https://www.mrcorfe.com/Hamble/MCQ/P1?Edit=1
10th Sep '25
Multiple Choice 2015-16
Question
Answer
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What is a system?
A system is an object or group of objects.
A system is an object or group of objects.
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What is the law of conservation of energy?
Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated, but cannot be created or destroyed.
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Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated, but cannot be created or destroyed.
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When a system changes, what happens to the way energy is stored?
The way energy is stored also changes. ie energy is transferred or transformed from one store to another.
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There are changes in the way energy is stored when a system changes.
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What is the net change in energy in a closed system? Give an example.
In a closed system there is no net change in energy. For example the energy transfers within a house are in a closed system.
Students should be able to describe with examples where there are energy transfers in a closed system, that there is no net change to the total energy.
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What energy changes are involved when an object is projected upwards?
When an object is projected upwards gravitational potential energy will increase, thermal energy will increase due to friction, which will cause the kinetic energy to decrease.
Students should be able to describe all the changes involved in the way energy is stored when a system changes, for common situations. For example: an object projected upwards
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What is the equation for elastic potential energy?
The equation for elastic potential energy is elastic potential energy = 0.5 x spring constant x extension^2
The amount of elastic potential energy stored in a stretched spring can be calculated using the equation: elastic potential energy = 0.5 x spring constant x extension 2
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What equation links g.p.e., height, mass and gravitational field strength?
Gravitational potential energy = height x mass x gravitational field strength
Students should be able to calculate the amount of energy associated with a moving object, a stretched spring and an object raised above ground level.
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What equation is used to calculate kinetic energy of a moving object?
The kinetic energy of a moving object can be calculated using the equation: kinetic energy = 0.5 x mass x speed^2
The kinetic energy of a moving object can be calculated using the equation: kinetic energy = 0.5 ? mass ? speed2
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What is the equation for gravitational potential energy gained by an object raised above ground level?
The equation for gravitation potential energy gained by an object above ground level is G.P.E = mass x gravitational field strength x height
The amount of gravitational potential energy gained by an object raised above ground level can be calculated using the equation: g.p.e. = mass x gravitational field strength x height
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In all system changes, what happens to energy?
In all system changes energy is dissipated, so that it is stored in less useful ways. This energy is often described as being 'wasted'.
Students should be able to describe, with examples, how in all system changes energy is dissipated, so that it is stored in less useful ways. This energy is often described as being "wasted".
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What is the equation used to calculate energy efficiency?
The energy efficiency for any energy transfer can be calculated using the equation: efficiency = useful output energy transfer / total input energy transfer
The energy efficiency for any energy transfer can be calculated using the equation: efficiency = useful output energy transfer / total input energy transfer
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What two ways can be used to reduce unwanted energy transfers?
The ways you can reduce unwanted energy transfers is by using lubrication or the use of thermal insulation.
Students should be able to explain ways of reducing unwanted energy transfers, for example through lubrication and the use of thermal insulation.
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(HT) How is the efficiency of an intended energy transfer increased?
(HT) The efficiency of an intended energy transfer is increased by increasing the amount of energy transferred usefully and decreasing the amount of wasted energy.
(HT only) Students should be able to describe ways to increase the efficiency of an intended energy transfer.
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What equation is used to calculate change in thermal energy?
The amount of energy stored in or released from a system as its temperature changes can be calculated using the equation: change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change
The amount of energy stored in or released from a system as its temperature changes can be calculated using the equation: change in thermal energy = mass ? specific heat capacity ? temperature change
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How much energy is needed to increase the temperature of 500 g of lead from 20oC to 45oC? The specific heat capacity of lead is 128 J/kg oC.
mass of lead = 500 x 1000 = 0.5 kg temperature change = 45 x 20 = 25oC energy needed = 0.5 x 128 x 25 = 1600 J (1.6 kJ)
Use calculations to show on a common scale how the overall energy in a system is redistributed when the system is changed.
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What is meant by the term 'specific heat capacity'?
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of the substance by one degree Celsius.
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of the substance by one degree Celsius.
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What is meant by the term 'power'?
Power is defined as the rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which work is done.
Power is defined as the rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which work is done.
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How is the rate of a cooling building affected by the thickness and the thermal conductivity of it's walls?
The higher the thermal conductivity of a material, the higher the rate of energy transfer by conduction across the material. The higher the thickness of the walls, the slower the cooling effect of a building.
Students should be able to describe how the rate of cooling of a building is affected by the thickness and thermal conductivity of its walls.
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What definition is illustrated in the following example: comparing two electric motors that both lift the same weight through the same height but one does it faster than the other?
The definition illustrated by the following example is power: comparing two electric motors that both lift the same weight through the same height but one does it faster than the other.
Students should be able to give examples that illustrate the definition of power eg comparing two electric motors that both lift the same weight through the same height but one does it faster than the other.
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What affect does a higher thermal conductivity have?on the rate of energy transfer?
The higher the thermal conductivity of a material the higher the rate of energy transfer by conduction across the material
The higher the thermal conductivity of a material the higher the rate of energy transfer by conduction across the material.
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What are the main energy resources available for use on Earth?
The main energy resources available for use on Earth include: fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), nuclear fuel, biofuel, wind, hydro-electricity, geothermal, the tides, the Sun and water waves.
The main energy resources available for use on Earth include: fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), nuclear fuel, biofuel, wind, hydro-electricity, geothermal, the tides, the Sun and water waves.
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How is the main energy resource of fossil fuels used on Earth, compared with solar?
The main energy resource of fossil fuels is used on Earth for transport, electricity generation and heating as it can be burned. The main energy resources of solar is used on Earth for electricity generation and heating as it uses the infrared radiation from the Sun.
Students should be able to compare ways that different energy resources are used, the uses to include transport, electricity generation and heating
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Why are fossil and nuclear fuels more reliable than wind for generating electricity?
Fossil fuels and nuclear fuel are more reliable than wind for electricity generation because wind turbines rely on the strength of the wind whereas fossil and nuclear fuels can provide continuous output for as long as they last.
Students should be able to understand why some energy resources are more reliable than others
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What are the environmental issues that arise from the use of different energy resources?
The environmental issues that arise from the use of tidal energy are that it can have a negative impact on wildlife and it may stop the flow of sewage out to the sea. Wave power can also have an effect on wildlife. Hydroelectric dams can cause flooding and biomass gives off atmospheric pollutants. Wood gives off atmospheric pollutants and can destroy habitats. Fossil fuel burning contributes to global warming.
Students should be able to consider the environmental issues that may arise from the use of different energy resources
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What is a renewable energy resource?
A renewable energy resource is one that is being (or can be) replenished as it is used.
A renewable energy resource is one that is being (or can be) replenished as it is used.
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Why has there been an increase in use of fossil fuels since the early 1900s and how does this compare with solar energy?
There has been an increase in use of fossil fuels since the early 1900s because of the industrial revolution when fossil fuels were used heavily in industry. This use has continued until the present day and is expected to continue to rise until renewable resources yield enough energy to replace non-renewable resources such as solar energy. Solar energy experienced a sharp increase in use in the last decade due to improving technology and awareness of climate change.
Students should be able to explain patterns and trends in the use of energy resources.
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Which of the following energy resources are renewable and which are non-renewable: fossil fuels, wind, biofuel, solar, nuclear fuel, water waves?
The following examples of energy resources are renewable: wind, biofuel, solar and water waves. The following examples of energy resources are non-renewable: fossil fuels wand nuclear fuel.
Students should be able to distinguish between energy resources that are renewable and energy resources that are non-renewable
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What are the main uses of energy resources on Earth?
The uses of energy resources include: transport, electricity generation and heating.
The uses of energy resources include: transport, electricity generation and heating. Descriptions of how energy resources are used to generate electricity are not required.
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What are the energy resources available on earth?
The energy resources available on earth are: coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear fuel, solar energy, wind power, wave and tidal power, geothermal, biomass and hydropower.
Students should be able to describe the main energy sources available
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What is the environmental impact of using fossil fuels compared with solar?
The environmental impact of using fossil fuels is when they are burned they release: - carbon dioxide (global warming) - sulfur dioxide (acid rain) - nitrogen oxides (acid rain) - particulates (global dimming) Solar energy only releases these gases when solar cells and solar panels are being manufactured. Other than this they are renewable and release no greenhouse gases.
Students should be able to describe the environmental impact arising from the use of different energy resources
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How would you draw a series circuit with the following components; a bulb, voltmeter, battery and variable resistor?
Battery symbol connected with a straight line to a bulb which has a votmeter in parallel across this component, a straight line to the variable resisior and a final straight line back to the battery.
Circuit diagrams use standard symbols (draw and intrepret)
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What provides the potential difference for an electrical charge to flow through a closed circuit?
A cell or Battery
For electrical charge to flow through a closed circuit the circuit must include a source of potential difference.
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What is the definition of electric current?
Electric current is the rate of flow of electrical charge.
Electric current is a flow of electrical charge.
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What is the size of an electrical current determined by?
The size of the electric current is the rate of flow of electrical charge.
The size of the electric current is the rate of flow of electrical charge.
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How could you draw a circuit diagram to include the following components; bulb, cell, ammeter and an LDR?
A circuit diagram to include a battery/cell all components (bulb, ammeter and LDR) to be connected with straight lines ensureing these lines do not go through the components.
Students should be able to draw an appropriate circuit diagram using correct circuit symbols.
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How are flow of charge, current and time linked by an equation?
charge flow, current and time are linked by the equation: charge flow = current ? time
Charge flow, current and time are linked by the equation: charge flow = current ? time
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In a single closed loop what would the value of current be?
The current would have the same value at any point in a single closed loop.
A current has the same value at any point in a single closed loop.
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How are current, potential difference and resistance linked by an equation?
current, potential difference or resistance can be calculated using the equation: potential difference = current ? resistance V= = I R
Current, potential difference or resistance can be calculated using the equation: potential difference = current ? resistance V = I R
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What does the current through a component depend on?
The current (I) through a component depends on both the resistance ? of the component and the potential difference (V) across the component.
The current (I) through a component depends on both the resistance (R) of the component and the potential difference (V) across the component.
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What is the difference in function between a resistor and a variable resistor?
Resistors have a constant value of R, whereas a variable resistor can change the value of R as the current changes.
Students should be able to explain that, for some resistors, the value of R remains constant but that in others it can change as the current changes.
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What are the factors affecting resistance in a wire?
The length of a wire, material and temperature and the thickness of a wire will affect the resistance.
Required practical 3 - factors affecting resistance
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How would a high resistance of a component affect the current and potential difference across the component?
The greater the resistance of the component the smaller the current for a given potential difference (pd) across the component.
The greater the resistance of the component the smaller the current for a given potential difference (pd) across the component.
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How could you use a graph to identify if a circuit was linear or non-linear and relate the curves to their function and properties?
Draw a graph to identify if the line is straight or curved (linear or not) then relate this to what the elements function is Diode - current flowing only in one direction (linear then plateaus) resistor (constant temperature) restricts the flow of current, filament lamp curving graph showing that current and potential difference are not directily proportional.
Students should be able to use graphs to explore whether circuit elements are linear or non-linear and relate the curves produced to their function and properties.
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What happens to the resistance of a filament lamp as the temperature increases?
The resistance of a filament lamp increases as the temperature of the filament increases.
The resistance of a filament lamp increases as the temperature of the filament increases. (Required practical activity 4)
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A diode will have a very high resistance in which direction?
A diode has a very high resistance in the reverse direction.
The diode has a very high resistance in the reverse direction.
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How does the current through an ohmic conductor (at a constant temperature) behave in relation to the current?
The current through an ohmic conductor (at a constant temperature) is directly proportional to the potential difference across the resistor. This means that the resistance remains constant as the current changes.
The current through an ohmic conductor (at a constant temperature) is directly proportional to the potential difference across the resistor. This means that the resistance remains constant as the current changes. (Required practical activity 4)
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How could you draw a circuit to measure the resistance of a component by measuring the current through, and potential difference across, the component? (include the equation)
A circuit which has a battery/cell with straight lines drawn between components, a component (bulb) with an ammeter in series and a voltmeter parallel to the component (bulb) ensuring all lines do not go throug the components. Using V = I R calculate the resistance by dividing potential difference by the current.
Students should be able to explain the design and use of a circuit to measure the resistance of a component by measuring the current through, and potential difference across, the component
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How does the resistance of a diode behave in relation to the current of the component?
The resistance of a diode changes with the current through the component in one direction and not allow current to flow in the other direction.
The resistance of components such as lamps, diodes, thermistors and LDRs is not constant; it changes with the current through the component. (Required practical activity 4)
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How does the current through a diode behave?
The current through a diode flows in one direction only.
The current through a diode flows in one direction only.
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How are thermistors used for? Give an example.
Thermistors are used in circuits to detect temperature changes, an example is a thermostat.
The applications of thermistors in circuits eg a thermostat is required.
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What happens to the resistance of an LDR as light intensity increases?
The resistance of an LDR decreases as light intensity increases.
The resistance of an LDR decreases as light intensity increases. (Investigation)
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How are LDRs used in circuits? Oive an example.
LDRs are used in circuits to detect light levels, an example is a security light.
The application of LDRs in circuits eg switching lights on when it gets dark is required.
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What happens to the resistance of a thermistor as the temperature increases?
The resistance of a thermistor decreases as the temperature increases.
The resistance of a thermistor decreases as the temperature increases. (Investigation)
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Why would the resistance of a semiconductor decrease?
The resistance of a semicondutor will decrease as the energy increases due to more charge carriers become freed.
[The resistance of a semicondutor decreases as energy increases as more charge carriers become freed]
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When is an electric field of a charged object weakest?
The further away from the charged object, the weaker the field.
The further away from the charged object, the weaker the field
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When do certain insulating materials become charged?
When certain insulating materials are rubbed against each other they become electrically charged.
When certain insulating materials are rubbed against each other they become electrically charged.
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What happens to a second charged object placed in the electric field of the first charged object?
A second charged object placed in the field experiences a force.
A second charged object placed in the field experiences a force.
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How do certain insulting materials become charged in terms of electrons?
Negatively charged electrons are rubbed off one material and on to the other.
Negatively charged electrons are rubbed off one material and on to the other.
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What happens when two objects of the same type of charge are close together?
Two objects that carry the same type of charge repel.
Two objects that carry the same type of charge repel.
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When is an electric field of a charged object strongest?
The electric field is strongest close to the charged object.
The electric field is strongest close to the charged object.
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What is the relationship between force and distance between two charged objects?
The force gets stronger as the distance between the objects decreases.
The force gets stronger as the distance between the objects decreases.
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What happens when two objects of opposite type of charge are close together?
Two objects that carry different types of charge attract.
Two objects that carry different types of charge attract.
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How would you draw the electric field pattern for an isolated charged sphere?
radiating lines with arrowed lines pointing from positive to negative.
Students should be able to draw the electric field pattern for an isolated charged sphere
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What is the charge of a material that loses the electrons?
The material that gains electrons becomes negatively charged. The material that loses electrons is left with an equal positive charge.
The material that gains electrons becomes negatively charged. The material that loses electrons is left with an equal positive charge.
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What type of force can the attraction and replulsion between two charged objects be classified as?
Attraction and repulsion between two charged objects are examples of non-contact force.
Attraction and repulsion between two charged objects are examples of non-contact force.
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What is an electric field?
In an electric field a charged particle, or charged object, experiences a force. If the forces acting on any object are unbalanced, it will cause the object to accelerate.
Students should be able to explain the concept of an electric field
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How is static electricity and/or a spark produced?
A method to create static electicity and/or a spark is by rubbing two surfaces against one another.
Students should be able to describe the production of static electricity, and sparking, by rubbing surfaces
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What happens to the electric field of charged objects?
they are distorted resulting in an electrostactic force without the objects coming into contact with one another.
Students should be able to explain how the concept of an electric field helps to explain the non- contact force between charged objects as well as other electrostatic phenomena such as sparking.
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How does a charged object exert forces of attraction and repulsion when not in contact with another object?
electrostatic forces will repel if the charges are like and attract if the charges are opposite. The evidence for this is when a rod is rubbed with a cloth the transfer of electrons from one object to another
Students should be able to describe evidence that charged objects exert forces of attraction or repulsion on one another when not in contact
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How can the phenomena of static electricity be explained?
The transfer of electrons between objects can explain the phenomena of static electricity.
Students should be able to explain how the transfer of electrons between objects can explain the phenomena of static electricity.
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Name the two different types of circuit that can be used to join electrical components together?
There are two ways of joining electrical components, in series and in parallel. Some circuits include both series and parallel parts.
There are two ways of joining electrical components, in series and in parallel. Some circuits include both series and parallel parts.
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What do we use dc series circuits for?
dc series circuits are used for most electrical circuits as they need a continuous positive suppy of electricity, wecan measure the current, potential difference and resistance in a dc circuit, if a component in a dc circuit fails this acts like a switch to turn off the circuit.
Students should be able to explain the design and use of dc series circuits for measurement and testing purposes
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What is created in the area around a charged object?
A charged object creates an electric field around itself.
A charged object creates an electric field around itself.
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Describe how: a) Current b) Potential difference c) Total resistance Varies between components connected in series.
For components connected in series: a) there is the same current through each component b) the total potential difference of the power supply is shared between the components c) The total resistance of two components is the sum of the resistance of each component. Rtotal = R1 R2
For components connected in series: ? there is the same current through each component ? the total potential difference of the power supply is shared between the components ? the total resistance of two components is the sum of the resistance of each component. Rtotal = R1 R2
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What is the current if the potential difference is 12V and the resistance is 4Ohms?
I = V/R so I = 12V /4ohms = 3A
Students should be able to calculate the currents, potential differences and resistances in dc series circuits
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Describe how: a) current b) potential difference c) total resistance varies between components connected in parallel circuits?
For components connected in parallel: a) the potential difference across each component is the same b) the total current through the whole circuit is the sum of the currents through the separate components c) the total resistance of two resistors is less than the resistance of the smallest individual resistor.
For components connected in parallel: ? the potential difference across each component is the same ? the total current through the whole circuit is the sum of the currents through the separate components ? the total resistance of two resistors is less than the resistance of the smallest individual resistor.
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What happens when two electically charged objects are brought close together?
When two electrically charged objects are brought close together they exert a force on each other.
When two electrically charged objects are brought close together they exert a force on each other.
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In what two ways can Ohms law be applied to a circuit?
Either to a cirucit as a whole using equivalent resistence or to an individual component.
Students should be able to solve problems for circuits which include resistors in series using the concept of equivalent resistance.
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Why does adding resistors in series increase the total resistance, whilst adding resistors in parallel decreases the total resistance?
Adding resistors in parallel to a circuit results in the equivalent resistance of the circuit decreasing and the total current of the circuit increasing. Adding more resistors in parallel is equivalent to providing more branches through which charge can flow.
Students should be able to explain qualitatively why adding resistors in series increases the total resistance whilst adding resistors in parallel decreases the total resistance Students are not required to calculate the total resistance of two resistors joined in parallel.
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What are the two equations used to calculate power?
The two equations used to calculate power are: P = V I power = potential difference x current P = I2R power = current squared x resistance where: power, P, in watts, W potential difference, V, in volts, V current, I, in amperes, A (amp is acceptable for ampere) resistance, R, in ohms,
Students should be able to explain how the power transfer in any circuit device is related to the potential difference across it and the current through it, and to the energy changes over time: power = potential difference ? current P = V I power = current2 ? resistance P = I2 R where: power, P, in watts, W potential difference, V, in volts, V current, I, in amperes, A (amp is acceptable for ampere) resistance, R, in ohms, ?
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What is the purpose of everyday electrical appliances?
The purpose of everyday electrical appliances are to bring about useful energy transfers.
Everyday electrical appliances are designed to bring about energy transfers.
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What does the amount of energy an appliance transfers depend upon?
The amount of energy an appliance transfers depends on how long the appliance is switched on for and the power of the appliance.
The amount of energy an appliance transfers depends on how long the appliance is switched on for and the power of the appliance.
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How do domestic appliances transfer energy from batteries or mains to the kinetic energy of electric motors or heating devices.
domestic apliances such as a washing machine will transfer electrical energy from the mains to kinetic energy, thermal energy and sound energy of the motor inside to turn the drum.
Students should be able to describe how different domestic appliances transfer energy from batteries or ac mains to the kinetic energy of electric motors or the energy of heating devices.
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How is the power of a circuit device related to the potential difference across it and the current through it?
P = IV so Power is the sum of the current mulitplied by the potential difference ( potential energy x rate of flow)
Students should be able to explain how the power of a circuit device is related to the potential difference across it and the current through it
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When is 'work done' in terms of appliances?
Work is done when charge flows in a circuit.
Work is done when charge flows in a circuit.
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Which equation is use to calculate the amount of energy transferred by electrical work?
The amount of energy transferred by electrical work can be calculated using the equation: energy transferred = power x time
The amount of energy transferred by electrical work can be calculated using the equation: energy transferred = power ? time
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In terms of charge flow and potential difference, how can energy transferred be calculated?
Energy transferred can be calculated by: energy transferred = charge flow x potential difference
Energy transferred can also be calculated by: energy transferred = charge flow ? potential difference
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How is the power of a circuit device related to the energy transferred over a given time?
P = Et, So Power is calculated by multiplying the energy being transferred over the time taken.
Students should be able to explain how the power of a circuit device is related to the energy transferred over a given time.
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What examples show the relationship between the power ratings for domestic electrical appliances and changes in stored energy when they are in use?
when an appliance such as a light bulb is switched on the electrical energy will transform into thermal energy which is (wasted energy) and light energy which is (useful energy)
Students should be able to describe, with examples, the relationship between the power ratings for domestic electrical appliances and the changes in stored energy when they are in use.
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What type of supply is mains electricity?
Mains electricity is an ac supply.
Mains electricity is an ac supply.
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What is the frequency of the domestic electricity supply in the United Kingdom?
In the United Kingdom the domestic electricity supply has a frequency of 50 Hz.
In the United Kingdom the domestic electricity supply has a frequency of 50 Hz.
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What is the potential difference of the domestic electricity supply in the United Kingdom?
In the United Kingdom the domestic electricity supply is about 230 V.
[In the United Kingdom the domestic electricity supply] is about 230 V.
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What is the difference between direct and alternating potential difference?
In direct current (DC), the electric charge (current) only flows in one direction. Electric charge in alternating current (AC), on the other hand, changes direction periodically. The voltage in AC circuits also periodically reverses because the current changes direction.
Students should be able to explain the difference between direct and alternating potential difference.
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How many core cables do most electrical appliances use to the mains?
Most electrical appliances are connected to the mains using three-core cable.
Most electrical appliances are connected to the mains using three-core cable.
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Why is the insulation covering of each wire in a plug colour coded? What colour is the a) Live wire b) Neutral wire c) Earth wire
The insulation covering each wire is colour coded for easy identification: a) Live wire = Brown b) Neutral wire = Blue c) Earth wire = Green and yellow stripes.
The insulation covering each wire is colour coded for easy identification: live wire ? brown neutral wire ? blue earth wire ? green and yellow stripes.
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What is carried by the live wire from the supply?
The live wire carries the alternating potential difference from the supply.
The live wire carries the alternating potential difference from the supply.
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What completes the circuit in a plug?
The neutral wire completes the circuit.
The neutral wire completes the circuit.
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What is the potential difference between live wire and earth wire?
The potential difference between the live wire and earth (0 V) is about 230 V.
The potential difference between the live wire and earth (0 V) is about 230 V.
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Which wire in a plug is at, or close to, earth potential (0 V)?
The neutral wire is at, or close to, earth potential (0 V).
The neutral wire is at, or close to, earth potential (0 V).
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What is the potential difference of the earth wire in a plug, and when would it carry a current?
The earth wire is at 0 V, it only carries a current if there is a fault.
The earth wire is at 0 V, it only carries a current if there is a fault.
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When might a live wire still be dangerous when considering a switch?
A live wire may be dangerous even when a switch in the mains circuit is open.
Students should be able to explain that a live wire may be dangerous even when a switch in the mains circuit is open
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What are the dangers of providing any connection between the live wire and earth?
You would get an electric shock if the live wire inside an appliance, such as a cooker, came loose and touched the metal casing. However, the earth terminal is connected to the metal casing so that the current goes through the earth wire instead of causing an electric shock. A strong current surges through the earth wire because it has a very low resistance. This breaks the fuse and disconnects the appliance.
Students should be able to explain the dangers of providing any connection between the live wire and earth.
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What is the purpose of the earth wire?
The earth wire is a safety wire to stop the appliance becoming live.
The earth wire is a safety wire to stop the appliance becoming live.
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What is the National Grid?
The National Grid is a system of cables and transformers linking power stations to consumers.
The National Grid is a system of cables and transformers linking power stations to consumers.
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What is used to transfer electrical power from power stations to consumers?
Electrical power is transferred from power stations to consumers using the National Grid.
Electrical power is transferred from power stations to consumers using the National Orid.
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Why are step-up transformers used in the National Grid?
Step-up transformers are used to increase the potential difference from the power station to the transmission cables.
Step-up transformers are used to increase the potential difference from the power station to the transmission cables
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Why are step-down transformers used in the National Grid?
Step-down transformers are used to decrease, to a much lower value, the potential difference for domestic use.
Step-down transformers are used to decrease, to a much lower value, the potential difference for domestic use.
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Why is the National Grid system an efficient way to transfer energy?
The National Grid system is an efficient way to transfer energy because is transmits electricity at a low current to reduce energy lost as heat. This requires a high voltage. This is achieved by using a step-up transformer.
Students should be able to explain why the National Grid system is an efficient way to transfer energy.
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What is the equation used to define the density of a material
The density of a material is defined by the equation: density = mass / volume
The density of a material is defined by the equation: density = mass / volume
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What is meant by the term 'internal energy', in terms of particles?
Energy is stored inside a system by the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up the system. This is called internal energy.
Energy is stored inside a system by the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up the system. This is called internal energy.
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If the temperature of a system increases, what three different things does the increase in temperature depend on?
If the temperature of the system increases, the increase in temperature depends on the mass of the substance heated, the type of material and the energy input to the system.
If the temperature of the system increases, the increase in temperature depends on the mass of the substance heated, the type of material and the energy input to the system.
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What is meant by the term 'internal energy', in terms of kinetic and potential energy?
Internal energy is the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up a system.
Internal energy is the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up a system.
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What effect does heating change have on the energy stored within the system or state of matter?
Heating changes the energy stored within the system by increasing the energy of the particles that make up the system. This either raises the temperature of the system or produces a change of state.
Heating changes the energy stored within the system by increasing the energy of the particles that make up the system. This either raises the temperature of the system or produces a change of state.
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Draw a diagram pf particle arrangement for a solid; a liquid and a gas.
Solid: particles in a pattern and close together. Liquid: particles not in a pattern and close together. Gas: particles not in a pattern and far apart.
Students should be able to recognise/draw simple diagrams to model the difference between solids, liquids and gases.
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What two things can the particle model be used to explain?
The particle model can be used to explain the different states of matter differences in density.
The particle model can be used to explain ? the different states of matter ? differences in density.
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In terms of particles, explain why ther are differences in density between the different states of matter.
Gas are significantly less dense than liquids because the same number of es are spread out over a significantly greater particlvolume in a liquid. Liquids are less dense than liquids because the same number of particles are spread out of a slightly greater volume than in a solid.
Students should be able to explain the differences in density between the different states of matter in terms of the arrangement of atoms or molecules.
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What is meant by the latent heat of a substance?
Latent heat is the amount of energy needed for a substance to change state.
If a change of state happens the energy needed for a substance to change state is called latent heat.
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What happens to the temperature when a change of state occurs?
When a change of state occurs, the energy supplied changes the energy stored (internal energy) but not the temperature.
When a change of state occurs, the energy supplied changes the energy stored (internal energy) but not the temperature.
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What happens to the mass of a substance as it changes state?
The mass of the substance is unchanged as it changes state due to the umber of particles remaining unchanged.
Students should be able to describe how, when substances change state (melt, freeze, boil, evaporate, condense or sublimate), mass is conserved.
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What is the specific latent heat of a substance?
The specific latent heat of a substance is the amount of energy required to change the state of one kilogram of the substance with no change in temperature.
The specific latent heat of a substance is the amount of energy required to change the state of one kilogram of the substance with no change in temperature.
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How do changes of state differ from chemical changes?
Changes of state are physical changes which differ from chemical changes because the material recovers its original properties if the change is reversed.
Changes of state are physical changes which differ from chemical changes because the material recovers its original properties if the change is reversed.
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What is the equation used to calculate the energy for a change of state? Include units in your response.
(MS) energy for a change of state = mass ? specific latent heat E = m L energy, E, in joules, J mass, m, in kilograms, kg specific latent heat, L, in joules per kilogram, J/kg
(MS) energy for a change of state = mass ? specific latent heat E = m L energy, E, in joules, J mass, m, in kilograms, kg specific latent heat, L, in joules per kilogram, J/kg
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What is meant by the term specific heat of fusion? Give an example to show what this means.
Specific latent heat of fusion is the change of state from solid to liquid for instance ice melting to water
Specific latent heat of fusion is the change of state from solid to liquid
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What is the difference between specific heat capacity and specific latent heat?
Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree. specific latent heat is the amount of energy needed to change the state of a substance.
Students should be able to distinguish between specific heat capacity and specific latent heat.
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What is meant by the term specific heat of fusion? Give an example to show what this means.
Specific latent heat of vaporisation is the change of state from liquid to vapour. For example liquid water to steam.
Specific latent heat of vaporisation is the change of state from liquid to vapour
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How would the motion be described for molecules of a gas?
The molecules of a gas are in constant random motion.
The molecules of a gas are in constant random motion.
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What impact does increasing the temperature of a gas held at constant volume have on pressure?
Increasing the temperature of a gas, held at constant volume, increases the pressure exerted by the gas.
Changing the temperature of a gas, held at constant volume, changes the pressure exerted by the gas.
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How does the temperature of a gas relate to the average kinetic energy of the molecules?
As the temperature increases so does the kinetic energy.
The temperature of the gas is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
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How does the motion of the molecules in a gas relate to both its temperature and its pressure?
The higher the temperature and motion the higher the motion.
Students should be able to explain how the motion of the molecules in a gas is related to both its temperature and its pressure
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What is the relationship between the temperature of a gas and its pressure at constant volume?
The higher the temperature the higher the pressure.
Students should be able to explain qualitatively the relation between the temperature of a gas and its pressure at constant volume.
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(Physics only) What states can be fluids?
(Physics only) A fluid can be either a liquid or a gas.
(Physics only) A fluid can be either a liquid or a gas.
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(Physics only) Pressure in fluid causes a force in what direction to the surface?
(Physics only) The pressure in fluids causes a force normal (at right angles) to any surface.
(Physics only) The pressure in fluids causes a force normal (at right angles) to any surface.
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(Physics only) What equation can be used to calculate the pressure of a fluid at the surface?
(Physics only) The pressure at the surface of a fluid can be calculated using the equation: pressure = force normal to a surface area of that surface p = F / A pressure, p, in pascals, Pa force, F, in newtons, N area, A, in metres squared, m2
(Physics only) The pressure at the surface of a fluid can be calculated using the equation: pressure = force normal to a surface area of that surface p = F / A pressure, p, in pascals, Pa force, F, in newtons, N area, A, in metres squared, m2
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(Physics only) How can the pressure due to a column of liquid be calculated?
(Physics only) The pressure due to a column of liquid can be calculated using the equation: pressure = height of the column ? density of the liquid ? gravitational field strength [ p = h ? g ] pressure, p, in pascals, Pa height of the column, h, in metres, m density, ?, in kilograms per metre cubed, kg/m3 gravitational field strength, g, in Newtons per kilogram, N/kg
(Physics only) The pressure due to a column of liquid can be calculated using the equation: pressure = height of the column ? density of the liquid ? gravitational field strength [ p = h ? g ] pressure, p, in pascals, Pa height of the column, h, in metres, m density, ?, in kilograms per metre cubed, kg/m3 gravitational field strength, g, in newtons per kilogram, N/kg (In any calculation the value of the gravitational field strength (g) will be given
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(Physics only) What two factors increase the pressure at a point in a liquid?
(Physics only) In a liquid, pressure at a point increases with the: Height of the column of liquid above that point: Density of the liquid.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain why, in a liquid, pressure at a point increases with the height of the column of liquid above that point and with the density of the liquid.
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(Physics only) How does pressure change as you get deeper in the sea?
(Physics only) Pressure increases as you get further from the surface of the water due to the force of the particles pushing down on the ones below.
(Physics only) Students should be able to calculate the differences in pressure at different depths in a liquid. (MS)
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(Physics only) How do differences in pressure create the force of upthrust?
(Physics only) A partially (or totally) submerged object experiences a greater pressure on the bottom surface than on the top surface. This creates a resultant force upwards. This force is called the upthrust.
(Physics only) A partially (or totally) submerged object experiences a greater pressure on the bottom surface than on the top surface. This creates a resultant force upwards. This force is called the upthrust.
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(Physics only) What factors influence whether an object floats or sinks?
(Physics only) An object will float or sink in a fluid depending on the relative densities of the object and Fluid. If the object is less dense it will float and if it is more dense then it will sink.
(Physics only) Students should be able to describe the factors which influence floating and sinking.
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(Physics only) What is the atmosphere?
(Physics only) The atmosphere is a thin layer (relative to the size of the Earth) of air round the Earth.
(Physics only) The atmosphere is a thin layer (relative to the size of the Earth) of air round the Earth.
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(Physics only) What happens to the density of the atmosphere as the altitude increases?
(Physics only) The atmosphere gets less dense with increasing altitude
(Physics only) The atmosphere gets less dense with increasing altitude
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(Physics only) What creates atmospheric pressure?
(Physics only) Air molecules colliding with a surface create atmospheric pressure.
(Physics only) Air molecules colliding with a surface create atmospheric pressure.
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(Physics only) What happens to the weight of air above a surface as the height of that surface is increased above ground level?
(Physics only) The number of air molecules (and so the weight of air) above a surface decreases as the height of the surface above ground level increases.
(Physics only) The number of air molecules (and so the weight of air) above a surface decreases as the height of the surface above ground level increases.
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(Physics only) Why does atmospheric pressure decrease with an increase in height?
(Physics only) As height increases there is always less air above a surface than there is at a lower height. So atmospheric pressure decreases with an increase in height
(Physics only) So as height increases there is always less air above a surface than there is at a lower height. So atmospheric pressure decreases with an increase in height
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(Physics only) How would the particles in the air be arranged close to the Earth's surface then getting further up with altitude.
(Physics only) The air particles become more spread out/less dense as the altitude increases, decreasing the atmospheric pressure as there are less frequent collisions with the air particles.
(Physics only) Students should be able to describe a simple model of the Earth?s atmosphere and of atmospheric pressure
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(Physics only) Why does atmospheric pressure vary with height above the surface?
(Physics only) The air particles become more spread out/less dense as the altitude increases, decreasing the atmospheric pressure as there are less frequent collisions with the air particles.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain why atmospheric pressure varies with height above a surface
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(Physics only) What causes a gas to be compressed or expanded?
(Physics only) A gas can be compressed or expanded by pressure changes.
(Physics only) A gas can be compressed or expanded by pressure changes.
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(Physics only) How does pressure affect gases?
(Physics only) Increasing pressure causes gases to compress and decreasing pressure causes them to expand.
(Physics only) A gas can be compressed or expanded by pressure changes.
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(Physics only) How does the pressure produce gas being compressed or expanded within a container?
(Physics only) The pressure produces a net force at right angles to the wall of the gas container (or any surface).
(Physics only) The pressure produces a net force at right angles to the wall of the gas container (or any surface).
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(Physics only) Using the particle model, how does increasing the volume in which as gas is contained lead to a decrease in pressure?
(Physics only) Increasing the volume in which a gas is contained, at constant temperature, can lead to a decrease in pressure through the particles being more spread out in the larger volume and colliding with the surface of the container less frequently.
(Physics only) Students should be able to use the particle model to explain how increasing the volume in which a gas is contained, at constant temperature, can lead to a decrease in pressure.
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(Physics only) What does Boyle's Law state?
(Physics only) For a fixed mass of gas held at a constant temperature: pressure ? volume = constant p V = constant pressure, p, in pascals, Pa volume, V, in metres cubed, m3
(MS)(Physics only) For a fixed mass of gas held at a constant temperature: pressure ? volume = constant p V = constant pressure, p, in pascals, Pa volume, V, in metres cubed, m3
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(Physics only) How could you calculate the change in pressure of a gas or the volume of a gas (of fixed mass and temperature)
(Physics only) pressure1 × volume1 = pressure2 × volume2
(Physics only) (MS) Students should be able to calculate the change in the pressure of a gas or the volume of a gas (a fixed mass held at constant temperature) when either the pressure or volume is increased or decreased.
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(Physics only) What is work?
(Physics only) Work is the transfer of energy by a force.
(Physics only) Work is the transfer of energy by a force.
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(Physics only) What impact does doing 'work' on a gas have on the internal energy of a gas and temperature?
(Physics only) Doing work on a gas increases the internal energy of the gas and can cause an increase in the temperature of the gas.
(Physics only) Doing work on a gas increases the internal energy of the gas and can cause an increase in the temperature of the gas.
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(Physics only) In a situation like a bicycle pump, explain how doing work on an enclosed gas can lead to an increase in temperature of the gas.
(Physics only) Doing work on an enclosed gas leads to an increase in the temperature of the gas by transferring energy to the gas particles increasing the kinetic energy and therefore the temperature.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how, in a given situation eg a bicycle pump, doing work on an enclosed gas leads to an increase in the temperature of the gas.
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(Physics only) What happens to some of the mass in nuclear fusion?
(Physics only) In nuclear fusion some of the mass may be converted into the energy of radiation.
(Physics only) In [Nuclear fusion] some of the mass may be converted into the energy of radiation.
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Why might the scientific model of the atom change over time?
Due to technological advances.
New experimental evidence may lead to a scientific model being changed or replaced.
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What where the atoms thought to be like before the discovery of the atom?
Before the discovery of the electron, atoms were thought to be tiny spheres that could not be divided.
Before the discovery of the electron, atoms were thought to be tiny spheres that could not be divided.
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What did the discovery of the electron lead to?
The discovery of the electron led to the plum pudding model of the atom.
The discovery of the electron led to the plum pudding model of the atom.
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What did the plum pudding model suggest?
The plum pudding model suggested that the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it
The plum pudding model suggested that the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it.
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What did the results from the alpha particle scattering experiment lead to?
The results from the alpha particle scattering experiment led to the conclusion that the mass of an atom was concentrated at the centre (nucleus) and that the nucleus was charged. This nuclear model
The results from the alpha particle scattering experiment led to the conclusion that the mass of an atom was concentrated at the centre (nucleus) and that the nucleus was charged. This nuclear model replaced the plum pudding model.
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How did Niel Bohr adapt the nuclear model?
Niels Bohr adapted the nuclear model by suggesting that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances.
Niels Bohr adapted the nuclear model by suggesting that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances. The theoretical calculations of Bohr agreed with experimental observations. Details of experimental work supporting the Bohr model are not required.
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What did later experiments on the atom lead to?
Later experiments led to the idea that the positive charge of any nucleus could be subdivided into a whole number of smaller particles, each particle having the same amount of positive charge. The name proton was given to these particles.
Later experiments led to the idea that the positive charge of any nucleus could be subdivided into a whole number of smaller particles, each particle having the same amount of positive charge. The name proton was given to these particles.
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What did the experimental work of James Chadwick provide evidence of?
The experimental work of James Chadwick provided the evidence to show the existence of neutrons within the nucleus. This was about 20 years after the nucleus became an accepted scientific idea.
The experimental work of James Chadwick provided the evidence to show the existence of neutrons within the nucleus. This was about 20 years after the nucleus became an accepted scientific idea. Details of Chadwick?s experimental work are not required.
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Describe why the new evidence from the scattering experiment led to a change in the atomic model.
Evidence from the scattering experiment led to a change in the atomic model.
Students should be able to describe why the new evidence from the scattering experiment led to a change in the atomic model.
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What is the difference between the plum pudding model of the atom and the nuclear model of the atom.
In the plum pudding model the atom was imagined to be a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged electrons dotted around inside it like plums in a pudding.
Students should be able to describe the difference between the plum pudding model of the atom and the nuclear model of the atom.
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What is the radius of an atom?
Atoms are very small, having a radius of about 1 x 10^-10 metres.
Atoms are very small, having a radius of about 1 x 10^-10 metres.
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What is the structure of an atom, with charges for sub-atomic particles?
The basic structure of an atom is a positively charged nucleus composed of both protons and neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
The basic structure of an atom is a positively charged nucleus composed of both protons and neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
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How does the radius of an atom compare with the radius of the nucleus of an atom?
The radius of a nucleus is less than 1/10,000 of the radius of an atom.
The radius of a nucleus is less than 1/10,000 of the radius of an atom.
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Where is most of the mass of an atom concentrated?
Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
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How do energy levels differ in terms of distance from the nucleus?
The electrons are arranged at different distances from the nucleus (different energy levels).
The electrons are arranged at different distances from the nucleus (different energy levels).
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What might cause the electron arrangements to change (from a lower to higher energy level, for example)?
The electron arrangements may change with the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (move further from the nucleus; a higher energy level) or by the emission of electromagnetic radiation (move closer to the nucleus; a lower energy level)
The electron arrangements may change with the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (move further from the nucleus; a higher energy level) or by the emission of electromagnetic radiation (move closer to the nucleus; a lower energy level)
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How does the number of electrons relate to the number of protons in an atom?
In an atom the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.
In an atom the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.
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What is the overall electrical charge of an atom?
Atoms have no overall electrical charge.
Atoms have no overall electrical charge.
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What do all atoms of a particular element have in common? What do we call this number?
All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons. The number of protons in an atom of an element is called its atomic number.
All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons. The number of protons in an atom of an element is called its atomic number.
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What does the mass number of an atom refer to?
The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons.
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is called its mass number.
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How can atoms be represented?
Atoms can be represented as shown in this example: (Mass number) (Atomic number) 23 11 Na
Atoms can be represented as shown in this example: (Mass number) (Atomic number) 23 11 Na
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What is an isotope?
An isotope is a version of an element that has the same number of protons to normal but a different number of neutrons.
Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons; these atoms are called isotopes of that element.
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How can an atom become a positive ion?
Atoms turn into positive ions if they lose one or more outer electron(s).
Atoms turn into positive ions if they lose one or more outer electron(s).
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What is an isotope?
Isotopes are atoms of an element with the normal number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes have the same atomic number, but different mass numbers.
Students should be able to relate differences between isotopes to differences in conventional representations of their identities, charges and masses.
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What is meant by the term 'unstable' in terms of atomic nuclei?
A nucleus that needs to emit subparticles to become stable.
Some atomic nuclei are unstable.
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How can a nucleus become more stable in terms of radiation?
Emit alpha, beta or gamma radiation.
The nucleus gives out radiation as it changes to become more stable. This is a random process called radioactive decay.
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What is meant by the term 'activity' in terms of decay?
The amount of radioactivity the radioactive isotope contains.
Activity is the rate at which a source of unstable nuclei decays.
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What is radioactive activity measured in?
Activity is measured in becquerel (Bq)
Activity is measured in becquerel (Bq)
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What is the definition of 'count rate' and what piece of equipment can measure it?
A Geiger-Muller tube can be used to measure count rate.
Count-rate is the number of decays recorded each second by a detector (eg Geiger-Muller tube).
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What are the different types of nuclear radiation that can be emitted and what is each made up of?
The nuclear radiation emitted may be: - an alpha particle (α) - this consists of two neutrons and two protons, it is the same as a helium nucleus - a beta particle (
An alpha particle (α) is this consists of two neutrons and two protons, it is the same as a helium nucleus
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What is a beta particle (β)?
A beta particle (β) is a high speed electron ejected from the nucleus as a neutron turns into a proton
A beta particle (β) is a high speed electron ejected from the nucleus as a neutron turns into a proton
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What is a gamma ray (γ)?
A gamma ray (γ) is electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus
A gamma ray (γ) is electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus
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What is released during nuclear fission?
A neutron is emitted during nuclear radiation.
The nuclear radiation emitted may be also be a neutron (n).
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What will stop the alpha radiation?
Alpha is stopped by a few centimeters of air or a sheet of paper;
Alpha is stopped by a few centimeters of air or a sheet of paper.
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What will stop the Beta radiation?
Beta is stopped by a few millimeters of aluminium
Beta is stopped by a few millimeters of aluminium
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What will stop the Gamma radiation?
Gamma rays are stopped by a few centimeters of lead or a few meters of concrete.
Gamma rays are stopped by a few centimeters of lead or a few meters of concrete.
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Relative to alpha and beta, how ionising is gamma radiation?
Gamma rays are the least ioninsing.
Gamma rays are the least ioninsing, because they are not charged.
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Relative to beta and gamma, how ionising is alpha radiation?
Alpha particles are the most ioninsing.
Alpha particles are the most ioninsing as they have a charge of plus 2.
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What are the different uses of radiation?
Radiation can be used in some of the following ways: *Thickness of paper. * Detecting leaks in pipes. * Cancer treatment. * Detection of disease.
Students should be able to apply their knowledge to the uses of radiation and evaluate the best sources of radiation to use in a given situation.
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How can nuclear equations be used?
Nuclear equations are used to represent radioactive decay.
Nuclear equations are used to represent radioactive decay. (diagram)
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What symbol represents an alpha particle?
An alpha particle is represent by the following symbol: α
In a nuclear equation an alpha particle may be represented by the symbol:The symbol of an alpha particle.
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What symbol represents a beta particle?
An beta particle is represented by the following symbol: β
The symbol of a beta particle.
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What does the emission of the different types of nuclear radiation cause?
The emission of the different types of nuclear radiation may cause a change in the mass and /or the charge of the nucleus.
The emission of the different types of nuclear radiation may cause a change in the mass and /or the charge of the nucleus.
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What does alpha decay cause?
Alpha decay causes both the mass and charge of the nucleus to decrease.
alpha decay causes both the mass and charge of the nucleus to decrease.
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What does Beta decay cause?
Beta decay does not cause the mass of the nucleus to change but does cause the charge of the nucleus to increase.
Beta decay does not cause the mass of the nucleus to change but does cause the charge of the nucleus to increase.
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How to balance alpha (α) and beta (β) decay equations?
During alpha decay- A new element is formed that is two places lower in the Periodic Table than the original element. For example, radon decays into polonium when it emits an alpha particle. In beta decay, a neutron changes into a proton plus an electron. The proton stays in the nucleus. The electron leaves the atom with high energy as a beta particle. The nucleus has one more proton and one less neutron when it emits a beta particle. This means that: The atomic mass number stays the same The atomic number increases by 1
Students should be able to use the names and symbols of common nuclei and particles to write balanced equations that show single alpha (α) and beta (β) decay. This is limited to balancing the atomic numbers and mass numbers. The identification of daughter elements from such decays is not required.
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What happens during the emission of a gamma ray?
The emission of a gamma ray does not cause the mass or the charge of the nucleus to change.
The emission of a gamma ray does not cause the mass or the charge of the nucleus to change.
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How radioactive decay happen?
Radioactive decay is a random process.
Radioactive decay is random.
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What is the meaning of the term 'half-life'?
Half life is the amount time taken for a radioacitve material to reduce it radioactive emissons by half.
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time it takes for the number of nuclei of the isotope in a sample to halve, or the time it takes for the count rate (or activity) from a sample containing the isotope to fall to half its initial level.
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How is the concept of half-life related to radioactive decay?
Radioactive activity decreasses by half at each half life.
Students should be able to explain the concept of half-life and how it is related to the random nature of radioactive decay
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How would the half-life of a radioactive isotope be determined from given information?
Use divisions of half to determine half lifes from given data.
Students should be able to determine the half-life of a radioactive isotope from given information.
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How would the net decline of radioactive emission after a given number of half-lives be expressed?
Should be expressed as a ratio.
(HT only) Students should be able to calculate the net decline, expressed as a ratio, in a radioactive emission after a given number of half-lives.
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What is meant by radioactive contamination?
Radioactive contamination is the unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms on other materials.
Radioactive contamination is the unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms on other materials.
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What is the hazard of contamination?
The hazard from contamination is due to the decay of the contaminating atoms. The type of radiation emitted affects the level of hazard.
The hazard from contamination is due to the decay of the contaminating atoms. The type of radiation emitted affects the level of hazard.
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What is Irradiation?
Irradiation is the process of exposing an object to nuclear radiation. The irradiated object does not become radioactive.
Irradiation is the process of exposing an object to nuclear radiation. The irradiated object does not become radioactive.
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What are the hazards associated with contamination and irradiation?
The radiation from the material can damage the cells of the person directly. This is damage by irradiation. Some of the radioactive material can be swallowed or breathed in. While inside the body, the radiation it emits can produce damage. This is damage by contamination.
Students should be able to compare the hazards associated with contamination and irradiation.
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What type of suitable precaution must be taken to protect against any hazard that the radioactive source used in the process of irradiation may present.
Wearing protective clothing keeping as far away as is practicable - for example, by using tongs keeping your exposure time as short as possible, and keeping radioactive materials in lead-lined containers, labelled with the appropriate hazard symbol.
Suitable precautions must be taken to protect against any hazard that the radioactive source used in the process of irradiation may present.
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When is radiation around?
Background radiation is around us all of the time.
Background radiation is around us all of the time.
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Where does Background radiation comes from?
Natural sources such as rocks and cosmic rays from space man-made sources such as the fallout from nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accidents.
Background radiation comes from: ? natural sources such as rocks and cosmic rays from space ? man-made sources such as the fallout from nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accidents.
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How could the level of background radiation be affected?
The level of background radiation and radiation dose may be affected by occupation and/or location.
The level of background radiation and radiation dose may be affected by occupation and/or location.
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How is radiation dose measured?
Radiation dose is measured in sieverts (Sv)
Radiation dose is measured in sieverts (Sv)
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What does 1000 millisieverts equal to?
1000 millisieverts (mSv) = 1 sievert (Sv)
1000 millisieverts (mSv) = 1 sievert (Sv)
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What is the unit for a radiation dose?
"sievert" (Sv)
Students will not need to recall the unit of radiation dose.
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How can nuclear radiation be used in medicine?
Nuclear radiations are used in medicine for the: exploration of internal organs control or destruction of unwanted tissue.
Nuclear radiations are used in medicine for the: ? exploration of internal organs ? control or destruction of unwanted tissue.
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How can nuclear radiation be used in medicine?
Nuclear radiations are used in medicine for the: exploration of internal organs control or destruction of unwanted tissue.
Nuclear radiations are used in medicine for the: ? exploration of internal organs ? control or destruction of unwanted tissue.
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How can nuclear radiation be used in medicine?
Nuclear radiations are used in medicine for the: exploration of internal organs control or destruction of unwanted tissue.
Students should be able to describe and evaluate the uses of nuclear radiations for exploration of internal organs, and for control or destruction of unwanted tissue
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What are the perceived risks of using nuclear radiation?
Can cause mutations in DNA and the uncontrolled division of cells. This can cause benign and malignant tumours.
Students should be able to evaluate the perceived risks of using nuclear radiations in relation to given data and consequences.
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What are the half-lifes of radioactive isotopes?
Radioactive isotopes have a very wide range of half-life values
Radioactive isotopes have a very wide range of half-life values
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Why does the hazard associated with radioactive material differ according to the half-life involved?
The longer the half life the higher the hazard as the longer the time needed for the radiation to reach normal levels.
Students should be able to explain why the hazards associated with radioactive material differ according to the half-life involved
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What is meant by the term 'nuclear fission'?
The process of splitting a nucleus is called nuclear fission.
Nuclear fission is the splitting of a large and unstable nucleus (eg uranium or plutonium).
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When does Spontaneous fission occur?
Spontaneous fission is rare. Usually, for fission to occur the unstable nucleus must first absorb a neutron.
Spontaneous fission is rare. Usually, for fission to occur the unstable nucleus must first absorb a neutron.
0
What happens to a nucleus undergoing fission?
The nucleus undergoing fission splits into two smaller nuclei, roughly equal in size, and emits two or three neutrons plus gamma rays. Energy is released by the fission reaction.
The nucleus undergoing fission splits into two smaller nuclei, roughly equal in size, and emits two or three neutrons plus gamma rays. Energy is released by the fission reaction.
0
What type of energy do all fission products have?
All of the fission products have kinetic energy.
All of the fission products have kinetic energy.
0
What starts the chain reaction?
The neutrons may go on to start a chain reaction.
The neutrons may go on to start a chain reaction.
0
How is a chain reaction controlled?
The chain reaction is controlled in a nuclear reactor to control the energy released.
The chain reaction is controlled in a nuclear reactor to control the energy released.
0
How is the explosion of a nuclear weapon caused?
The explosion caused by a nuclear weapon is caused by an uncontrolled chain reaction.
The explosion caused by a nuclear weapon is caused by an uncontrolled chain reaction.
0
What is nuclear fusion?
Nuclear fusion is the joining of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
Nuclear fusion is the joining of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
0
Mod
Number of Questions
0S
10
1B
10
1C
10
1P
10
BI
5
P1
P1.1
Energy changes in a system, and ways energy is stored before and after changes
P1.2
Electricity
P1.3
Series and parallel circuits
P1.4
Particle model of matter
P1.5
Radiation and Atoms
1
B1
C1
P1
2
B2
C2
P2
B
1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
8B
C
1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
l
Del
I
BI
P
1P
2P
3P
4P
5P
6P
7P
8P
S
0S
