.
Students should be able to explain how a change in an abiotic factor would affect a given community given appropriate data or context.
0
What abiotic (non-living) factors affect a community?
Abiotic (non-living) factors which can affect a community are: light intensity temperature moisture levels soil pH and mineral content wind intensity and direction carbon dioxide levels for plants oxygen levels for aquatic animals.
Abiotic (non-living) factors which can affect a community are: - light intensity - temperature - moisture levels - soil pH and mineral content - wind intensity and direction - carbon dioxide levels for plants - oxygen levels for aquatic animals.
0
What is a biotic factor?
A living factor.
Students should be able to explain how a change in a biotic factor might affect a given community given appropriate data or context.
0
What types of Biotic (living) factors affect a community?
Biotic (living) factors which can affect a community are: ? availability of food ? new predators arriving ? new pathogens ? one species outcompeting another so the numbers are no longer sufficient to breed.
Biotic (living) factors which can affect a community are: - availability of food - new predators arriving - new pathogens - one species out-competing another so the numbers are no longer sufficient to breed.
0
What are the producers of biomass for life on Earth?
photosynthetic organisms are the producers of biomass for life on Earth.
Students should understand that photosynthetic organisms are the producers of biomass for life on Earth.
0
How can feeding relationships be represented?
Feeding relationships within a community can be represented by food chains.
Feeding relationships within a community can be represented by food chains.
0
What do all food chains begin with?
Food chains begin with a producer which synthesises molecules. This is usually a green plant or alga which makes glucose by photosynthesis.
All food chains begin with a producer which synthesises molecules. This is usually a green plant or alga which makes glucose by photosynthesis.
0
What is the difference between mean, mode and median?
Mean = add all the repeats up and divide by the number of repeats. Mode = the number that occurs the most. Median = the middle number when all repeats are put in order from smallest to largest
In relation to abundance of organisms students should be able to understand the terms mean, mode and median (MS)
0
What is the order of energy transfer between secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, producer and primary consumer
producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer.
Producers are eaten by primary consumers, which in turn may be eaten by secondary consumers and then tertiary consumers
0
What is an organism that eats a consumer called? What is a consumer that is eaten by another consumer called?
Predator eats another consumer. Prey are consumers that are eaten by another consumer.
Consumers that kill and eat other animals are predators, and those eaten are prey.
0
What is a predator-prey cycle?
In a stable community the numbers of predators and prey rise and fall in cycles, dependent on the numbers of each.
In a stable community the numbers of predators and prey rise and fall in cycles.
0
What is an adaptation?
A characteristic about a species that allows it to be suited to the environment it lives.
Students should be able to, when provided with appropriate information suggest how organisms are adapted to the conditions in which they live.
0
How are organisms adapted to live in their natural environment?
Organisms become adapted to their natural environment by evolution through natural selection.
Students should be able to explain how organisms are adapted to live in their natural environment, given appropriate information.
0
What are the three types of adaptations organisms can have to survive in the conditions that they live?
Adaptations may be structural, behavioural or functional
Organisms have features (adaptations) that enable them to survive in the conditions in which they normally live. These adaptations may be structural, behavioural or functional
0
What is an extremophile?
Organisms live in environments that are very extreme, such as high temperature, pressure, or salt concentration
Some organisms live in environments that are very extreme, such as at high temperature, pressure, or salt concentration. These organisms are called extremophiles.
0
What type of microbe lives in deep sea vents?
Bacteria live in deep sea vents.
Bacteria living in deep sea vents are extremophiles.
0
When would a transect line be used?
A transect line would be used to see a pattern/trend/correlation across a distance of an ecosystem in relation to an independent variable.
A range of experimental methods using transects and quadrats are used by ecologists to determine the distribution and abundance of species in an ecosystem. Required Practical 9 - Sampling Techniques (AT skills 1,3,4,6,8)
0
What different parts of the ecosystem do materials cycle through?
Many different materials cycle through the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem.
Students should recall that many different materials cycle through the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem
0
Why is it important that carbon and water are cycled through the ecosystem.
It is important that carbon and water are cycled through the ecosystem because there is only a finite number atoms.
Students should be able to explain the importance of the carbon and water cycles to living organisms
0
Why do materials need to be recycled?
Materials need to be recycled to provide the building blocks for future organisms.
All materials in the living world are recycled to provide the building blocks for future organisms. Students are not expected to study the nitrogen cycle.
0
What process are carbon to be cycled from A) carbon dioxide to producers, B) producers to consumers, C) Producers/consumers/decomposers to carbon dioxide and D) fossil fuels to carbon dioxide
A) Photosynthesis cycles carbon dioxide to producers. B) Feeding cycles producers to consumers. C) Respiration cycles producers/consumers/decomposers to carbon dioxide D) Combustion cycles fossil fuels to carbon dioxide.
The carbon cycle returns carbon from organisms to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide to be used by plants in photosynthesis.
0
How do microorganisms help to cycle material through an ecosystem?
Microorganisms help cycling material by returning carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and mineral ions to the soil.
Students should be able to explain the role of microorganisms in cycling materials through an ecosystem by returning carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and mineral ions to the soil.
0
Why is precipitation important for organisms in ecosystems?
Precipitation provides fresh water for plants and animals on land before it drains into the seas.
The water cycle provides fresh water for plants and animals on land before draining into the seas.
0
How does water get from the land to the air and the air back to the land?
water turns to water vapour in the air through evaporation and returns to the land through precipitation.
Water is continuously evaporated and precipitated.
0
What three factors affect the rate of decay of biological material?
Temperature, water and the availability of oxygen affect the rate of decay.
Students should be able to explain how temperature, water and availability of oxygen affect the rate of decay of biological material.
0
Name two groups of people would want to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste biological material.
gardeners and farmers would want to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste biological material.
Gardeners and farmers try to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste biological material.
0
Why would gardeners and farmers want to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste material.
gardeners and farmers would want to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste material to provide compost as a natural fertiliser for their soils for growing plants.
The compost produced is used as a natural fertiliser for growing garden plants or crops.
0
Under what conditions can decay produce methane that can be used a biogas fuel?
Anaerobic condition can produce methane gas. Biogas generators can be used to produce methane gas as a fuel.
Anaerobic decay produces methane gas. Biogas generators can be used to produce methane gas as a fuel.
0
How might changes to the environment affect species?
Environmental changes affect the distribution of species in an ecosystem.
Environmental changes affect the distribution of species in an ecosystem.
0
What are potential environmental changes?
Environmental changes include: temperature availability of water composition of atmospheric gases.
These changes include: - temperature - availability of water - composition of atmospheric gases.
0
What might be some causes of changes in the environment?
Environmental changes may be seasonal, geographic or caused by human interaction.
The changes may be seasonal, geographic or caused by human interaction.
0
How can an increase in human population affect pollution?
Rapid growth in the human population and an increase in the standard of living mean that increasingly more resources are used and more waste is produced. Unless waste and chemical materials are properly handled, more pollution will be caused.
Rapid growth in the human population and an increase in the standard of living mean that increasingly more resources are used and more waste is produced. Unless waste and chemical materials are properly handled, more pollution will be caused.
0
Where can pollution occur and what does it occur from?
Pollution can occur: - in water, from sewage, fertiliser or toxic chemicals - in air, from smoke and acidic gases - on land, from landfill and from toxic chemicals.
Pollution can occur: ? in water, from sewage, fertiliser or toxic chemicals ? in air, from smoke and acidic gases ? on land, from landfill and from toxic chemicals.
0
How can pollution affect biodiversity?
Pollution kills plants and animals which can reduce biodiversity.
Pollution kills plants and animals which can reduce biodiversity
0
What are the environmental implications of deforestation?
Deforestation vastly affects the environment as well as reducing biodiversity. This occurs due to forest habitats being destroyed, soil erosion increasing, which causes barren land, flooding and land slides. Also atmospheric pollution is caused when forests are cleared by burning trees increasing global warming.
(WS) Evaluate the environmental implications of deforestation
0
What are the biological consequences of global warming?
A rise of just a few degrees in world temperatures will have a dramatic impact on the climate: Global weather patterns will change, causing drought in some places and flooding in others. Melting of polar ice caps will raise sea levels, causing increased coastal erosion and flooding of low-lying land – including land where major cities lie.
Students should be able to describe some of the biological consequences of global warming
0
Why is global warming increasing?
Levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere are increasing, and these contribute to global warming.
Levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere are increasing, and contribute to ?global warming?.
0
What does the scientific consensus say about global warming and climate change?
The scientific consensus about global warming and climate change is based on systematic reviews of thousands of peer reviewed publications.
(WS) Understand that the scientific consensus about global warming and climate change is based on systematic reviews of thousands of peer reviewed publications.
0
N/A
N/A
(WS) Explain why evidence is uncertain or incomplete in a complex context
0
What is the definition of biodiversity?
Biodiversity is the variety of all the different species of organisms on earth, or within an ecosystem.
Biodiversity is the variety of all the different species of organisms on earth, or within an ecosystem.
0
How do humans reduce the amount of land available for other animals?
Humans reduce the amount of land available for other animals and plants by building, quarrying, farming and dumping waste.
Humans reduce the amount of land available for other animals and plants by building, quarrying, farming and dumping waste
0
What is the benefit of having a great biodiversity?
A great biodiversity ensures the stability of ecosystems by reducing the dependence of one species on another for food, shelter and the maintenance of the physical environment.
A great biodiversity ensures the stability of ecosystems by reducing the dependence of one species on another for food, shelter and the maintenance of the physical environment.
0
How does the destruction of peat bogs affect biodiversity?
The destruction of peat bogs, and other areas of peat to produce garden compost, reduces the area of this habitat and thus the variety of different plant, animal and microorganism species that live there (biodiversity).
The destruction of peat bogs, and other areas of peat to produce garden compost, reduces the area of this habitat and thus the variety of different plant, animal and microorganism species that live there (biodiversity).
0
Why is it so important to maintain biodiversity?
The future of the human species on Earth relies on us maintaining a good level of biodiversity.
The future of the human species on Earth relies on us maintaining a good level of biodiversity.
0
What does the decay or burning of peat lead to?
The decay or burning of the peat releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
The decay or burning of the peat releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
0
What effect to human activities have on biodiversity in general?
Many human activities are reducing biodiversity and only recently have measures been taken to try to stop this reduction.
Many human activities are reducing biodiversity and only recently have measures been taken to try to stop this reduction.
0
Why is there conflict of opinion when it comes to the peat industry?
There is a need for cheap available compost to increase food production and the need to conserve peat bogs and peatlands as habitats for biodiversity and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions
(WS) Understand the conflict between the need for cheap available compost to increase food production and the need to conserve peat bogs and peatlands as habitats for biodiversity and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions
0
What effect do waste, deforestation and global warming have on biodiversity?
Deforestation destroys the habitats of many species and therefore reduces their numbers within an environment. This reduces biodiversity drastically. Waste can have toxic effects on many species and therefore reduces numbers. In other cases, such as with algae, certain wastes can increase the numbers of certain species meaning they have a detrimental effect on the others around them. Global warming is causing the Earth's temperature to increase. This is having an effect on many species as it is changing their environment and therefore causing them problems such as lack of food or habitat.
(WS) Explain how waste, deforestation and global warming have an impact on biodiversity.
0
What two main reasons are there for large-scale deforestation in tropical areas?
Large-scale deforestation in tropical areas has occurred due to: - providing land for cattle and rice fields - growing crops for biofuels.
Large-scale deforestation in tropical areas has occurred to: ? provide land for cattle and rice fields ? grow crops for biofuels.
0
What is the impact of both positive and negative human interactions in an ecosystem?
Positive impact increases population levels of certain species in a food chain. Negative impacts decrease population levels of certain species.
Students should be able to describe both positive and negative human interactions in an ecosystem and explain their impact on biodiversity.
0
Why have scientists and concerned citizens had to put programmes in place to protect the environment?
Scientists and concerned citizens have put in place programmes to reduce the negative effects of humans on ecosystems and biodiversity.
Scientists and concerned citizens have put in place programmes to reduce the negative effects of humans on ecosystems and biodiversity
0
What are some of the programmes put in place by scientists and concerned citizens to protect the environment?
Some of the programmes put in place to protect the environment are: - breeding programmes for endangered species - protection and regeneration of rare habitats - reintroduction of field margins and hedgerows in agricultural areas where farmers grow only one type of crop - reduction of deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions by some governments - recycling resources rather than dumping waste in landfill.
These include: ? breeding programmes for endangered species ? protection and regeneration of rare habitats ? reintroduction of field margins and hedgerows in agricultural areas where farmers grow only one type of crop ? reduction of deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions by some governments ? recycling resources rather than dumping waste in landfill.
0
What is the difference between a producer and primary consumer?
A producer is a green plant or algae that gains energy through photosynthesis. A primary consumer is a herbivore or omnivore that eats the producer.
Students should be able to describe the differences between the trophic levels of organisms within an ecosystem
0
What is a producer?
Plants and algae make their own food and are called producers.
Level 1: Plants and algae make their own food and are called producers.
0
What is a primary consumer?
Herbivores eat plants/algae and are called primary consumers.
Level 2: Herbivores eat plants/algae and are called primary consumers
0
What are predators that eat herbivores called?
Predators that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers.
Level 3: Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers
0
What is an apex predator?
Apex predators are carnivores or omnivores with no predators.
Level 4: Carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers. Apex predators are carnivores with no predators.
0
What is the role of a decomposer and how do they do it?
Decomposers break down dead plant and animal matter by secreting enzymes into the environment.
Decomposers break down dead plant and animal matter by secreting enzymes into the environment.
0
How do the food molecules broken down by decomposers get into the microorganism?
The food molecules get into the microorganism through diffusion.
Small soluble food molecules then diffuse into the microorganism.
0
What do pyramids of biomass represent and where can trophic level 1 be found?
Pyramids of biomass can be constructed to represent the relative amount of biomass in each level of a food chain. Trophic level 1 is at the bottom of the pyramid.
Pyramids of biomass can be constructed to represent the relative amount of biomass in each level of a food chain. Trophic level 1 is at the bottom of the pyramid
0
What is the shape of a pyramid of biomass?
A pyramid of biomass is large at the bottom and narrower at the top.
Students should be able to describe pyramids of biomass
0
How is biomass lost between different trophic levels?
Biomass is lost at each trophic level through not being digested, being excreted or being used as energy by the organism.
Students should be able to explain how biomass is lost between the different trophic levels
0
Name examples of producers.
Producers are mostly plants and algae which transfer about 1 % of the incident energy from light for photosynthesis.
Producers are mostly plants and algae which transfer about 1 % of the incident energy from light for photosynthesis.
0
What % of biomass is transferred up each trophic level?
Only approximately 10 % of the biomass is transferred up each trophic level.
Only approximately 10 % of the biomass is transferred up each trophic level.
0
What are losses of biomass due to?
Losses of biomass are due to: - not all the ingested material is absorbed, some is egested as faeces - some absorbed material is lost as waste, such as carbon dioxide and water in respiration and water and urea in urine.
Losses of biomass are due to: ? not all the ingested material is absorbed, some is egested as faeces ? some absorbed material is lost as waste, such as carbon dioxide and water in respiration and water and urea in urine.
0
What is used in respiration?
Large amounts of glucose are used in respiration
Large amounts of glucose are used in respiration.
0
If the producer trophic level has 4200J of energy and the primary consumer has 800J what is the efficiency of transfer between these trophic levels?
800J/4200J = 0.19 Which is 19%
(MS) Calculate the efficiency of biomass transfer between trophic levels.
0
How can the efficiency of biomass transfers between trophic levels be calculated?
To calculate the efficiency of biomass transfers between trophic levels, percentages or fractions of mass must be used.
Students should be able to calculate the efficiency of biomass transfers between trophic levels by percentages or fractions of mass.
0
How does lost biomass affect the amount of organisms at each trophic level?
The loss of biomass means that the number of organisms decrease at each trophic level as the amount of energy passed on between the trophic levels decreases.
Students should be able to explain how this affects the number of organisms at each trophic level
0
What are the biological factors that affect food security?
The production of plants and animals for food ultimately depends on the factors that control plant growth - light availability, available nutrients and water in the soil, and competition with other plants.
Students should be able to describe some of the biological factors affecting levels of food security
0
What does food security mean?
Food security is having enough food to feed a population.
Food security is having enough food to feed a population.
0
What are some of the Biological factors which are threatening food security?
The following factors are threatening food security: -Increased birth rate. -changing diets in developed countries means scarce food resources are transported around the world -new pests and pathogens that affect farming. -environmental changes that affect food production, such as widespread famine occurring in some countries if rains fail -the cost of agricultural inputs -conflicts that have arisen in some parts of the world which affect the availability of water or food.
Biological factors which are threatening food security include: ? the increasing birth rate has threatened food security in some countries ? changing diets in developed countries means scarce food resources are transported around the world ? new pests and pathogens that affect farming ? environmental changes that affect food production, such as widespread famine occurring in some countries if rains fail ? the cost of agricultural inputs ? conflicts that have arisen in some parts of the world which affect the availability of water or food.
0
What type of method should be used to feed all people on Earth?
Sustainable methods must be found to feed all people on Earth
Sustainable methods must be found to feed all people on Earth
0
How could the efficiency of food production be improved?
The efficiency of food production can be improved by restricting energy transfer from food animals to the environment.
The efficiency of food production can be improved by restricting energy transfer from food animals to the environment.
0
Why are some animals fed high protein foods?
Some animals are fed high protein foods to increase growth.
Some animals are fed high protein foods to increase growth.
0
Why do some people have ethical objections to some modern intensive farming methods?
Some people have ethical objections to some modern intensive farming methods because it reduces variation in plant species that could lead to a crop being wiped out by disease.
(WS) Understand that some people have ethical objections to some modern intensive farming methods.
0
Give an advantages and disadvantages of modern farming techniques.
An advantage of modern farming techniques is increased yield. A disadvantage is a lack of diversity in a crop.
(WS) Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of modern farming techniques.
0
Why is it important to maintain fish stock levels in the sea?
Fish stock levels are declining. It is important to maintain fish stocks at a level where breeding continues or certain species may disappear altogether in some areas
Fish stocks in the oceans are declining. It is important to maintain fish stocks at a level where breeding continues or certain species may disappear altogether in some areas
0
What plays an important part in conservation of fish stocks at a sustainable level?
Control of net size and the introduction of fishing quotas play important roles in conservation of fish stocks at a sustainable level
Control of net size and the introduction of fishing quotas play important roles in conservation of fish stocks at a sustainable level
0
What is the most sustainable way of fishing?
Use pole and line fishing techniques instead of nets.
(WS) Understand how application of different fishing techniques promotes recovery of fish stocks
0
How can genetic modification be used to increase crop yield to meet the demands of a growing population.
Crops can be gentetically modified to be resistant to pests that could harm to crop.
Students should be able to describe and explain some possible biotechnical and agricultural solutions, including genetic modification, to the demands of the growing human population
0
What can modern biotechnology techniques be used for?
Modern biotechnology techniques enable large quantities of microorganisms to be cultured for food.
Modern biotechnology techniques enable large quantities of microorganisms to be cultured for food.
0
Why is the fungus Fusarium useful?
The fungus Fusarium is useful for producing mycoprotein, a protein-rich food suitable for vegetarians.
The fungus Fusarium is useful for producing mycoprotein, a protein-rich food suitable for vegetarians.
0
How can a fungus be grown?
The fungus is grown on glucose syrup, in aerobic conditions, and the biomass is harvested and purified
The fungus is grown on glucose syrup, in aerobic conditions, and the biomass is harvested and purified
0
Give an example where a genetically modified bacterium can be used.
A genetically modified bacterium produces human insulin. When harvested and purified this is used to treat people with diabetes.
A genetically modified bacterium produces human insulin. When harvested and purified this is used to treat people with diabetes.
0
What type of crop could provide more food or food with an improved nutritional value?
Golden Rice provides improved nutritional value?
GM crops could provide more food or food with an improved nutritional value such as golden rice
0
How many processes are there common to living things?
There are seven processes that are common to living things.
There are seven processes that are common to living things.
0
What are these seven life processes?
The seven life processes are movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition.
The seven life processes are movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition.
0
What are all living things made of?
Cells are the fundamental unit of living organisms.
Cells as are the fundamental unit of living organisms.
0
What are the levels of organisation in an organism?
Cells => Tissues => Organs => Organ Systems => Organisms
Organisms => Tissues => Organs => Organ Systems => Cells
Cells => Tissues => Organ Systems => Organs => Organisms
Organisms => Organs => Organ Systems => Tissues => Cells
Cells => Tissues => Organs => Organ Systems => Organisms
1
What are biological cells?
Cells are the repeated units that living things are made up of.
Cells are the repeated units that make up a battery.
Cells are one of units that living things are made up of.
Cells are the one off units that make up a battery.
Cells are repeated units
0
What are tissues made up of?
Tissues are one type of cell working together.
Tissues are more than one type of cell working together.
Tissues are one type of organ working together.
Tissues are more than one type of organ working together.
Tissues are one type of cell working together.
1
What are Organs made up of?
Organs are made of different tissues working together.
Organs are made of different organ systems working together.
Organs are made of different organisms working together.
Organs are made of different organelles working together.
Organs are made of different tissues working together.
0
What are Organ Systems made up of?
Organ Systems are different organs working together.
Organ Systems are different tissue working together.
Organ Systems are made of different organisms working together.
Organ Systems are made of different organelles working together.
Organ Systems are different organs working together.
1
What are organisms made up of?
Organisms are made up of Organs systems.
Organisms are made up of organelles.
Organisms are made up of organs.
Organisms are made up of tissue.
Organisms are living things, in which different organ systems work together.
0
What are organelles?
Organelles are the small structures inside cells.
Organelles are a group of like cells.
Organelles are a group of tissue.
Organelles are a group of organ systems.
Cells have smaller structures called organelles in them.
1
What is the function of the cell wall?
The function of the cell wall is to strengthen the cell.
The function of the cell wall is to control the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
The function of the cell wall is to
The function of the cell wall is to
The function of the cell wall is to strengthen the cell.
0
What is the function of the cell membrane?
The function of the cell membrane is to control the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
The function of the cell membrane is to strengthen the cell.
The function of the cell membrane is to be a place for chemical reactions to take place.
The function of the cell membrane is to control the cell.
The function of the cell membrane is to control the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
1
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
The function of cytoplasm is to be a place for chemical reactions to take place.
The function of cytoplasm is to absorb light energy to make food.
The function of cytoplasm is to be a store of cell sap.
The function of cytoplasm is to control the cell.
The function of cytoplasm is to be a place for chemical reactions to take place.
0
What is the function of the nucleus?
The function of nucleus is to control the cell.
The function of nucleus is to control the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
The function of nucleus is to absorb light energy to make food.
The function of nucleus is to be a store of cell sap.
The function of nucleus is to control the cell.
0
What is the function of the permanent vacuole?
The function of permanent vacuole is to be a store of cell sap.
The function of permanent vacuole is to be a place for chemical reactions to take place.
The function of permanent vacuole is to do protein synthesis.
The function of permanent vacuole is to strengthen the cell.
The function of permanent vacuole is to be a store of cell sap.
1
What is the function of the chloroplasts?
The function of the chloroplasts is to absorb light energy to make food.
The function of the chloroplasts is to do protein synthesis
The function of the chloroplasts is to control the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
The function of the chloroplasts is to release energy through respiration.
The function of the chloroplasts is to absorb light energy to make food
0
What is the function of the mitochondria?
The function of mitochondria is to release energy through respiration.
The function of mitochondria is to control the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
The function of mitochondria is to do protein synthesis
The function of mitochondria is to absorb light energy to make food.
The function of mitochondria is to release energy through respiration.
1
What is the function of the ribosome?
The function of the ribosome is to do protein synthesis.
The function of the ribosome is to control the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
The function of the ribosome is to absorb light energy to make food.
The function of the ribosome is to control the cell.
The function of the ribosome is to do protein synthesis (making).
1
Compare an animal and plant cells.
Plant and animal cells both have: cell membrane; cytoplasm; nucleus; mitochondria & ribosomes. Only plant cells have: cell wall; permanent vacuole and sometimes chloroplasts.
Plant and animal cells both have: cell wall; cytoplasm; nucleus; mitochondria & chloroplasts. Only plant cells have: cell membrane; permanent vacuole and sometimes chloroplasts.
Plant and animal cells both have: cell membrane; cytoplasm; nucleus; chloroplasts & ribosomes. Only plant cells have: cell wall; permanent vacuole and sometimes mitochondria .
Plant and animal cells both have: cell wall; cytoplasm; nucleus; chloroplasts & ribosomes. Only plant cells have: cell membrane; permanent vacuole and sometimes mitochondria.
the similarities and differences between plant and animal cell: - Plant and animal cells both have: cell membrane; cytoplasm; nucleus; mitochondria & ribosomes. - Only plant cells have: cell wall; permanent vacuole and sometimes chloroplasts.
0
How are you able to tell the difference between an animal and plant cell?
Students to sort diagrams (or photos for higher ability) of animal and plant cells based on their characteristics. - Root hair cell - Red blood cell - Elodea cell - Ciliated cell
0
Give 3 examples of specialised plant or animal cells. How are they different to other cells and how does this help the cells complete their specialist function?
That cells have special characteristics, different organelles and shape, in order to fulfill their function.
That cells have special characteristics, different organelles and shape, in order to fulfill their function.
0
What is the function of a root hair cell and how is the cell specialised to do this?
Root hair cells have a large surface area to absorb water and nutrients. RHC have no chloroplasts as light does not get to them.
Root hair cells have a large surface area to absorb water and nutrients. RHC have no chloroplasts as light does not get to them.
0
What adaptations do red blood cells have in order to efficiently carry oxygen around the body?
Red blood cells have a rounded shape to allow it to flow smoothly. Is red due to the iron compound used to carry oxygen. RBC have no nucleus and a biconcave cross section to increase oxygen capacity.
Red blood cells have a rounded shape to allow it to flow smoothly. Is red due to the iron compound used to carry oxygen. RBC have no nucleus and a biconcave cross section to increase oxygen capacity.
0
What special adaptation do Elodea have? Why do they have this?
Elodea cell have lots of chloroplasts to capture light.
Elodea cell have lots of chloroplasts to capture light.
0
Why do ciliated cells have hairs?
Ciliated cells have hairs on them to move substances around.
0
Why, when focussing a microscope, is it important to have the stage close to the objective lens at the start and wind the stage down as you focus?
To focus a (light) microscope, put your head to the side and raise the stage until it is as close to the objective lens as possible without making contact. Then looking through the microscope, wind the stage down using the coarse focusing dial. The fine focus using the smaller dial.
To focus a (light) microscope, put your head to the side and raise the stage until it is as close to the objective lens as possible without making contact. Then looking through the microscope, wind the stage down using the coarse focusing knob. The fine focus using the smaller knob.
0
How should biological drawings be made?
Biological diagrams are line drawings of 'the generalised specimen'.
Biological diagrams are line drawings of 'the generalised specimen'.
0
What organelles can be seen under a light microscope?
Students to record cell structure as a labelled biological diagram as seen using a light microscope.
Students to record cell structure as a labelled biological diagram as seen using a light microscope.
0
What does unicellular mean?
Unicellular organisms are living things made up of only a one cell.
Unicellular organisms are living things made up of many cells.
Unicellular organisms are living things made up of only a one organ.
Unicellular organisms are living things made up of many organs.
Unicellular organisms are living things made up of only a one cell.
1
What does multicellular mean?
Multicellular organisms are living things made up of many cells.
Multicellular organisms are living things made up of only a one cell.
Multicellular organisms are living things made up of many organs.
Multicellular organisms are living things made up of only a one organ.
Multicellular organisms are living things made up of many cells.
0
Name 3 types of unicellular life.
Bacteria, Protozoa and Yeast are examples of unicellular organisms.
Bacteria, Red blood cells and Yeast are examples of unicellular organisms.
Red blood cells, Protozoa and Yeast are examples of unicellular organisms.
Bacteria, Protozoa and Red Blood Cells are examples of unicellular organisms.
Bacteria, Protozoa and Yeast (unicellular fungi) are examples of unicellular organisms.
1
What are the parts of a bacterial cell?
A bacterial cell consists of cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall; the genes are not in a distinct nucleus. Some Bacteria may have Flagella (tails) to swim.
A bacterial cell consists of cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall; the genes are not in a distinct nucleus. Some Bacteria may have Flagella (tails) to swim.
0
What organelles do yeast cells have?
Yeast cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall.
Yeast cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall.
0
What are pseudopodia?
Protoza have pseudopodia (“false feet”) to move about and to surround food and take it inside the cell. Protoza have temporary vacuoles containing waste.
Protoza have pseudopodia (“false feet”) to move about and to surround food and take it inside the cell. Protoza have temporary vacuoles containing waste.
0
Can you see unicellular or multicellular organisms with the naked eye?
You can see multicelluar organisms with the naked eye. Most unicellular organisms are too small to see without a microscope.
Students to sort prepared slides or diagrams of unicellular organisms based on their characteristics.
0
How are the bones arranged in your head, torso, arms and legs?
The structure of the human skeleton: Legs: - The upper arm has one bone called the Femur. - The lower arm has two bones called the Tibia and the Fibula. The Tibia is the larger bone. - The Femur, Tibia and Fibula are connected by the Knee joint, behind the Patella (knee cap). Torso: - The Femur is connected to the Pelvis by the Hip joint. - The Spine is made up of Vertebrae connects the Pelvis to Skull. - Attached to the spine is the Rib cage and the Clavicle. Arms: - The upper arm has one bone called the Humerus. - The lower arm has two bones called the Radius and the Ulna. The Radius is on the side of the thumb. - The Humerus is attached to the Clavicle at the Shoulder joint. - Humerus, Radius and Ulna are connected by the Elbow joint.
The structure of the human skeleton: Legs: - The upper leg has one bone called the Femur. - The lower leg has two bones called the Tibia and the Fibula. The Tibia is the larger bone. - The Femur, Tibia and Fibula are connected by the Knee joint, behind the Patella (knee cap). Torso: - The Femur is connected to the Pelvis by the Hip joint. - The Spine is made up of Vertebrae connects the Pelvis to Skull. - Attached to the spine is the Rib cage and the Clavicle. Arms: - The upper arm has one bone called the Humerus. - The lower arm has two bones called the Radius and the Ulna. The Radius is on the side of the thumb. - The Humerus is attached to the Clavicle at the Shoulder joint. - Humerus, Radius and Ulna are connected by the Elbow joint.
0
What are the functions of a skeleton?
The functions of the human skeleton are: - support, - protection, - movement and - making blood cells
The functions of the human skeleton are: - support, - protection, - movement and - making blood cells
0
What does the bone marrow do?
Within bones there is bone marrow which produces new blood cells.
Within bones there is bone marrow which produces new blood cells.
0
How is the movement different in a hinge, pivot, ball and socket and fixed joint?
There are different types of joint in the skeleton, allowing different types of movement. - Hinge: Back and forth without twisting. - Pivot: Twisting. - Ball and socket: Rotation in all directions. - Fixed: No movement
There are different types of joint in the skeleton, allowing different types of movement. - Hinge: Back and forth without twisting. - Pivot: Twisting. - Ball and socket: Rotation in all directions. - Fixed: No movement
0
Give an example of a hinge, pivot, ball and socket and fixed joint.
The Elbow and Knee are hinge joints. The Neck, part of the spine, is a pivot joint. The Shoulder and Hip are ball and socket joints. The Skull has fixed joints in it.
The Elbow and Knee are hinge joints. The Neck, part of the spine, is a pivot joint. The Shoulder and Hip are ball and socket joints. The Skull has fixed joints in it.
0
Give examples of antagonistic muscles in the arms and legs.
The muscle on top of the upper arm is called the Bicep. The muscle on underside of the upper arm is called the Tricep. The muscle on front of the upper leg is called the Quadriceps. The muscles on back of the upper leg are called the Hamstrings. The muscles between the ribs are called intercostal muscles.
The muscle on top of the upper arm is called the Bicep. The muscle on underside of the upper arm is called the Tricep. The muscle on front of the upper leg is called the Quadriceps. The muscles on back of the upper leg are called the Hamstrings. The muscles between the ribs are called intercostal muscles.
0
How are the bones at a joint held together?
Joints are held together (bone to bone) by Ligaments. Muscles are connected to bones by Tendons.
Joints are held together (bone to bone) by Ligaments. Muscles are connected to bones by Tendons.
0
What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?
Ligaments are elastic (stretchy) to allow movement. Tendons are not elastic to all muscles to exert a force on the bones.
Ligaments are elastic (stretchy) to allow movement. Tendons are not elastic to all muscles to exert a force on the bones.
0
What do muscles do to apply a force and is it a pulling or pushing force?
Muscles can only contract (pull) exerting a force and relax applying no force. Muscles can not
Muscles can only contract (pull) exerting a force and relax applying no force. Muscles can not
0
When one muscle in an antagonistic pair is contracted, what will the other muscle do?
To raise the lower arm, the Bicep must contract while the triceps relaxes and vice versa.
To raise the lower arm, the Bicep must contract while the triceps relaxes and vice versa.
0
What part of the plant is involved in sexual reproduction?
Flowers are the genitals of plants
0
What is the male part of the flower called?
Flower structure - The Stamen is the male part of a flower. - The Stamen consists of an Anther and Filament. - The Anther contains pollen, the male gamete cell. -The Filament attaches the stamen to the anther. - The Carpel is the female part of a flower. - The Carpel consists of a Stigma, Style and Ovary. - The style is the stalk in the centre of the flower. - The Stigma is on the end of the style. - The Ovary contains the Ovule, the female gamete cell. - The flower also has Petals (to attract insects) and Sepals (green leaves which contain flower before budding).
Flower structure - The Stamen is the male part of a flower. - The Stamen consists of an Anther and Filament. - The Anther contains pollen, the male gamete cell. - The Carpel is the female part of a flower. - The Carpel consists of a Stigma, Style and Ovary. - The Stigma is on the end of the style. - The Ovary contains the Ovule, the female gamete cell. - The flower also has Petals and Sepals.
0
How can an insect pollinator transfer pollen from one flower to another?
insect pollination: - Insects attracted to petals and nectar. - Insect enters flower and pollen is transferred from Anther to Insect. - Insect is attracted to another flower. - Pollen from Insect is transferred to Stigma. - Pollen cell grows a pollen tube down the Style to the Ovary.
insect pollination: - Insects attracted to petals and nectar. - Insect enters flower and pollen is transferred from Anther to Insect. - Insect is attracted to another flower. - Pollen from Insect is transferred to Stigma. - Pollen cell grows a pollen tube down the Style to the Ovary.
0
What happens to cause fertilisation in a flower?
Fertilisation occurs when the Pollen nucleus fuses with the Ovule. The fertilised Ovule forms the seed. The Ovary forms the Fruit.
Fertilisation occurs when the Pollen nucleus fuses with the Ovule. The fertilised Ovule forms the seed. The Ovary forms the Fruit.
0
What is the role of a pollen cell?
The function of Pollen cells are to transfer genetic material (DNA) from one plant to another.
The function of Pollen cells are to transfer genetic material (DNA) from one plant to another.
0
How are pollen cells adapted - Give at least 2 ways.
Pollen cells are adapted to their function by: - being small (microscopic) - having a tough outer coating - can have spikes or hooks
Pollen cells are adapted to their function by: - being small (microscopic) - having a tough outer coating - can have spikes or hooks
0
Why does pollen have a tough outer coating? Why do some pollens have spikes or hooks on them?
Pollen being small allows it to be transported easily by insects (and wind next lesson) Pollen having a tough outer coating allows the cell to survive in the environment away from the plant. Pollen have spikes or hooks makes it more likely to stick to insects.
Pollen being small allows it to be transported easily by insects (and wind next lesson) Pollen having a tough outer coating allows the cell to survive in the environment away from the plant. Pollen have spikes or hooks makes it more likely to stick to insects.
0
What different methods can be used to transfer pollen?
Some plants use the Wind to pollinate other plants.
Some plants use the Wind to pollinate other plants.
0
Why is it important for plants to spread seeds far?
The most successful plants are wide spread due to their dispersal mechanisms.
The most successful plants are wide spread due to their seed dispersal mechanisms.
0
What are the different ways seeds can be dispersed?
Dispersal mechanisms - Wind - Animal eating - Animal fur - Water - Explosive
Dispersal mechanisms - Wind - Animal eating - Animal fur - Water - Explosive
0
What does a food chain show?
the interdependence of organisms in an ecosystem, including food webs and insect pollinated crops
A food chain shows how energy passes from one organism to another.
0
What do food chains start with?
Food chains begin with a producer, which is normally a green plant.
Food chains begin with a producer, which is normally a green plant.
0
How do plants get energy?
Green plants get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis.
Green plants get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis.
0
What is a consumer?
Organisms that eat other organisms are called consumers.
Organisms that eat other organisms are called consumers.
0
What is the second level in a food chain called?
The first consumer in a food chain is called the primary consumer. The second the secondary consumer and the third the tertiary. The final consumer is called the top consumer.
The first consumer in a food chain is called the primary consumer. The second the secondary consumer and the third the tertiary. The final consumer is called the top consumer.
0
What is an animal that hunts another animal called?
Animals that hunt other animals are called predators, they are unlikely to be primary consumers.
Animals that hunt other animals are called predators, they are unlikely to be primary consumers.
0
How is a food web difference to a food chain?
Food webs are formed by combing the multiple food chains in an ecosystem.
Food webs are formed by combing the multiple food chains in an ecosystem.
0
What is it called when changes in a population of one species affect the population of other species?
A change in the population of an organism in a food web will affect the other organisms in the food chain. This is known as interdependence.
A change in the population of an organism in a food web will affect the other organisms in the food chain. This is known as interdependence.
0
How is a pyramid or number arranged?
A pyramid of numbers shows how many organisms are consumed at each stage (trophic level) of a food web. Generally, there are more organisms consumed at earlier stages. This is because most of the energy consumed is used for movement or staying warm. Little is used to build body mass.
A pyramid of numbers shows how many organisms are consumed at each stage (trophic level) of a food web. Generally, there are more organisms consumed at earlier stages. This is because most of the energy consumed is used for movement or staying warm. Little is used to build body mass.
0
What is bioaccumulation and what levels of the food chain will it affect the most?
Organisms on low levels of the food web can ingest small amounts of toxic materials and survive. When multiple low level organisms are ingested by higher level organisms the toxic materials accumulate to levels that are dangerous. This is called bioaccumulation.
Organisms on low levels of the food web can ingest small amounts of toxic materials and survive. When multiple low level organisms are ingested by higher level organisms the toxic materials accumulate to levels that are dangerous. This is called bioaccumulation.
0
Why are insect pollinators important to humans?
the importance of plant reproduction through insect pollination in human food security
75% of the food we eat relies on insect pollinated crops.
0
If a field only grows the crop and no other plants, why might this be bad for insects?
In large areas growing single crops, there is no food for insects when the crop is not in flower.
In large areas growing single crops, there is no food for insects when the crop is not in flower.
0
Why should we look after insect pollinators?
It is important to ensure the survival of pollinating insects to ensure human food security.
It is important to ensure the survival of pollinating insects to ensure human food security.
0
What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that requires light energy to react together carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and glucose.
PLANNING AIM: How does light affect the height of seedlings over time?
0
Where does photosynthesis take place?
Photosynthesis takes place in any green part of a plant where chlorophyll is present
Sow seeds
0
What are the products of photosynthesis?
The products of photosynthesis are glucose (a sugar) and oxygen
Plants making carbohydrates in their leaves by photosynthesis
0
Where are plants found in the food chain?
Food chains begin with a producer, which is normally a green plant. (FROM 2B)
Food chains begin with a producer, which is normally a green plant. (FROM 2B)
0
How do plants get their energy?
Green plants get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis. (FROM 2B)
Green plants get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis. (FROM 2B)
0
What does 'photo' mean?
'Photo' is from the Greek for 'light'.
'Photo' is from the Greek for 'light'.
0
What does 'synthesis' mean?
'Synthesis' is from the Greek for 'put together or combine'.
'Synthesis' is from the Greek for 'put together or combine'.
0
What happens to particles in synthesis?
Synthesis is the bonding together of small particles to form bigger particles.
Synthesis is the bonding together of small particles to form bigger particles.
0
What happens to the particles in decomposition?
Decomposition is the splitting of large particles in smaller particles.
Decomposition is the splitting of large particles in smaller particles.
0
What types of cells does the most amount of photosynthesis happen?
Most photosynthesis takes place in palisade cells.
Most photosynthesis takes place in palisade cells.
0
Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place?
Palisade cells are adapted for photosynthesis by having lots of chloroplasts. NB: Main thrust of lessons should be looking at cells.
Palisade cells are adapted for photosynthesis by having lots of chloroplasts. NB: Main thrust of lessons should be looking at cells.
0
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
The word summary for photosynthesis is: Carbon Dioxide plus Water becomes Glucose plus Oxygen using light energy.
The word summary for photosynthesis is: Carbon Dioxide plus Water becomes Glucose plus Oxygen using light energy.
0
What are the reactants of photosynthesi
The reactants of photosynthesis are: Carbon Dioxide and Water
The reactants of photosynthesis are: Carbon Dioxide and Water
0
Where does the plant get carbon dioxide from?
Carbon Dioxide is absorbed from the air.
Carbon Dioxide is absorbed from the air.
0
Where does water come from for the plant and where does it enter the plant?
Water is absorbed from the ground through the roots.
Water is absorbed from the ground through the roots.
0
How does carbon dioxide get absorbed into the plant?
Carbon dioxide is absorbed through the leaves.
Carbon dioxide is absorbed through the leaves.
0
What chemicals are the products of photosynthesis?
The products of photosynthesis are: Glucose and Oxygen
The products of photosynthesis are: Glucose and Oxygen
0
What happens to the glucose in a plant?
Glucose is used or stored in the plant.
Glucose is used or stored in the plant.
0
Where does the oxygen made in a plant leave from?
Oxygen is released through the leaves into the air.
Oxygen is released through the leaves into the air.
0
What is glucose converted into when stored in a plant?
Glucose is converted into starch for storage.
Glucose is converted into starch for storage.
0
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
the reactants in, and products of, photosynthesis, and a word summary for photosynthesis
The word summary for respiration is: Glucose plus Oxygen becomes Carbon Dioxide plus Water releasing energy.
0
What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?
The symbol equation for photosynthesis is: CO<SUB>2</SUB> plus H<SUB>2</SUB>O -> C<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>6</SUB> With a wavy arrow showing the light energy.
The symbol equation for photosynthesis is: CO<SUB>2</SUB> plus H<SUB>2</SUB>O -> C<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>6</SUB> With a wavy arrow showing the light energy.
0
What happens to atoms in chemical reactions?
Chemical reactions result from the rearrangement of atoms.
Chemical reactions result from the rearrangement of atoms.
0
What happens to the numbers of each atom in a chemical reaction?
No particles are created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. Therefore the equation needs to be balanced.
DESIRABLE: No particles are created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. Therefore the equation needs to be balanced.
0
What makes photosynthesis an endothermic reaction?
Photosynthesis is an endothermic chemical reactions because it takes energy to build bigger molecules.
Photosynthesis is an endothermic chemical reactions because it takes energy to build bigger molecules.
0
What is the symbol equation for respiration?
The symbol equation for respiration is: C<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>6</SUB> -> CO<SUB>2</SUB> plus H<SUB>2</SUB>O With a wavy arrow showing the energy leaving the reaction.
The symbol equation for respiration is: C<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>6</SUB> -> CO<SUB>2</SUB> plus H<SUB>2</SUB>O With a wavy arrow showing the energy leaving the reaction.
0
What makes respiration an exothermic reaction?
Respiration is an exothermic chemical reactions because it releases energy when bigger molecules are split.
Respiration is an exothermic chemical reactions because it releases energy when bigger molecules are split.
0
How are leaves shaped to help photosynthesis?
Leaves are flat and so have a large surface area to collect the sunlight.
Leaves are flat and so have a large surface area to collect the sunlight.
0
How are palisade cells adapted to perform photosynthesis?
The palisade cells, found towards the top of the leaves, have lots of chloroplast which perform photosynthesis.
The palisade cells, found towards the top of the leaves, have lots of chloroplast which perform photosynthesis.
0
What is glucose converted into when stored in a plant?
Glucose is converted into starch for storage.
Glucose is converted into starch for storage.
0
What is used to test for starch and what is the colour change?
The test for starch is it reacts with iodine, turning black.
The test for starch is it reacts with iodine, turning black.
0
What is the role of the stomata in the plant?
the role of leaf stomata in gas exchange in plants
the role of leaf stomata in gas exchange in plants
0
what are the holes in the bottom of a leaf called?
Stomata
Stomata
0
How do plants gain water?
plants gaining water from the soil via their roots
Plants gaining water from the soil via their roots
0
How do plants gain the mineral nutrients they need?
plants gaining mineral nutrients from the soil via their roots
Plants gaining mineral nutrients from the soil via their roots
0
Why do root hair cells have no chloroplasts?
Root hair cells have no chloroplast because they do not receive light.
Root hair cells have no chloroplast because they do not receive light.
0
Why do root hair cells have a large surface area?
Root hair cells have a larger surface area to absorb more water and minerals.
Root hair cells have a larger surface area to absorb more water and minerals.
0
Where do stomata occur on the leaf?
There are more stomata on the bottom of the leaf than on the top
There are more stomata on the bottom of the leaf than on the top
0
What are the five food groups of a human diet?
the content of a healthy human diet: carbohydrates, lipids (fats and oils), proteins, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and water, and why each is needed
The five food groups of a human diet are: - carbohydrates (sugar and starch), - lipids (fats and oils), - proteins, - vitamins and minerals, - dietary fibre - (and water).
0
What type of carbohydrate is used by the body for slow release energy?
Carbohydrates: Starch is used slow release energy.
Carbohydrates: Starch is used for slow release energy.
0
What type of carbohydrate is used by the body for quick release energy?
Carbohydrates: Sugar is used quick release energy.
Carbohydrates: Sugar is used for quick release energy.
0
What are Lipids used for?
Lipids are used for slow release energy, protection of organs and cell building.
Lipids are used for slow release energy, protection of organs and cell building.
0
What does the body use Protein for?
Proteins are used for growth, cell repair and cell replacement.
Proteins are used for growth, cell repair and cell replacement.
0
Which food group is needed in small quantities for a healthy body?
Vitamins and minerals are needed in small quantities for a healthy body.
Vitamins and minerals are needed in small quantities for a healthy body.
0
What is Dietary Fibre needed for?
Dietary Fibre is needed for healthy waste removal.
Dietary Fibre is needed for healthy waste removal.
0
What is the definition for a 'Balanced Diet'?
A 'Balanced Diet' is a diet in which neither too much energy is consumed, nor too much of any one type of food group.
A 'Balanced Diet' is a diet in which neither too much energy is consumed, nor too much of any one type of food group.
0
Which food type(s) are required in the greatest proportion
Fruit and vegetables and Bread, rice, potatoes and pasta
A balanced diet consists of these proportions of food types: Fruit and vegetables: 33% Bread, rice, potatoes and pasta: 33% Milk and other dairy products : 15% Meat, fish, egg, beans: 12% Foods and drinks high in energy: 7%
0
What is the definition of a food group?
A food group is what substances are in the food.
A food group is what substances are in the food.
0
What is the definition of a food type?
A food type is the name of the food.
A food type is the name of the food.
0
Which food type provides vitamins, minerals and fibre?
Fruit and vegetables give Vitamins and minerals and Fibre
Fruit and vegetables give Vitamins and minerals and Fibre
0
Which 4 types of food provide slow release energy (starch)?
Bread, rice, potatoes and pasta gives starch (Carbohydrates) for slow energy.
Bread, rice, potatoes and pasta gives Starch (Carbohydrates)
0
Which food type provides vitamins, minerals and lipids?
Milk and milk products provides vitamins, minerals and lipids.
Milk and milk products gives Protein; Lipids; Vitamins and Minerals
0
What food group do meat, fish, eggs and beans provide?
Meat, fish, eggs and beans provide protein and lipids.
Meat, fish, egg, beans gives Protein; Lipids
0
What type of carbohydrate does food high in energy contain?
Foods and drinks high in energy tend to contain Sugars (Carbohydrates)
Foods and drinks high in energy tend to conatain lots of sugars (Carbohydrates) and lipids.
0
What type of energy is stored in food?
Energy in food is chemical energy.
Energy in food is chemical energy.
0
What is food energy measured in (in catering)?
Energy in food is measured in catering calories (Kilocalories)
Energy in food is measured in catering calories (Kilocalories)
0
What is food energy measured in (in science)?
Energy in food is measured in Kilojoules in science.
Energy in food is measured in Kilojoules in science.
0
How are the energy requirements of a healthy diet calculated?
calculations of energy requirements in a healthy daily diet
Even when you are asleep you require energy to stay alive.
0
What do we require energy for?
You require energy to do anything more than stay alive.
You require energy to do anything more than stay alive.
0
What is the term for the energy required just to stay alive?
The energy required just to stay alive is known as your Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
The energy required just to stay alive is known as your Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
0
What is the amount of energy you used during the day called?
The energy you expend through the day doing activities is known as your Active Metabolic Rate (AMR).
The energy you expend through the day doing activities is known as your Active Metabolic Rate (AMR).
0
What does BMR depend on?
Your BMR depends on your age and gender.
Your BMR depends on your age and gender.
0
What does AMR depend on?
Your AMR depends on your activities.
Your AMR depends on your activities.
0
How do you work out someones total energy requirements?
Total Energy Requirements = BMR plus AMR
Total Energy Requirements = BMR plus AMR
0
What happens if someone consumes more energy than they use?
the consequences of imbalances in the diet, including obesity, starvation and deficiency diseases
If a person consumes more energy than they use they gain weight.
0
What happens if someone consumes less energy than they use?
If a person consumes less energy than they use they lose weight.
If a person consumes less energy than they use they lose weight.
0
What is the medical term for someone who is excessively fat?
People who are excessively fat are said to be obese.
People who are excessively fat are said to be obese.
0
What health problems does obesity cause?
Obesity leads to health problems: - arthritis (worn joints) - diabetes (high blood sugar) - high blood pressure - heart disease
Obesity leads to health problems: - arthritis (worn joints) - diabetes (high blood sugar) - high blood pressure - heart disease
0
When does starvation occur?
Starvation occurs when a person does not consume enough energy to live (over the medium term).
Starvation occurs when a person does not consume enough energy to live (over the medium term).
0
What can happen when you do not consume enough vitamins or minerals?
If you do not consume enough vitamins and minerals then you may suffer from deficiency diseases, as cells are unable to function properly.
If you do not consume enough vitamins and minerals then you may suffer from deficiency diseases, as cells are unable to function properly.
0
Which organ system is involved in digestion?
Digestion happens in the digestive system.
Digestion happens in the digestive system.
0
Which organs are part of the digestive system?
The parts of the digestive system: Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Small intestine, Large intestine, Appendix, Rectum, Anus.
The parts of the digestive system: Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Small intestine, Large intestine, Appendix, Rectum, Anus.
0
How is food broken down in the mouth?
Food is broken down into smaller pieces by chewing in the mouth.
Food is broken down into smaller pieces by chewing in the mouth.
0
What is the result of of having smaller pieces of food?
The food will have a larger surface area.
Chewing food into smaller pieces increase the surface area of the food.
0
How does a larger surface area affect digestion?
The surface area of food allows more food - saliva contact which speeds up the rate of digestion.
The surface area of food allows more food - saliva contact. More food - saliva contact speeds up the rate of digestion.
0
How is food broken down in the stomach?
Food is churned in the stomach which physically breaks the food down. Stomach acids help to break down the food chemically.
Food is churned in the stomach which physically breaks the food down. Stomach acids help to break down the food chemically.
0
Where are the nutrients from absorbed?
The nutrients from the digested food are absorbed into the blood stream in the small intestines.
The nutrients from the digested food are absorbed into the blood stream in the small intestines.
0
How are nutrients absorbed in the small intestine?
Nutrients diffuse from inside the small intestine into the blood vessels surround it.
The nutrients from the digested food diffuse through the intestine wall.
0
What is the role of the villi? Explain your answer.
Microscopic projections called villi increase the surface area of the intestine. Therefore increasing the rate of diffusion of useful particles from the intestines to the bloodstream.
Microscopic projections called villi increase the surface area of the intestine. Therefore increasing the rate of diffusion of useful particles from the intestines to the bloodstream.
0
Compare the concentrations of nutrients in the small intestine to the blood surround it.
There is a high concentration of nutrients in the intestine and a lower concentration in the blood.
There is a high concentration of nutrients in the intestine and a lower concentration in the blood. This creates a concentration gradient.
0
Why is there a great concentration gradient?
There is a big difference in concentration. There is a short distance between the high concentration and the low concentration.
The concentration gradient is great because - the distance between the digested food and the blood is small because the wall of the intestine is thin. - there is a good blood supply to remove the nutrients from the blood vessel next to the intestine.
0
Why is the small intestine so long?
The small intestine is long to maximise the time in which diffusion can happen and so get the most from the food that we eat.
The small intestine is long (up to 9 meters) to maximise the time in which (complete digestion and) diffusion can happen.
0
What happens to the excess water?
Excess water is absorbed back into the blood stream through the large intestines.
Excess water is absorbed back into the blood stream through the large intestines.
0
What is faeces?
Undigested food passes out of the anus as faeces when we go to the toilet.
Undigested food passes out of the anus as faeces when we go to the toilet.
0
What are enzymes and where are they produced?
Enzymes are biological catalysts (help specific chemical reactions to happen) that are produced in salivary glands and the pancreas.
Enzymes are biological catalysts (help specific chemical reactions to happen) that are produced in salivary glands and the pancreas.
0
Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?
Amylase enzymes in the mouth break carbohydrates down into sugars.
Amylase enzymes in the mouth break carbohydrates down into sugars.
0
Which food does protease break down?
Protease enzymes in the stomach break proteins down into amino acids.
Protease enzymes in the stomach break proteins down into amino acids.
0
Where is lipase used?
Lipase enzymes in the small intestines break fats down into glycerol and fatty acids.
Lipase enzymes in the small intestines break Lipids down into glycerol and fatty acids.
0
Which other enzymes are found in the small intestines?
Amylase and Protease enzymes in the small intestines break undigested carbohydrates and proteins
Amylase and Protease enzymes in the small intestines break undigested carbohydrates and proteins
0
How do the nutrients reach the blood stream?
Nutrients are now small enough to be absorbed through the lining of the small intestines into the bloodstream.
Nutrients are now small enough to be absorbed through the lining of the small intestines into the bloodstream.
0
How is the lining of the small intestines adapted?
The lining of the small intestines is adapted to have a thin lining, large surface area and good blood supply.
The lining of the small intestines is adapted to have a thin lining, large surface area and good blood supply.
0
What is absorbed through the lining of the large intestines?
Water is absorbed through the lining of the large intestines.
Water is absorbed through the lining of the large intestines.
0
What happens to the undigested food?
Anything left is excreted
Anything left is excreted
0
What role does bacteria play in the human digestive system?
the importance of bacteria in the human digestive system
the importance of bacteria in the human digestive system
0
What is the function of the Testes?
Testes are where sperm cells are produced.
Testes is a bag of skin which holds the testes away from the body so the testes are cooler.
Testes add fluids to sperm to make semen. Sperm use this fluid as an energy source.
Testes is a tube which carries sperm out of the penis.
Structure and function of the male reproductive systems: - Testes: Where sperm cells are produced.
0
What is the function of the Scrotum?
The Scrotum is a bag of skin which holds the testes away from the body so the testes are cooler.
The Scrotum is where sperm cells are produced.
The Scrotum add fluids to sperm to make semen. Sperm use this fluid as an energy source.
The Scrotum is a tube which carries the semen to the penis.
- Scrotum: A bag of skin which holds the testes away from the body so the testes are cooler.
0
What is the function of the Glands?
The Glands add fluids to sperm to make semen. Sperm use this fluid as an energy source.
The Glands are the tubes which carries the semen to the penis.
The Glands allows insertion of semen into female.
The Glands are where sperm cells are produced.
- Glands: Adds fluids to sperm to make semen. Sperm use this fluid as an energy source.
0
What is the function of the Sperm duct?
The Sperm duct is a tube which carries the semen to the penis.
The Sperm duct adds fluids to sperm to make semen. Sperm use this fluid as an energy source.
The Sperm duct allows insertion of semen into female.
The Sperm duct is where sperm cells are produced.
- Sperm duct: Tube which carries the semen to the penis.
0
What is the function of the Penis?
The Penis allows insertion of semen into female.
The Penis is where sperm cells are produced.
The Penis carries eggs to the Uterus.
The Penis adds fluids to sperm to make semen.
- Penis: Allows insertion into female.
0
What is the function of the Urethra?
The Urethra is a tube which carries sperm out of the penis.
The Urethra is a tube which carries the semen to the penis.
The Urethra is a tube which carries eggs from the ovary to the Uterus.
The Urethra is a tube which carries the eggs to the Penis.
- Urethra: Tube which carries sperm out of the penis.
0
What is the function of the Ovary?
The Ovary is where eggs are stored and matured.
The Ovary is where fertilisation happens.
The Ovary is where sperm is produced.
The Ovary is where the baby develops.
Structure and function of the female reproductive systems: - Ovary: Where eggs are stored and matured.
0
What is the function of the Oviducts?
The Oviducts are tubes which carries eggs from the ovary to the Uterus.
The Oviducts are tubes which carries the semen to the penis.
The Oviducts are tubes which carries sperm out of the penis.
The Oviducts are tubes which carries the eggs to the Penis.
- Oviducts: Tube which carries eggs from the ovary to the Uterus.
0
What is the function of the Uterus?
The Uterus is where the baby develops.
The Uterus is a tube which carries eggs from the ovary.
The Uterus is where eggs are stored and matured.
The Uterus receives the semen.
- Uterus: Where the baby develops.
0
What is the function of the Cervix?
The Cervix is the opening of the Uterus.
The Cervix is where the baby develops.
The Cervix is a tube which carries eggs from the ovary.
The Cervix is where eggs are stored and matured.
- Cervix: The opening of the Uterus.
0
What is the function of the Vagina?
The Vagina receives the semen.
The Vagina is where the baby develops.
The Vagina is the opening of the Uterus.
The Vagina is where eggs are stored and matured.
- Vagina: Receives the semen.
0
What happens to the lining of the Uterus during the Menstrual cycle?
During the Menstrual cycle the blood rich lining of the Uterus thickens in readiness for pregnancy. If not used the lining is shed during menstruation.
During the Menstrual cycle the blood rich lining of the Uterus thins in readiness for pregnancy. If not used the lining is shed during menstruation.
During the Menstrual cycle the blood rich lining of the Uterus thickens in readiness for pregnancy. If used the lining is shed during menstruation.
During the Menstrual cycle the blood rich lining of the Uterus thins in readiness for pregnancy. If used the lining is shed during menstruation.
During the Menstrual cycle the blood rich lining of the Uterus thickens in readiness for pregnancy. If not used the lining is shed during menstruation. (without details of hormones)
0
How is a sperm cell structure linked to is function?
Sperm Cells have a pointed head which is streamlined for swimming and entering egg. The also have lots of mitrochondria to give energy needed to swim.
Sperm Cells have a pointed head to give lots of energy. The also have lots of mitrochondria to enter the egg.
Sperm Cells have a large food store for initial growth.
Sperm Cells have a large food store to give energy for swimming.
gametes: cell structure linked to function Sperm Cells: - Tail: to be able to swim. - Pointed head: streamlined for swimming and entering egg. - Lots of mitrochondria: energy needed to swim, mitrochondria need to release energy through respiration.
0
How is a egg cell structure linked to is function?
Egg Cells have a large food store for initial growth.
Egg Cells have a pointed head which is streamlined for swimming and entering egg. The also have lots of mitrochondria to give energy needed to swim.
Egg Cells have a large food store to give energy for swimming.
Egg Cells have a tail for swimming.
gametes: cell structure linked to function Egg Cells: - Large food store for initial growth
0
What happens during fertilisation?
Fertilisation occurs when the sperm's nucleus fuses with eggs nucleus.
Fertilisation occurs when the Zygote starts dividing.
Fertilisation occurs when the sperm enters the egg.
Fertilisation occurs when the ball of cells implants in the Uterus lining.
Fertilisation occurs when the sperm's nucleus fuses with eggs nucleus. This forms a zygote.
0
How does a gamete compare from a 'normal cell'?
Gametes only contain half the DNA of a 'normal' cell.
Gametes only contain twice the DNA of a 'normal' cell.
Gametes have the same amount of DNA as a 'normal' cell.
Gametes are twice the size of a 'normal' cell.
Gametes only contain half the DNA of a 'normal' cell.
0
Where must fertilisation occur for a pregnancy to be possible?
To result in a pregnancy fertilisation must occur in the Oviduct tubes.
To result in a pregnancy fertilisation must occur in the Vagina.
To result in a pregnancy fertilisation must occur in the Ovary.
To result in a pregnancy fertilisation must occur in the Uterus.
To result in a pregnancy fertilisation must occur in the oviduct tubes.
0
What is the ball of cells called when a zygote divides to copy itself?
The zygote divides and copies itself to produce a ball of cells called a embryo.
The zygote divides and copies itself to produce a ball of cells called a twin.
The zygote divides and copies itself to produce a ball of cells called a fetus.
The zygote divides and copies itself to produce a ball of cells called a baby.
The zygote copies and divides and itself to produce a ball of cells called a embryo.
0
What happens to the embryo for a women to become pregnant?
A women becomes pregnant when the embryo implants in the blood rich lining of the Uterus.
A women becomes pregnant when the embryo implants in the blood rich lining of the Vagina.
A women becomes pregnant when the sperm's nucleus fuses with eggs nucleus.
A women becomes pregnant when the zygote divides and copies itself.
A women becomes pregnant when the embryo implants in the blood rich lining of the Uterus.
0
What does an embryo develop into?
The embryo develops into a Fetus.
The embryo develops into a Baby.
The embryo develops into a Zygote.
The embryo develops into a Gamete.
The embryo develops into a fetus. It is called a fetus when it heart starts beating.
0
What does the placenta do?
The Placenta allows substances to cross from the mother's blood into the fetus and vice versa.
The Placenta allows mother's blood and substances to mix with the fetus'.
The Placenta allows substances to cross from the mother's blood into the fetus only.
The Placenta allows substances to cross from the fetus'; blood into the mother's only.
Part of the embryo develops into a placenta, which allows substances to cross from the mother's blood into the fetus, and vice versa.
0
What is the gestation period?
The gestation period is the time spend developing in the uterus.
The gestation period is the time taken for the sperm and egg nuclei to fuse.
The gestation period is the time taken for the sperm to swim to the egg cell.
The gestation period is the time taken for the embryo to start it's heart beating.
The time spend in the uterus is called gestation period. During this time cells continue to copy and divide allowing the fetus to grow.
0
What happens during birth?
During birth, the cervix dilates and the uterus contracts pushing the Fetus through the cervix and vagina.
During birth, the Uterus dilates and the Cervix contracts pushing the Fetus through Oviduct and Vagina.
During birth, the Uterus dilates and the Cervix contracts pushing the Fetus through Cervix and Vagina.
During birth, the Cervix dilates and the Uterus contracts pushing the Fetus through Oviduct and Vagina.
During birth, the cervix dilates and the uterus contracts pushing the Fetus through the cervix and vagina.
0
In order of size, smallest first, what are the 'units' of genetic information?
In size order the genetic information is arranged as Base Pairs => Gene => DNA => Chromosome => Nucleus
In size order the genetic information is arranged as DNA => Base Pairs => Gene=> Chromosome => Nucleus
In size order the genetic information is arranged as Base Pairs => Gene => DNA => Nucleus => Chromosome
In size order the genetic information is arranged as Gene => Base Pairs => DNA => Chromosome => Nucleus
In size order the genetic information is arranged as follow: Base Pairs => Gene => Chromosome => Nucleus
0
What is the shape of the DNA Molecule?
DNA is a long molecule that contains the genetic information for an organism. DNA is in the form of a double helix of 2 strands, joined through base pairs.
DNA is a long molecule that contains the genetic information for an organism. DNA is in the form of a double helix of 2 strands, joined through base pairs.
0
What gives the code to create proteins?
The order of the bases gives the code to create proteins/give characteristics.
The order of the bases gives the code to create proteins/give characteristics.
0
Compare genes and chromosomes.
Long strands of DNA are called chromosomes. Genes are sections of DNA that give instructions for a particular characteristic. Genes can be found at particular locations on the chromosome.
Long strands of DNA are called chromosomes. Genes are sections of DNA that give instructions for a particular characteristic. Genes can be found at particular locations on the chromosome.
0
What role did Pauling and Chargaff, have in the developing the DNA model?
Before the discovery of the DNA structure, Pauling had already discovered helical proteins and Chargaff had already discovered there were always equal numbers of bases A and T and also equal numbers of C and G.
Before the discovery of the DNA structure, Pauling had already discovered helical proteins and Chargaff had already discovered there were always equal numbers of bases A and T and also equal numbers of C and G.
0
What role did Watson and Crick have in the developing the DNA model?
Watson and Crick worked out the shape of the DNA double helix and how it could be replicated.
Watson and Crick worked out the shape of the DNA double helix and how it could be replicated.
0
What role did Franklin and Wilkins have in the developing the DNA model?
Franklin and Wilkins used the new technology of X-ray crystallography to make photographs of the DNA molecule and revealing its shape.
Franklin and Wilkins used the new technology of X-ray crystallography to make photographs of the DNA molecule and revealing its shape. Watson and Crick didn’t properly acknowledge the research carried out by Franklin and Wilkins they used to come up with their discovery.
0
What factors are needed for scientific understanding to progress?
The factors needed for scientific understanding to progress including the improvements in technology and building on discoveries by other scientists.
The factors needed for scientific understanding to progress including the improvements in technology and building on discoveries by other scientists.
0
What is heredity?
Heredity is the process by which genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next.
Heredity is the process by which characteristics are determined by the environment.
Heredity is the process by which genetic information is randomly changed when copied.
Heredity is the process by which organisms grow.
Heredity is the process by which genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next.
0
What is a species?
A species is a group of organisms who can produce offspring can also reproduce.
A species is a group of organisms who can produce offspring that are sterile.
A species is a group of organisms who can not produce offspring.
A species is a group of organisms with similar characteristics.
A species is defined as a group of organisms who's genetic information is compatible such that their offspring can also reproduce.
0
What happen if closely related species reproduce?
Similar species can reproduce, creating sterile offspring.
Similar species can reproduce, creating sterile offspring.
0
What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity is a measure of the number of species in an area.
Biodiversity is a measure of the number of organisms in an area.
Biodiversity is a measure of the number of layers in a food chain.
Biodiversity is a measure of the number of food chains in an area.
Biodiversity is a measure of the number of species in an area.
0
Why is maintaining biodiversity important?
the importance of maintaining biodiversity: means all the roles in the ecosystem are occupied, maintains genetic variation, the ecosystem has a greater stability, can save potential useful species from extinction.
the importance of maintaining biodiversity: means all the roles in the ecosystem are occupied, maintains genetic variation, the ecosystem has a greater stability, can save potential useful species from extinction.
0
What are genes banks for?
The use of gene banks is to preserve hereditary material.
The use of gene banks is to preserve hereditary material.
0
How can variation lead to natural selection?
the variation between species and between individuals of the same species meaning some organisms compete more successfully, which can drive natural selection
the variation between species and between individuals of the same species meaning some organisms compete more successfully, which can drive natural selection
0
What is the definition of a species?
A species is defined as a group of organisms who's genetic information is compatible such that their offspring can also reproduce.
A species is defined as a group of organisms who's genetic information is compatible such that their offspring can also reproduce.
0
Despite belonging to the same species, individuals often are different. What is this difference called and what two forms can it grouped into?
the variation between individuals within a species being continuous or discontinuous, to include measurement and graphical representation of variation
The differences between individuals within a species are called variation .
0
What is continuous variation?
The variation between individuals within a species being continuous when there are (near) infinite number of possibilities. Continuous variation is often measureable and with units.
The variation between individuals within a species being continuous when there are (near) infinite number of possibilities.
0
What is discontinuous variation?
Discontinuous variation is often described by words or integers. The variation between individuals within a species being discontinuous when fits into a distinct category
Discontinuous variation is often described by words or integers
0
How would a graph of discontinuous variation and continuous variation be different?
Discontinuous would be a bar graph of categories and their frequency. Continuous would be a histogram of artificially made groups and their frequency.
measurement and graphical representation of variation
0
How can a change in the environment cause evolution and even possibly extinction?
changes in the environment which may leave individuals within a species, and some entire species, less well adapted to compete successfully and reproduce, which in turn may lead to extinction
changes in the environment which may leave individuals within a species, and some entire species, less well adapted to compete successfully and reproduce, which in turn may lead to extinction
0
Why do cells require energy?
Cells require energy in order to fulfill their function.
Cells require energy in order to fulfill their function.
0
How do cells obtain energy?
All cells obtain energy through respiration.
All cells obtain energy through respiration.
0
Where in a cell does most respiration happen in a cell?
Most respiration happens in the mitochondria of a cell.
Most respiration happens in the mitochondria of a cell.
0
What is respiration in terms of particles?
Respiration is the breaking breakdown of large particles which contain lots of energy into smaller particles containing less energy. The extra energy is released from the chemical reaction is used by the cell.
Respiration is the decomposing (breaking down) of large particles which contain lots of energy into smaller particles containing less energy. The extra energy is released from the chemical reaction is used by the cell.
0
In terms of energy, what type of reaction is respiration?
Respiration is an exothermic reaction.
Respiration is an exothermic reaction.
0
What do cells need for respiration?
For respiration cells need Glucose (sugar) and oxygen.
For respiration cells need Glucose (sugar) and oxygen.
0
What is the most common type of respiration in plants and animals?
Most animals and plants do respiration using oxygen. This is called aerobic respiration.
Most animals and plants do respiration using oxygen. This is called aerobic respiration.
0
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration can be represented as Glucose plus Oxygen => Carbon Dioxide plus Water ( plus Energy )
Aerobic respiration can be represented as Glucose plus Oxygen => Carbon Dioxide plus Water ( plus Energy )
0
Why do cells switch the type of respiration they are doing?
When there isn't enough oxygen, cells can't do aerobic energy. Instead cells do anaerobic respiration.
When there isn't enough oxygen, cells can't do aerobic energy. Instead cells do anaerobic respiration.
0
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration can be represented as Glucose => Lactic acid ( plus Energy )
Anaerobic respiration can be represented as Glucose => Lactic acid ( plus Energy )
0
Why do most plants and animals do aerobic respiration, rather than anaerobic?
Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic energy.
Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic energy.
0
What effect does Lactic acid have?
Lactic acid causes a burning sensation in the muscle and possibly cramps.
Lactic acid causes a burning sensation in the muscle and possibly cramps.
0
How do we get rid of Lactic acid?
To get rid of the Lactic acid, it must be combined with oxygen to convert it back into water and carbon dioxide.
To get rid of the Lactic acid, it must be combined with oxygen to convert it back into water and carbon dioxide.
0
Describe what particles do in a fluid.
Particles in a fluid are always moving.
Particles in a fluid are always moving.
0
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
0
What is concentration?
Concentration is the number of a particular type of particle in a volume of space.
Concentration is the number of a particular type of particle in a volume of space.
0
How do the random movement of particles result in the movement from a higher concentration to a lower concentration?
Half of a large number is more than half of a smaller number. So more particles will travel from a larger number of particles (high concentration), than are replaced by the smaller number moving form the smaller number of particles (lower concentration).
Half of a large number is more than half of a smaller number. So more particles will travel from a larger number of particles (high concentration), than are replaced by the smaller number moving form the smaller number of particles (lower concentration).
0
Under what conditions does diffusion happen faster?
Diffusion happens fastest when: - there is a large surface area - there is a short distance between areas of differing concentration. - at higher temperatures.
Diffusion happens fastest when: - there is a large surface area - there is a large difference in concentration - there is a short distance between areas of differing concentration. - at higher temperatures.
0
Why does glucose diffuse into muscle cells from the blood?
Glucose diffuses into a muscle cell, because there is a higher concentration of glucose particles in the blood than the cell.
Glucose diffuses into a muscle cell, because there is a higher concentration of glucose particles in the blood than the cell.
0
Why does oxygen diffuse into muscle cells from the blood?
Oxygen diffuses into a muscle cell, because there is a higher concentration of oxygen particles in the blood than the cell.
Oxygen diffuses into a muscle cell, because there is a higher concentration of oxygen particles in the blood than the cell.
0
Why does carbon dioxide diffuse out of muscle cells into the blood?
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of a muscle cell, because there is a higher concentration of Carbon dioxide particles in the cell than the blood.
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of a muscle cell, because there is a higher concentration of Carbon dioxide particles in the cell than the blood.
0
Why does water diffuse out of muscle cells into the blood?
Water diffuses out a muscle cell, because there is a higher concentration of oxygen particles in the blood than the cell.
Water diffuses out a muscle cell, because there is a higher concentration of oxygen particles in the blood than the cell.
0
How can diffusion occur in and out of cells.
Diffusion occurs through the cell membrane, because there are small gaps in the membrane.
Diffusion occurs through the cell membrane, because there are small gaps in the me.
0
What does partially-permeable mean?
Partially-permeable allows certain particles through but not others.permeable..
Partially-permeable allows certain particles through but not others.
0
Why is the cell membrane referred to as partially-permeable?
The small gaps allow smaller molecules through but not larger ones. This means the membrane is partially-
These small gaps allow smaller molecules through but not larger ones. This means the membrane is partially-permeable
0
What are the main parts of the human circulatory?
The main parts of the human circulatory system are: - heart - blood vessels - Arteries - Veins - Capillaries - blood
Identify the main parts of the human circulatory system: - heart - blood vessels - Arteries - Veins - Capillaries - blood
0
Which direction do the arteries move the blood?
Arteries take blood away from the heart.
Arteries take blood away from the heart.
0
Which direction do the veins move the blood?
Veins take blood into the heart.
Veins take blood into the heart.
0
What blood vessel helps carry out exchange between the blood and cells?
Capillaries carry blood between cells.
Capillaries carry blood between cells.
0
What is the part of the blood made of mainly water and dissolved chemicals called?
Blood is made up of mainly water with chemicals dissolved in it. This is called plasma.
Blood is made up of mainly water with chemicals dissolved in it. This is called plasma.
0
What gases are dissolved in the plasma?
Carbon dioxide and some Oxygen are dissolved in the plasma.
Carbon dioxide and some Oxygen are dissolved in the plasma.
0
What part of the blood carries most of the oxygen?
Blood has Red Blood Cells in it to carry far more oxygen.
Blood has Red Blood Cells in it to carry far more oxygen.
0
What gas diffuses from the lungs into the blood?
Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the lungs.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the lungs.
0
What gas diffuses out of the blood into the lungs?
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood in the lungs.
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood in the lungs.
0
which organ does glucose enter the blood from?
Glucose mainly diffuses into the blood in the small intestine.
Glucose mainly diffuses into the blood in the small intestine.
0
Which organ removes excess water from the blood?
Excess water is mainly filtered out of the blood in the kidneys.
Excess water is mainly filtered out of the blood in the kidneys.
0
What organ is responsible for gas exchange in humans?
Gas exchange in humans occurs in the lungs.
Gas exchange in humans occurs in the lungs.
0
How does the air enter the lungs?
Gas enters the mouth and nose and descends down the wind pipe (trachea).
Gas enters the mouth and nose and descends down the wind pipe (trachea).
0
What does the wind pipe split into when it reaches the lungs?
The wind pipe splits into two Bronchi. One Bronchus to each lung.
The wind pipe splits into two Bronchi. One Bronchus to each lung.
0
What are the smaller tubes the bronchi split off into called?
The Bronchi split into small tubes called Bronchioles.
The Bronchi split into small tubes called Bronchioles.
0
What are the structures at the ends of bronchioles called?
The Bronchioles lead to the alveoli (air sacs)
The Bronchioles lead to the alveoli (air sacs)
0
What are the lungs adapted to do for gas exchange?
Lungs are adapted to speed up gas exchange.
Lungs are adapted to speed up gas exchange.
0
What adaptation does the alveoli give to help gas exchange?
The many Alveoli give the lungs a huge internal surface area.
The many Alveoli give the lungs a huge internal surface area.
0
How does a large surface area help gas exchange?
Alveoli's large surface area allows more particles to travel at the same time.
Alveoli's large surface area allows more particles to travel through at the same time.
0
What surrounds the alveoli?
There is a good blood supply surrounding the alveoli.
Alveoli have good blood supply.
0
Why does a good blood supply improve the rate of gas exchange?
Alveoli's good blood supply maintains the difference in concentration.
Alveoli's good blood supply maintains the difference in concentration as oxygen is taken away and carbon dioxide delivered quickly.
0
How thick are the alveoli?
Alveoli walls are only one cell thick.
Alveoli walls are only one cell thick.
0
Why does the thin alveoli wall help gas exchange?
Alveoli's one cell thick walls reduces the distance the particles have to travel between the air and the blood.
Alveoli's one cell thick walls reduces the distance the particles have to travel between the air and the blood.
0
What part of the human body is the thorax?
The chest cavity from the diagram up is called the Thorax.
The chest cavity from the diaphragm up is called the Thorax.
0
What is the function of the ribs?
The ribs form a stiff boundary to the thorax.
The ribs form a stiff boundary to the thorax.
0
What parts of the body are needed to ventilate the lungs in breathing?
The rib cage, intercostal muscles and diaphragm are used to breathe.
The rib cage, intercostal muscles and diaphragm are used to breathe.
0
What happens to increase the volume of the lungs?
To move air into the lungs the rib cage is moved out and up by the intercostal muscles contracting. The diaphragm contracts and sinks.
To move air into the lungs the rib cage is moved out and up by the intercostal muscles contracting. The diaphragm contracts and sinks.
0
How does the increase in lung volume cause breathing in?
The increase in the volume of the lungs, reduces the air pressure in the lungs to lower than the air outside, pulling air particles into the lungs..
The increase in the volume of the lungs, reduces the air pressure in the lungs to lower than the air outside, pulling air particles into the lungs.
0
What happens to decrease the volume of the lungs?
To move air out of the lungs the rib cage is moved in and down by the intercostal muscles relaxing. The diaphragm relaxes and rises.
To move air out of the lungs the rib cage is moved in and down by the intercostal muscles relaxing. The diaphragm relaxes and rises.
0
How does the decrease in lung volume cause breathing out?
The decrease in the volume of the lungs, increases the air pressure in the lungs to lower than the air outside, pushing the air particles out of the lungs.
The decrease in the volume of the lungs, increases the air pressure in the lungs to lower than the air outside, pushing the air particles out of the lungs.
0
How does air pressure make air particles move?
When there is a difference in pressure between the air around the nose and the air in the lungs, particles will 'diffuse' from the area of high pressure the area of lower pressure.
When there is a difference in pressure between the air around the nose and the air in the lungs, particles will 'diffuse' from the area of high pressure the area of lower pressure.
0
How could you measure lung volume?
You could use lung volume bags to measure the air breathed out.
Make simple measurements of lung volume.
0
What change to the amount of different gases needed and expelled when exercising?
When humans exercise, more oxygen is required for respiration and more carbon dioxide needs to be expelled.
When humans exercise, more oxygen is required for respiration and more carbon dioxide needs to be expelled.
0
What changes with the heart when oxygen is needed more quickly?
When humans exercise heart (pulse) rate increases to supply more blood to the lungs.
When humans exercise heart (pulse) rate increases to supply more blood to the lungs.
0
What changes with the breathing when oxygen is needed more quickly?
When humans exercise we breath faster and deeper to supply more air to the lungs.
When humans exercise we breath faster and deeper to supply more air to the lungs.
0
What does asthma do to the breathing tubes?
Asthma is caused by inflammation (swelling) of the breathing tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs.
Asthma is caused by inflammation (swelling) of the breathing tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs.
0
How does asthma affect breathing?
This inflammation makes the breathing tubes narrower and so restricts speed at which air can enter the lungs.
This inflammation makes the breathing tubes narrower and so restricts speed at which air can enter the lungs.
0
Name the three main chemicals in tobacco smoke that can reduce the oxygen pumped around the body?
Tobacco smoke contains: - Tar - Nicotine - Carbon monoxide
Tobacco smoke contains: - Tar - Nicotine - Carbon monoxide
0
What does tar do to the lungs?
The tar lines the surface of the lungs.
The tar lines the surface of the lungs.
0
How does tar affect how well the body can get oxygen?
The tar adds a barrier which slows down diffusion.
The tar adds a barrier which slows down diffusion.
0
How is the reactivity of carbon monoxide compared to oxygen?
Carbon monoxide is more reactive than oxygen.
Carbon monoxide is more reactive than oxygen.
0
How does carbon monoxide affect how well the body can get oxygen?
Carbon monoxide takes the place of oxygen on the red blood cells, leaving less oxygen to be transported to the cells.
Carbon monoxide takes the place of oxygen on the red blood cells, leaving less oxygen to be transported to the cells.
0
How does nicotine affect how well the body can get oxygen?
Nicotine is addictive - it causes a smoker to want more cigarettes. Nicotine also increases the heart rate and blood pressure, and makes blood vessels narrower than normal. This can lead to heart disease.
Nicotine is addictive - it causes a smoker to want more cigarettes. Nicotine also increases the heart rate and blood pressure, and makes blood vessels narrower than normal. This can lead to heart disease.
0
How can drugs be classified using the law?
Drugs can be classified by their legal status.
Drugs can be classified by their legal status.
0
What classifications of drugs are there?
Drugs can be legal and freely available, legal with an age restriction, legal and require prescription from a doctor or illegal with varying penalties (class of drugs).
Drugs can be legal and freely available, legal with an age restriction, legal and require prescription from a doctor or illegal with varying penalties (class of drugs).
0
How can drugs be classified based on characteristics?
Drugs can be classified by what they do.
Drugs can be classified by what they do.
0
What effect do depressants have on brain activity?
Depressants slows down brain activity.
Depressants slows down brain activity.
0
What effect do hallucinogens have on humans?
Hallucinogens alters what we hear and see.
Hallucinogens alters what we hear and see.
0
How do painkillers manage pain?
Painkillers block nerve impulses.
Painkillers blocks nerve impulses.
0
How do performance enhancing drugs aid athletes?
Performance enhancers improve muscle development.
Performance enhancers improve muscle development.
0
What effect do stimulants have on the brain?
Stimulants increase brain activity.
Stimulants increase brain activity.
0
When do you use the Big Idea of Forces?
When something: Changes Speed; Changes Direction; Changes Shape.
When something happens.
When something dependents on something else.
When something is made of matter (stuff); When there is a chemical reaction.
Forces
1
When do you use the Big Idea of Particles?
When something is made of matter (stuff); When there is a chemical reaction.
When something: Changes Speed; Changes Direction; Changes Shape.
When something happens.
When something is: living; was once living; or produced by something living.
Particles
1
When do you use the Big Idea of Cells?
When something is: living; was once living; or produced by something living.
When something is made of matter (stuff); When there is a chemical reaction.
When something: Changes Speed; Changes Direction; Changes Shape.
When something dependents on something else.
Cells
1
When do you use the Big Idea of Energy?
When something happens.
When something is: living; was once living; or produced by something living.
When something is made of matter (stuff); When there is a chemical reaction.
When something: Changes Speed; Changes Direction; Changes Shape.
Energy
1
When do you use the Big Idea of Interdependence?
When something depends on something else.
When something happens.
When something is: living; was once living; or produced by something living.
When something: Changes Speed; Changes Direction; Changes Shape.
Interdependence
1
Mod
Number of Questions
0S
10
1B
10
1C
10
1P
10
BI
5
B1
B1.1
Cell Structure
B1.2
Cell Division and transport
B1.3
Organisation
B1.4
Plant tissues, organs and Bioenergetics
B1.5
Infection and response
B2
B2.1
Homeostasis and response
B2.2
Hormones
B2.3
B2.3 - Genetic Inheritance
B2.4
B2.4 - Variation and evolution
B2.5
B2.5
B2.6
Human Impact on Biodiversity and the Environment
1B
1B.1
Cells and organisation
1B.2
Enquiry
1B.3
Halfway Review
1B.4
The Skeletal and Muscular system
1B.5
Assessment
2B
2B.1
Interdependence
2B.2
Enquiry
2B.3
Halfway Review
2B.4
Ecosystems
2B.5
Assessment
3B
3B.1
Enquiry Part 1
3B.2
Photosynthesis
3B.3
Enquiry Part 2
4B
4B.1
Diet
4B.2
Enquiry
4B.3
Energy in our Diet
4B.5
Digestion
4B.6
Assessment
5B
5B.1
Reproduction
5B.2
Enquiry
5B.3
Halfway Review
5B.4
Genetics - DESIRABLE
5B.5
Assessment
6B
6B.1
Respiration
6B.2
Enquiry
6B.3
Halfway Review
6B.4
Gas exchange
6B.5
Assessment
8B
8B.1
Drugs
BI
BI
The Big Ideas
1
B1
C1
P1
2
B2
C2
P2
B
1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
8B
C
1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
l
Del
I
BI
P
1P
2P
3P
4P
5P
6P
7P
8P
S
0S
