https://www.mrcorfe.com/Hamble/MCQ/P2?Edit=1&Mod=P2
10th Dec '25
Multiple Choice 2015-16
Question
Answer
Mislead1
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What is a force?
A force is a push or pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object.
A force is a push or pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object.
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What is the difference between contact and non-contact forces?
All forces between objects are either: - contact forces - the objects are physically touching - non-contact forces - the objects are physically separated.
All forces between objects are either: - contact forces - the objects are physically touching - non-contact forces - the objects are physically separated.
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What examples are there of contact forces?
Examples of contact forces include friction, air resistance, tension and normal contact force.
Examples of contact forces include friction, air resistance, tension and normal contact force.
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What examples are there of non-contact forces?
Examples of non-contact forces are gravitational force, electrostatic force and magnetic force.
Examples of non-contact forces are gravitational force, electrostatic force and magnetic force.
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What is the interaction pair between a book being pushed across a table, where a force is produced on each object?
There is an interaction pair of friction forces between a book being pushed and a table. The book experiences a backwards force - this will tend to slow it down. The table experiences a forwards force - this will tend to move it forwards with the book.
Students should be able to describe the interaction between pairs of objects which produce a force on each object. The forces should be able to be represented as vectors.
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What is meant by the term ‘vector quantity’ in terms of forces?
A force is a vector quantity. A vector quantity is a value that has both magnitude (size) and direction.
Force is a vector quantity.
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What do all vector quantities have?
Vector quantities have magnitude and an associated direction.
Vector quantities have magnitude and an associated direction.
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How is an arrow used to represent a vector quantity?
A vector quantity may be represented by an arrow. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude, and the direction of the arrow the direction of the vector quantity.
A vector quantity may be represented by an arrow. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude, and the direction of the arrow the direction of the vector quantity.
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How are scalar quantities different from vector quantities?
Scalar quantities different from vector quantities as scalar quantities have magnitude only.
Scalar quantities have magnitude only.
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How is resultant force calculated?
A resultant force is calculated when a number of forces acting on an object is be replaced by a single force that has the same effect as all the original forces acting together.
A number of forces acting on an object may be replaced by a single force that has the same effect as all the original forces acting together. This single force is called the resultant force.
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What is the resultant force for an aeroplane accelerating with a force of 2300 N when the reaction force of air resistance is 1900 N.
What is the resultant force for an aeroplane accelerating with a force of 2300 N when the reaction force of air resistance is 1900 N is 400 N.
Students should be able to calculate the resultant of two forces that act in a straight line.
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What forces are acting on a car that is speeding up?
The forces acting on a car that is speeding up are acceleration (thrust), air resistance (drag and friction), weight and reaction force.
Students should be able to describe examples of the forces acting on an isolated object or system.
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What is the resultant force for an object in each of the two examples below? 1) http://bit.ly/2EF4n0D 2) http://bit.ly/2BEpgGo
The resultant force for example 1 is the object's weight and reaction forces are balanced. Therefore the resultant force is zero and the object travels at the same height. However, it is accelerating (thrust) as the vector is longer than the air resistance (drag and friction). The resultant force for example 2 is weight as the reaction force and the weight are unbalanced, where the vector for weight is longer.
Students should be able to use free body diagrams to describe qualitatively examples where several forces lead to a resultant force on an object, including balanced forces when the resultant force is zero.
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What happens when two component forces at right angles act together?
When two component forces at right angles act together they have the same effect as the single force.
A single force can be resolved into two components acting at right angles to each other. The two component forces together have the same effect as the single force.
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What piece of equipment is used to measure weight?
Weight is measured using a calibrated spring-balance (a newtonmeter).
Weight is measured using a calibrated spring-balance (a newtonmeter).
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What is the relationship between the weight of an object and the mass of an object?
The weight of an object and the mass of an object are directly proportional.
The weight of an object and the mass of an object are directly proportional.
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What does gravitational field strength depend on?
The weight of an object depends on the gravitational field strength at the point where the object is.
The weight of an object depends on the gravitational field strength at the point where the object is.
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What is weight and what causes the force of gravity close to the Earth?
Weight is the force acting on an object due to gravity. The force of gravity close to the Earth is due to the gravitational field around the Earth.
Weight is the force acting on an object due to gravity. The force of gravity close to the Earth is due to the gravitational field around the Earth.
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What is the name of the single point of an object where the weight is considered to act?
The weight of an object may be considered to act at a single point referred to as the object's centre of mass.
The weight of an object may be considered to act at a single point referred to as the object's centre of mass.
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What equation is used to calculate weight? Include the SI units.
The weight of an object can be calculated using the equation: weight = mass x gravitational field strength W = m g weight, W, in newtons, N mass, m, in kilograms, kg gravitational field strength, g, in newtons per kilogram, N/kg (In any calculation the value of the gravitational field strength (g) will be given.)
The weight of an object can be calculated using the equation: weight = mass x gravitational field strength W = m g weight, W, in newtons, N mass, m, in kilograms, kg gravitational field strength, g, in newtons per kilogram, N/kg (In any calculation the value of the gravitational field strength (g) will be given.)
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What is happening when is work done on an object?
When a force causes an object to move through a distance work is done on the object.
When a force causes an object to move through a distance work is done on the object.
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When does a force do work on an object?
A force does work on an object when the force causes a displacement of the object.
A force does work on an object when the force causes a displacement of the object.
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What is one joule of work done equal to?
One joule of work is done when a force of one newton causes a displacement of one metre. 1 joule = 1 newton-metre
One joule of work is done when a force of one newton causes a displacement of one metre. 1 joule = 1 newton-metre
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How many joules are in 76 Nm?
1 joule = 1 newton-metre so 76 joules is equal to 76 Nm.
Students should be able to convert between newton-metres and joules
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What equation is used to calculate work done by a force on an object? Include SI units.
(MS) The work done by a force on an object can be calculated using the equation: work done = force ? distance moved along the line of action of the force W = F s work done, W, in joules, J force, F, in newtons, N distance, s, in metres, m
(MS) The work done by a force on an object can be calculated using the equation: work done = force ? distance moved along the line of action of the force W = F s work done, W, in joules, J force, F, in newtons, N distance, s, in metres, m
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What is the energy transfer that occurs when work is done?
Work done and energy transferred are measured in joules (J). The work done on an object can be calculated if the force and distance moved are known. A change in momentum happens when a force is applied to an object that is moving or is able to move.
Students should be able to describe the energy transfer involved when work is done.
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When work is done against the frictional forces acting on an object what happens to the temperature of the object?
Work done against the frictional forces acting on an object causes a rise in the temperature of the object.
Work done against the frictional forces acting on an object causes a rise in the temperature of the object.
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What forces are involved in stretching, bending or compressing an object?
Forces may change the shape of an object. An elastic object such as a spring stores elastic potential energy when stretched or squashed. The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied.
Students should be able to give examples of the forces involved in stretching, bending or compressing an object
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Why, to change the shape of an object (by stretching, bending or compressing), does more than one force have to be applied?
If one force only is applied to an object, for example a car, then the object will change speed or direction. If we want to change the shape of an object, we have to apply more than one force to it.
Students should be able to explain why, to change the shape of an object (by stretching, bending or compressing), more than one force has to be applied ? this is limited to stationary objects only
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What is the relationship between the work done on the spring and the elastic potential energy stores?
Provided the spring is not inelastically deformed, the work done on the spring and the elastic potential energy stored are equal.
Provided the spring is not inelastically deformed, the work done on the spring and the elastic potential energy stored are equal.
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What is the difference between elastic deformation and inelastic deformation caused by stretching forces?
Elastic deformation is where a material changes in shape at low stress that is recoverable after the stress is removed. Inelastic deformation is caused a material is stretched beyond its limit of proportionality.
Students should be able to describe the difference between elastic deformation and inelastic deformation caused by stretching forces.
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What is the relationship between extension and force for an elastic object, such as a spring?
The extension of an elastic object, such as a spring, is directly proportional to the force applied, provided that the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.
The extension of an elastic object, such as a spring, is directly proportional to the force applied, provided that the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.
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What is the equation that links force, spring constant and extension? Include SI units.
(MS) force = spring constant ? extension F = k e force, F, in newtons, N spring constant, k, in newtons per metre, N/m extension, e, in metres, m This relationship also applies to the compression of an elastic object, where ?e? would be the compression of the object.
(MS) force = spring constant ? extension F = k e force, F, in newtons, N spring constant, k, in newtons per metre, N/m extension, e, in metres, m This relationship also applies to the compression of an elastic object, where ?e? would be the compression of the object.
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What is the difference between a linear and non-linear relationship between force and extension?
A linear relationship between force and extension is a directly proportional one, where a non-linear relationship shows that an elastic object has exceeded its limit of proportionality.
Students should be able to describe the difference between a linear and non-linear relationship between force and extension
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What equation is used to calculate elastic potential energy?
Elastic potential energy can be calculated for the work done in stretching (or compressing) a spring (up to the limit of proportionality) using the equation: elastic potential energy = 0.5 x spring constant s extension(squared) E = 0.5 k e(squared)
Students should be able to calculate work done in stretching (or compressing) a spring (up to the limit of proportionality) using the equation: elastic potential energy = 0.5 x spring constant s extension(squared) E = 0.5 k e(squared)
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What causes an object to rotate?
A force or a system of forces may cause an object to rotate.
A force or a system of forces may cause an object to rotate.
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What examples are there in which forces cause rotation?
Examples in which forces cause rotation include: merry-go round, bike tyres, throwing a ball.
Students should be able to describe examples in which forces cause rotation.
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What is the turning effect of a force called?
The turning effect of a force is called the moment of the force.
The turning effect of a force is called the moment of the force.
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What equation is used to calculate the moment of a force? Include SI units.
(MS) The size of the moment is defined by the equation: moment of a force = force ? distance M = F d moment of a force, M, in newton-metres, Nm force, F, in newtons, N distance, d, is the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force, in metres, m.
(MS) The size of the moment is defined by the equation: moment of a force = force ? distance M = F d moment of a force, M, in newton-metres, Nm force, F, in newtons, N distance, d, is the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force, in metres, m.
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When the total clockwise moment about a pivot equals the total anticlockwise moment about that pivot how are the forces described?
If an object is balanced, the total clockwise moment about a pivot equals the total anticlockwise moment about that pivot.
If an object is balanced, the total clockwise moment about a pivot equals the total anticlockwise moment about that pivot.
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What can be used to transmit the rotational effects of a force?
A simple lever and a simple gear system can both be used to transmit the rotational effects of force
A simple lever and a simple gear system can both be used to transmit the rotational effects of force
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How do levers and gears transmit the rotational effects of forces?
When someone uses a lever, they exert a force (the effort) around a pivot to move an object (the load). Levers rely on the principle of moments to act as 'force multipliers' - they reduce the effort needed to move the load by increasing the distance over which it is acting.
Students should be able to explain how levers and gears transmit the rotational effects of forces.
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What is distance a measure of?
How far an object moves in any direction.
Distance is how far an object moves. Distance does not involve direction.
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Is speed a vector or a scalar quantity and why?
Speed is a scalar quantity as it only has a magnitude (size) and not a direction.
Speed does not involve direction. Speed is a scalar quantity.
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Is distance a vector or scalar quantity and why?
Distance is a scalar quanity as it only has a magnitude (size) and not a direction.
Distance is a scalar quantity.
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Is the speed of a moving object normally constant?
No, when people walk, run or travel in a car their speed is constantly changing.
The speed of a moving object is rarely constant. When people walk, run or travel in a car their speed is constantly changing.
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What is displacement a meaure of?
Displacement is how far away an object is in a given direction.
Displacement includes both the distance an object moves, measured in a straight line from the start point to the finish point and the direction of that straight line.
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What are the typical speeds and factors that affect the speeds of people walking, running and cycling?
Walking ? 1.5 m/s Running ? 3 m/s Cycling ? 6 m/s. Age, terrain, fitness, and distance travelled.
The speed at which a person can walk, run or cycle depends on many factors including: age, terrain, fitness and distance travelled. Typical values may be taken as: walking ? 1.5 m/s running ? 3 m/s cycling ? 6 m/s.
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Is displacement a vector or scalar quantity and why?
Displacement is a vetor quanity as it only has a magnitude (size) and a direction.
Displacement is a vector quantity.
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Is the speed of sound normally constant?
No, it varies as does the wind.
It is not only moving objects that have varying speed. The speed of sound and the speed of the wind also vary.
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What is the typical speed of sound in air?
The speed of sound in air is 330 m/s.
A typical value for the speed of sound in air is 330 m/s
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What is the equation used to calculate the distance travelled and what are the units involved?
The equation used to calculate the distance travelled is: distance travelled = speed ? time s = v t distance, s, in metres, m speed, v, in metres per second, m/s time, t, in seconds, s
(MS) For an object moving at constant speed the distance travelled in a specific time can be calculated using the equation: distance travelled = speed ? time s = v t distance, s, in metres, m speed, v, in metres per second, m/s time, t, in seconds, s
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What is the equation used to calculate the average speed for non-uniform motion?
Average speed = Total distance / total time taken
(MS) Students should be able to calculate average speed for non-uniform motion.
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What is velocity a measure of?
Velocity is a speed in a given direction.
The velocity of an object is its speed in a given direction.
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How can the distance travelled by an object in a straight line be represented?
If an object moves along a straight line, the distance travelled can be represented by a distance?time graph.
If an object moves along a straight line, the distance travelled can be represented by a distance?time graph.
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Is velocity a vector or scalar quantity and why?
Velocity is a vetor quanity as it only has a magnitude (size) and a direction.
Velocity is a vector quantity.
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How can the speed of an object be calculated from a distance-time graph?
The speed of an object can be calculated from the gradient of its distance?time graph. The gradient of a graph is change of y divided by change in x, in this case is change in distance divided by change in time.
The speed of an object can be calculated from the gradient of its distance?time graph.
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What are the vector - scalar pairs?
The vector - scalar pairs are displacement : distance velocity : speed
Students should be able to explain the vector?scalar distinction as it applies to displacement, distance, velocity and speed.
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(HT only) If an object is accelerating, how can the speed at a time be determined from a distance-time graph?
(HT only) If an object is accelerating, its speed at any particular time can be determined by drawing a tangent and measuring the gradient of the distance?time graph at that time.
(HT only) If an object is accelerating, its speed at any particular time can be determined by drawing a tangent and measuring the gradient of the distance?time graph at that time.
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(HT only) What is constant and what is changing during circular motion?
(HT only) speed is constant velocity is changing as direction is changing
HT only) Students should be able to explain qualitatively, with examples, that motion in a circle involves constant speed but changing velocity.
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What axis does time go on for a distance-time graph?
Time goes on the x-axis of a distance-time graph.
Students should be able to draw distance?time graphs from measurements and extract and interpret lines and slopes of distance?time graphs, translating information between graphical and numerical form.
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What is the equation used to calculate the average acceleration of an object and what are the units involved?
The average acceleration of an object can be calculated using the equation: acceleration = change in velocity time taken a = ? v t acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2 change in velocity, ?v, in metres per second, m/s time, t, in seconds, s
The average acceleration of an object can be calculated using the equation: acceleration = change in velocity time taken a = ? v t acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2 change in velocity, ?v, in metres per second, m/s time, t, in seconds, s
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What does decelerating mean?
Decelerating means slowing down.
An object that slows down is decelerating
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(Physics only)
(Physics only)
(Physics only) Students should be able to interpret the changing motion in terms of the forces acting.
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How can the acceleration of an object be calculated from a velocity-time graph?
The acceleration of an object can be calculated from the gradient of a velocity?time graph. The gradient of a graph is change of y divided by change in x, in this case is change in velocity divided by change in time.
The acceleration of an object can be calculated from the gradient of a velocity?time graph.
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What equation applies to uniform acceleration and what are the units involved?
The following equation applies to uniform acceleration: final velocity2 ? initial velocity2 = 2 ? acceleration ? distance v2 ? u2 = 2 a s final velocity, v, in metres per second, m/s initial velocity, u, in metres per second, m/s acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2 distance, s, in metres, m"
The following equation applies to uniform acceleration: final velocity 2 ? initial velocity 2 = 2 ? acceleration ? distance v2 ? u2 = 2 a s final velocity, v, in metres per second, m/s initial velocity, u, in metres per second, m/s acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2 distance, s, in metres, m
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What acceration does an object falling freely under gravity, near the Earth?s surface any object have?
Near the Earth?s surface any object falling freely under gravity has an acceleration of about 9.8 m/s2.
Near the Earth?s surface any object falling freely under gravity has an acceleration of about 9.8 m/s2.
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What axis does time go on for a velocity-time graph?
Time goes on the x-axis of a velocity-time graph.
Students should be able to draw velocity?time graphs from measurements and interpret lines and slopes to determine acceleration
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(HT only) How can the distance travelled be calculated from a velocity-time graph?
(HT only) The distance travelled by an object (or displacement of an object) can be calculated from the area under a velocity?time graph. Split the area into simple shapes and add up the areas.
(HT only) The distance travelled by an object (or displacement of an object) can be calculated from the area under a velocity?time graph
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(HT only)
(HT only)
(HT only) interpret enclosed areas in velocity?time graphs to determine distance travelled (or displacement)
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(HT only) For curved lines on a velocity-time graph, how can the area be measured?
(HT only) Counting squares that are more than half below the line.
(HT only) measure, when appropriate, the area under a velocity?time graph by counting squares.
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Why do objects falling through a fluid reach a terminal velocity?
An object falling through a fluid initially accelerates due to the force of gravity. Eventually the resultant force will be zero and the object will move at its terminal velocity.
An object falling through a fluid initially accelerates due to the force of gravity. Eventually the resultant force will be zero and the object will move at its terminal velocity.
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What is Newton's Third Law?
Newton's Third Law states that whenever two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite.
Newton's Third Law: Whenever two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite.
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What would happen to an object if the resultant force acting upon it is zero and the object is stationary?
Newtons first law states that if the resultant force acting on an object is zero and the object is stationary, the object remains stationary.
Newton's First Law: If the resultant force acting on an object is zero and the object is stationary, the object remains stationary. If the object is moving, the object continues to move at the same speed and in the same direction. So the object continues to move at the same velocity.
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What would happen to an object if the resultant force acting upon it is zero and the object is moving?
Newtons first law states that If the resultant force acting on an object is zero and the object is moving, the object continues to move at the same speed and in the same direction. So the object continues to move at the same velocity.
Newton's First Law: If the resultant force acting on an object is zero and the object is moving, the object continues to move at the same speed and in the same direction. So the object continues to move at the same velocity.
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How can Newton's Third Law be applied to examples of equilibrium?
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction therefore if the external forces are zero then every part of a system is zero, It will be in equilibrium
Students should be able to apply Newton's Third Law to examples of equilibrium situations.
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What is the equation that links resultant force, mass and acceleration?
F=ma force, in Newtons, N mass, m, in kilograms, kg acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2
As an equation: resultant force = mass x acceleration F = m a force, F, in newtons, N mass, m, in kilograms, kg acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2
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If the resistive forces balance the driving force what happens to the vehicle in terms of speed?
When the resistive forces balance the driving force the vehicle travels at a steady speed.
When a vehicle travels at a steady speed the resistive forces balance the driving force.
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When will the velocity (speed and/or direction) of an object change?
The velocity (speed and/or direction) of an object will only change if a resultant force is acting on the object.
The velocity (speed and/or direction) of an object will only change if a resultant force is acting on the object.
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How can Newtons first law be applied to the motion of an object moving with uniform velocity and objects where the speed and/or direction changes?
Newtons first law explains that forces acting upon a body cause the motion of that body to change. When opposite forces become unbalanced the objects speed and/or direction will change. When forces are balanced and moving with uniform velocity the speed and/or direction will continue to remain the same.
Students should be able to apply Newton's First Law to explain the motion of objects moving with a uniform velocity and objects where the speed and/or direction changes.
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What is Newton's second law?
Newton's Second Law states the acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on the object, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
Newton's Second Law: The acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on the object, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
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What is the typical mass of a cyslist, car and lorry?
the mass of a small family car is 2000Kg, cyclist is 100Kg and a lorry 50000Kg. These could be used along with information about speed or acceleration.
Students should be able to estimate the speed, accelerations and forces involved in large accelerations for everyday road transport.
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what is the momentum equation and units?
Momentum is defined by the equation: momentum = mass ? velocity p=mv, momentum, p, in kilograms metre per second, kg m/s, mass, m, in kilograms, kg, velocity, v, in metres per second, m/s
Momentum is defined by the equation: momentum = mass ? velocity p = m v momentum, p, in kilograms metre per second, kg m/s mass, m, in kilograms, kg velocity, v, in metres per second, m/s
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two model cars collide reversing into one another), the blue car has a of mass 1.2Kg and the red car has a mass of 1.4 kg they collide at speeds of 0.5m/s (blue) and 0.2m/s (red) what is the velocity of the cars after the collision?
0.12m/s/s
Students should be able to complete calculations involving an event, such as the collision of two objects.
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The equations F = m × a and a = ( v - u ) / t combine to give what equation?
F = m Δ v / Δ t
When a force acts on an object that is moving, or able to move, a change in momentum occurs. The equations F = m × a and a = ( v − u ) / t combine to give the equation F = m Δ v / Δ t where mΔv = change in momentum ie force equals the rate of change of momentum.
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(HT only) What is the definition of inertial mass?
(HT only) inertial mass is defined as the ratio of force over acceleration.
(HT only) Students should be able to explain that inertial mass is defined as the ratio of force over acceleration.
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What is conservation of momentum?
Conservation of momentum is when in a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after the event.
In a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after the event. This is called conservation of momentum.
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In terms of rate of change of momentum, how do different examples of safety features work?
air bags, seat belts, gymnasium crash mats, cycle helmets and cushioned surfaces. They deform and they increase the amount of time the person takes to come to a stop. They provide a softer surface (like a pillow) and seatbelts protect people in two ways during a crash. The seatbelt prevents the person being thrown about in the car, possibly through the windscreen or hitting themselves on the steering wheel or other objects. The seatbelt also stretches a little, while restraining the person during a crash. The stretching increases the amount of time it takes the person to stop. to prevent the people hitting themselves on hard objects
Students should be able to explain safety features such as: air bags, seat belts, gymnasium crash mats, cycle helmets and cushioned surfaces for playgrounds with reference to the concept of rate of change of momentum.
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What is the symbol that indicates an approximate value or approximate answer?
~ is the symbol that indicates an approximate value
Students should recognise and be able to use the symbol that indicates an approximate value or approximate answer ~
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Explain what happens to momentum in a collision?
The total momentum before the collision is the sum of both momentums.
Students should be able to use the concept of momentum as a model to describe and explain examples of momentum in an event, such as a collision
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What is inertial mass a measure of?
inertial mass is a measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object
(HT only) Students should be able to explain that inertial mass is a measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object
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(HT only) What is the definition of inertia?
(HT only) The tendency of objects to continue in their state of rest or of uniform motion.
(HT only) The tendency of objects to continue in their state of rest or of uniform motion is called inertia.
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What are poor vehicle conditions limited to?
they are limited to brakes or tyres.
Poor condition of the vehicle is limited to the vehicle's brakes or tyres.
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What is the definition of stoppong distance?
The stopping distance of a vehicle is the sum of the distance the vehicle travels during the driver?s reaction time (thinking distance) and the distance it travels under the braking force (braking distance).
The stopping distance of a vehicle is the sum of the distance the vehicle travels during the driver's reaction time (thinking distance) and the distance it travels under the braking force (braking distance).
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What can the braking distance of a vehicle be affected by?
It can be affected by adverse road and weather conditions and poor condition of the vehicle.
The braking distance of a vehicle can be affected by adverse road and weather conditions and poor condition of the vehicle.
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What affect would an increased speed for a given breaking force have on stopping distance?
Stopping distance would be greater.
For a given braking force the greater the speed of the vehicle, the greater the stopping distance.
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What are adverse road conditions?
wet, icy, potholes and uneven surfaces are considered to be adverse road conditions.
Adverse road conditions include wet or icy conditions.
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Does every person have the same reaction time? Explain
No, reaction times vary from person to person.
Reaction times vary from person to person.
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What is the typical value range for the reaction time of a typical person?
The typical values range from 0.2 s to 0.9 s.
Typical values range from 0.2 s to 0.9 s.
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How can a driver's reaction time be affected?
A driver's reaction time can be affected by tiredness, drugs and alcohol.
A driver's reaction time can be affected by tiredness, drugs and alcohol.
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(Physics only) How does the distance for a vehicle to make an emergency stop vary over a range of speeds typical for that vehicle.
(Physics only) The faster the vehicle is going the greater the distance would be to come to a stop.
(Physics only) Students should be able to estimate how the distance for a vehicle to make an emergency stop varies over a range of speeds typical for that vehicle. (MS)
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What else could affect a driver's ability to react?
Distractions such as mobile phones or other people in the car.
Distractions may also affect a driver?s ability to react.
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Whatwould the estimate of the distance required for road vehicles to stop in an emergency varies over a range of speeds be; 30mph, 40mph and 60mph?
30mph - 23m 40mph - 36m 60mph -73m
Students should be able to estimate how the distance required for road vehicles to stop in an emergency varies over a range of typical speeds.
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(Physics only)
(Physics only)
(Physics only) Students will be required to interpret graphs relating speed to stopping distance for a range of vehicles. (MS)
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What methods could be used to measure human reaction times?
How quickly a person can click on seeing a specified object, catching a ruler when it is dropped.
Students should be able to explain methods used to measure human reaction times and recall typical results
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When a force is applied to the brakes of a vehicle, how does the work done by the forces between the brakes affect the kinetic energy and temperature of the brakes?
When a force is applied to the brakes of a vehicle, work done by the friction force between the brakes and the wheel reduces the kinetic energy of the vehicle and the temperature of the brakes increases.
When a force is applied to the brakes of a vehicle, work done by the friction force between the brakes and the wheel reduces the kinetic energy of the vehicle and the temperature of the brakes increases.
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How could you interpret and evaluate the following results; person A had a reaction time of 3s, Person B had a reaction time of 4s and person C has a reaction time of 9s?
Person A and B had similar reaction times but person C was very much slower by 5-6s, they may have had a factor that affected their reaction time and therfore it may be useful to repeat to gain more results.
Students should be able to interpret and evaluate measurements from simple methods to measure the different reaction times of students
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what is the relationship between the speed of a vehicle and the braking force needed to stop the vehicle?
The greater the speed of a vehicle the greater the braking force needed to stop the vehicle in a certain distance.
The greater the speed of a vehicle the greater the braking force needed to stop the vehicle in a certain distance.
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How does increasing the braking force affect deceleration and brake heat?
The greater the braking force the greater the deceleration of the vehicle. Large decelerations may lead to brakes overheating and/or loss of control.
The greater the braking force the greater the deceleration of the vehicle. Large decelerations may lead to brakes overheating and/or loss of control.
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What are the dangers caused by large decelerations?
skidding, tyre blow-outs, loss of control of the vehicle, crashes.
Students should be able to explain the dangers caused by large decelerations
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(HT only) What is the force if the mass of a vehicle os 2000Kg and the acceleration is 12m/s/s?
(HT only) Force = 2000 x 12 = 24000N
Students should be able to (HT only) estimate the forces involved in the deceleration of road vehicles in typical situations on a public road.
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Name the two different types of waves.
The two types of waves are called transverse and longitudinal.
Waves may be either transverse or longitudinal.
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What are the ripples on a water surface examples of?
The ripples on a water surface are examples of transverse waves.
The ripples on a water surface are an example of a transverse wave
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What types of waves show areas of compression and rarefaction.
The type of waves that show compression and rarefaction are called longitudinal waves.
Longitudinal waves show areas of compression and rarefaction.
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What type of wave is a sound wave?
Sounds waves are examples of longitudinal waves.
Sound waves travelling through air are longitudinal.
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What is the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves.
In a transverse waves, the oscillations (vibrations) are at right angles to the direction of travel and energy transfer. In longitudinal waves, the oscillations are along the same direction as the direction of travel and energy transfer.
Students should be able to describe the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves.
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Do the waves in air or the wave in the water travel?
For both ripples on a water surface and sound waves in air, it is the wave and not the water or air itself that travels.
Students should be able to describe evidence that, for both ripples on a water surface and sound waves in air, it is the wave and not the water or air itself that travels.
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How can you describe wave motion?
Wave motion can be described in terms of amplitude.
Students should be able to describe wave motion in terms of their amplitude.
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How can you describe wave motion?
Wave motion can be described in terms of wavelength.
Students should be able to describe wave motion in terms of their wavelength.
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How can you describe wave motion?
Wave motion can be described in terms of frequency.
Students should be able to describe wave motion in terms of their frequency.
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How can you describe wave motion?
Wave motion can be described in terms of period?
Students should be able to describe wave motion in terms of their period.
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What is meant by amplitude of wave.
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of a point on a wave away from its undisturbed position.
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of a point on a wave away from its undisturbed position.
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What is meant by wavelength?
The wavelength of a wave is the distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the adjacent
The wavelength of a wave is the distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the adjacent wave.
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What is the frequency of a wave?
The frequency of a wave is the number of waves passing a point each second.
The frequency of a wave is the number of waves passing a point each second.
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What does period and frequency equal to?
Period = 1 / freqency T = 1 / f
Period = 1 / freqency T = 1 / f
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What is wave speed?
The wave speed is the speed at which the energy is transferred (or the wave moves) through the medium.
The wave speed is the speed at which the energy is transferred (or the wave moves) through the medium.
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What is the equation that links the frequency, wave speed and wavelength?
Wave speed = frequency x wavelength; v = f x λ
All waves obey the wave equation: wave speed = frequency x wavelength v = f x λ
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Identify amplitude and wavelength from given diagrams
identify amplitude and wavelength from given diagrams
Students should be able to identify amplitude and wavelength from given diagrams
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What method could be used to measure the speed of sound waves in air.
Over a long distance time how long it takes an observed sound to be heard. Use an oscilliscope.
Students should be able to describe a method to measure the speed of sound waves in air.
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What method would you use to work out the speed of ripples on a water surface?
speed = frequency x wavelength To work out frequency: Count how many waves pass a point over a 10 second period of time. Wavelength: measure the length of 10 waves.
Students should be able to describe a method to measure the speed of ripples on a water surface. (Req Prac)
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(Physics only) What affects a sound wave?
(Physics only) The velocity, frequency and wavelength.
(Physics only) Students should be able to show how changes in velocity, frequency and wavelength, in transmission of sound waves from one medium to another, are inter-related.
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(Physics Only) What type of wave has a frequency higher than the upper limit of hearing for humans?
Ultrasound waves
Ultrasound waves have a frequency higher than the upper limit of hearing for humans.
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(HT and Physics Only) What evidence did study of seismic waves provide?
(HT and Physics Only) Provided new evidence that led to discoveries about parts of the Earth which are not directly observable.
Students should be aware that the study of seismic waves provided new evidence that led to discoveries about parts of the Earth which are not directly observable.
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(Physics Only) What produces Seismic waves?
Seismic waves are produced by earthquakes.
Seismic waves are produced by earthquakes.
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(Physics Only) What type of wave is a P wave?
P-waves are longitudinal, seismic waves.
P-waves are longitudinal, seismic waves.
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(Physics Only) What type of wave is a S wave?
S-waves are transverse, seismic waves.
S-waves are transverse, seismic waves.
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(Physics Only) What can S waves not travel through?
S-waves cannot travel through a liquid.
S-waves cannot travel through a liquid.
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(Physics Only) What do P-waves and S-waves provide evidence for?
P-waves and S-waves provide evidence for the structure and size of the Earth's core.
P-waves and S-waves provide evidence for the structure and size of the Earth?s core.
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(HT and Physics Only) How can objects in deep water be detected?
(HT and Physics Only) Echo sounding, using high frequency sound waves is used to detect objects in deep water and measure water depth.
Echo sounding, using high frequency sound waves is used to detect objects in deep water and measure water depth.
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(Physics only) How do sound waves travel?
Sound waves can travel through solids causing vibrations in the solid.
Sound waves can travel through solids causing vibrations in the solid.
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(Physics only) What causes the sensation of sound?
Within the ear, sound waves cause the ear drum and other parts to vibrate which causes the sensation of sound.
Within the ear, sound waves cause the ear drum and other parts to vibrate which causes the sensation of sound.
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(Physics only) What restricts the limits of human hearing?
The conversion of sound waves to vibrations of solids works over a limited frequency range.
The conversion of sound waves to vibrations of solids works over a limited frequency range. This restricts the limits of human hearing.
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(Physics only) What causes wave disturbances between sound waves and vibrations in solids?
Examples may include the effect of sound waves on the ear drum.
Students should be able to describe, with examples, processes which convert wave disturbances between sound waves and vibrations in solids. Examples may include the effect of sound waves on the ear drum
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(Physics only)
Students should be able to explain why such processes only work over a limited frequency range and the relevance of this to human hearing.
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(Physics only) What is the normal range of human hearing?
The range of normal human hearing is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
Students should know that the range of normal human hearing is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
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(Physics Only) How is the light in the visible light spectrum different?
Each colour within the visible light spectrum has its own narrow band of wavelength and frequency.
Each colour within the visible light spectrum has its own narrow band of wavelength and frequency.
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(Physics Only)What types of waves are electromagnetic?
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that transfer energy from the source of the waves to an absorber.
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that transfer energy from the source of the waves to an absorber.
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(Physics Only) What type of spectrum do Electromagnetic waves form?
Electromagnetic waves form a continuous spectrum.
Electromagnetic waves form a continuous spectrum.
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(Physics Only) What type of speed to electromagnetic waves travel?
All types of electromagnetic wave travel at the same velocity through a vacuum (space) or air.
All types of electromagnetic wave travel at the same velocity through a vacuum (space) or air.
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(Physics Only) How are the electromagnetic waves grouped?
The waves that form the electromagnetic spectrum are grouped in terms of their wavelength and their frequency.
The waves that form the electromagnetic spectrum are grouped in terms of their wavelength and their frequency.
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What is the order of electromagnetic waves from biggest wavelength to shortest wavelength?
Going from long to short wavelength (or from low to high frequency) the groups are: radio, microwave, infrared, visible light (red to violet), ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.
Going from long to short wavelength (or from low to high frequency) the groups are: radio, microwave, infrared, visible light (red to violet), ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.
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(Physics Only) What type of electromagnetic waves do human eyes detect?
Human eyes only detect visible light and so detect a limited range of electromagnetic waves.
Our eyes only detect visible light and so detect a limited range of electromagnetic waves.
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List the practical applications of electromagnetic waves.
- radio waves - television and radio - microwaves - satellite communications, cooking food - infrared - electrical heaters, cooking food, infrared cameras - visible light - fibre optic communications - ultraviolet - energy efficient lamps, sun tanning - X-rays and gamma rays - medical imaging and treatments.
Electromagnetic waves have many practical applications. For example: - radio waves - television and radio - microwaves - satellite communications, cooking food - infrared - electrical heaters, cooking food, infrared cameras - visible light - fibre optic communications - ultraviolet - energy efficient lamps, sun tanning - X-rays and gamma rays - medical imaging and treatments.
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(HT only) How are radio waves produced?
(HT only) Radio waves are produced by oscillations in electrical circuits.
(HT only) Radio waves can be produced by oscillations in electrical circuits.
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How can electromagnetic waves be generated?
Changes in atoms and the nuclei of atoms can result in electromagnetic waves being generated
Changes in atoms and the nuclei of atoms can result in electromagnetic waves being generated or absorbed over a wide frequency range.
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What types of waves are hazardous on human body tissue.
X-rays and gamma rays can have hazardous effects on human body tissue.
Ultraviolet waves, X-rays and gamma rays can have hazardous effects on human body tissue.
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How are gamma rays generated?
Gamma rays are emitted from the nucleus. They have no charge or mass.
Gamma rays originate from changes in the nucleus of an atom.
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What effects can Ultraviolet waves cause to the skin?
Ultraviolet waves can cause skin to age prematurely and increase the risk of skin cancer.
Ultraviolet waves can cause skin to age prematurely and increase the risk of skin cancer.
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What are three ways that show energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves?
Some examples of how electromagnetic waves transfer energy are: Radio waves - radios in communication Microwaves - ovens for heating food Infrared radiation - wireless remote controls Ultraviolet - Ultrasound scans Visible light - heat and light from light bulb X-Ray: energy passes through tissue but stopped by bone in X ray imaging Gamma: Energy used to kill pathogens during sterilisation of medical equipment
Students should be able to give examples that illustrate the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
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What effects the outcome of being exposed to radiation?
The type of radiation and the size of the dose.
The effects depend on the type of radiation and the size of the dose.
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What are the risks and consequences of exposure to radiation?
The risks of exposure to radiation can include radiation poisoning and cancer.
Students should be able to draw conclusions from given data about the risks and consequences of exposure to radiation.
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What type of electromagnetic waves are ionising?
X-rays and gamma rays are ionising radiation that can cause the mutation of genes and cancer.
X-rays and gamma rays are ionising radiation that can cause the mutation of genes and cancer.
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(HT only) What type of current is produced when radiowaves are absorbed?
(HT only) When radio waves are absorbed they may create an alternating current.
(HT only) When radio waves are absorbed they may create an alternating current with the same frequency as the radio wave itself, so radio waves can themselves induce oscillations in an electrical circuit.
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(HT only) How can the wavelength of electromagnetic waves be varied?
(HT only) Different substances may absorb, transmit, refract or reflect electromagnetic waves
Different substances may absorb, transmit, refract or reflect electromagnetic waves in ways that vary with wavelength.
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What units is radiation measured in?
Radiation dose is measured in sieverts
Radiation dose (in sieverts) is a measure of the risk of harm resulting from an exposure of the body to the radiation.
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How many millisieverts are there in 1 sievert?
1000 millisieverts (mSv) = 1 sievert (Sv)
1000 millisieverts (mSv) = 1 sievert (Sv) Students will not be required to recall the unit of radiation dose.
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(HT only) Why is each type of electromagnetic wave suitable for practical application?
Each member of the electromagnetic wave is suitable for a practical application because it has a small range of frequency and wave length.
(HT only) Students should be able to give brief explanations why each type of electromagnetic wave is suitable for the practical application.
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(Physics only) Do only perfect black bodies (objects) emit radiation?
All bodies (objects) emit radiation.
Students should be able to explain that all bodies (objects) emit radiation.
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(HT only) (Physics only) What is happening in terms of radiation and emission when a body is at a constant temperature?
(HT only)A body at constant temperature is absorbing radiation at the same rate as it is emitting radiation.
(HT only) A body at constant temperature is absorbing radiation at the same rate as it is emitting radiation.
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(Physics only) At what temperature do all bodies (objects) emit and absorb infrared radiation?
All bodies (objects), no matter what temperature, emit and absorb infrared radiation.
All bodies (objects), no matter what temperature, emit and absorb infrared radiation.
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(Physics only) What is the relationship between temperature and radiation of infrared radiation?
The hotter the body, the more infrared radiation it radiates in a given time
The hotter the body, the more infrared radiation it radiates in a given time.
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(Physics only) What colour object would be the best absorbed and emitter of radiation?
Since a good absorber is also a good emitter, a perfect black body (object) would be the best possible emitter.
Since a good absorber is also a good emitter, a perfect black body would be the best possible emitter.
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(Physics only) What factors affect the intensity and wavelength distribution of emissions from a body (object)?
The intensity and wavelength distribution of any emission depends on the temperature of the body.
Students should be able to explain that the intensity and wavelength distribution of any emission depends on the temperature of the body.
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(Physics only) What is a perfect black body (object)?
A perfect black body is an object that absorbs all of the radiation incident on it. A black body does not reflect or transmit any radiation.
A perfect black body is an object that absorbs all of the radiation incident on it. A black body does not reflect or transmit any radiation.
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(HT only) (Physics only) What happens when the temperature of a body (object) increases?
(HT only)The temperature of a body increases when the body absorbs radiation faster than it emits radiation.
(HT only) The temperature of a body increases when the body absorbs radiation faster than it emits radiation.
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(HT only) (Physics only) What factors can affect the temperature of the Earth?
(HT only) The temperature of the Earth depends on many factors including: the rates of absorption and emission of radiation, reflection of radiation into space.
(HT only) The temperature of the Earth depends on many factors including: the rates of absorption and emission of radiation, reflection of radiation into space.
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(HT only) (Physics only) Give an example of when the balance between incoming radiation absorbed and radiation emitted results in a constant temperature of a body (object)
(HT only) The constant temperature of the Earth.
(HT only) Students should be able to explain how the temperature of a body is related to the balance between incoming radiation absorbed and radiation emitted, using everyday examples to illustrate this balance, and the example of the factors which determine the temperature of the Earth.
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(HT only) (Physics only) What affect to the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere would an increase in radiation absorbed have?
(HT only) If the amount of radiation absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere was to increase, the overall temperature of the Earth would also increase.
(HT only) Students should be able to use information, or draw/ interpret diagrams to show how radiation affects the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere.
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How are waves absorbed or transmitted?
Waves can be absorbed or transmitted at the boundary between two different materials.
Waves can be absorbed or transmitted at the boundary between two different materials.
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(Physics only) What is spectacular reflection?
Reflection from a smooth surface in a single direction is called specular reflection.
Reflection from a smooth surface in a single direction is called specular reflection.
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(Physics only) What is diffused reflection?
Reflection from a rough surface causes scattering: this is called diffuse reflection.
Reflection from a rough surface causes scattering: this is called diffuse reflection.
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Where are rays reflected from?
Waves can be reflected at the boundary between two different materials.
Waves can be reflected at the boundary between two different materials.
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What can the time taken for the reflections to reach a detector be used to determine?
The time taken for the reflections to reach a detector can be used to determine how far away such a boundary is. This allows ultrasound waves to be used for both medical and industrial imaging.
The time taken for the reflections to reach a detector can be used to determine how far away such a boundary is. This allows ultrasound waves to be used for both medical and industrial imaging.
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(Physics Only)How could a ray diagram to illustrate the reflection of a wave at a surface?
A ray diagram could be used to show a reflection using straight lines with arrows on to show the direction of the light wave. The light wave would bounce back at the same angle.
Students should be able to construct ray diagrams to illustrate the reflection of a wave at a surface.
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What happens to Ultrasound waves when they meet a boundary?
Ultrasound waves are partially reflected when they meet a boundary between two different media.
Ultrasound waves are partially reflected when they meet a boundary between two different media.
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(Physics Only) Explain how the differences in velocity, absorption and reflection between different types of wave in solids and liquids can be used both for detection and exploration of structures which are hidden from direct observation?
Students should be able to explain in qualitative terms, how the differences in velocity, absorption and reflection between different types of wave in solids and liquids can be used both for detection and exploration of structures which are hidden from direct observation.
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How should ray diagrams to illustrate the refraction, be constructed?
Use a ruler;Wave fronts at right angle to ray; Wave fronts closer together when the wave travels slower.
Students should be able to construct ray diagrams to illustrate the refraction of a wave at the boundary between two different media.
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(HT only) What is the cause of refraction?
(HT only) Due to the difference in velocity of the waves in different substances, caused by the density of the particles.
Some effects, for example refraction, are due to the difference in velocity of the waves in different substances.
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(HT only) How can refraction be explained?
(HT only) Wave front diagrams can be used to explain refraction in terms of the change of speed that happens when a wave travels from one medium to a different medium.
Students should be able to use wave front diagrams to explain refraction in terms of the change of speed that happens when a wave travels from one medium to a different medium.
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(Physics Only)What are the effects of reflection, transmission and absorption of waves at material interfaces?
The effects at material interfaces for: reflection are that the wave bounces back at the same angle if the surface is smooth (specular reflection). A rough surface will produce diffused reflection with scattered reflection of the waves. Transmission: If the object is transparent and light can pass through at the same frequency the light waves are said to be transmitted. Absorption of electromagnetic waves will vary between different materials and how easily they will absorb infrared radiation.
Students should be able to describe the effects of reflection, transmission and absorption of waves at material interfaces.
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(Physics Only)What is the focal length?
The distance from the lens to the principal focus is called the focal length.
The distance from the lens to the principal focus is called the focal length.
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(Physics only) What is the equation that links image height, magnification and object height?
The magnification produced by a lens can be calculated using the equation: magnification = image height / object height
The magnification produced by a lens can be calculated using the equation: magnification = image height / object height
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(Physics only) What are the units for magnification?
Magnification is a ratio and so has no units.
Magnification is a ratio and so has no units.
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(Physics only) What is the unit for image height?
Image height and object height should both be measured in either mm or cm.
Image height and object height should both be measured in either mm or cm.
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(Physics Only) How can images by convex and concave lenses be represented?
Ray diagrams are used to show the formation of images by convex and concave lenses.
Ray diagrams are used to show the formation of images by convex and concave lenses.
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(Physics Only) How could you illustrate the similarities and differences between convex and concave lenses?
Drawing ray diagrams to illustrate the similarities and differences between convex and concave lenses.
Students should be able to construct ray diagrams to illustrate the similarities and differences between convex and concave lenses.
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(Physics Only) How are convex lenses represented in ray diagrams?
In ray diagrams a convex lens will be represented by: <-->
In ray diagrams a convex lens will be represented by: <-->
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(Physics Only) How are concave lenses represented in ray diagrams?
[In ray diagrams] a concave lens will be represented by: >--<
[In ray diagrams] a concave lens will be represented by: >--<
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(Physics Only) What type of images can be produced by convex lens?
The image produced by a convex lens can be either real or virtual.
The image produced by a convex lens can be either real or virtual.
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(Physics Only) What type of image can be produced by concave lens?
The image produced by a concave lens is always virtual.
The image produced by a concave lens is always virtual.
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(Physics Only) How does a lens form an image?
A lens forms an image by refracting light.
A lens forms an image by refracting light.
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(Physics Only) How is a convex lens used to focus an image?
In a convex lens, parallel rays of light are brought to a focus at the principal focus.
In a convex lens, parallel rays of light are brought to a focus at the principal focus.
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(Physics only) How do colour filters work?
Colour filters work by absorbing certain wavelengths (and colour) and transmitting other wavelengths (and colour).
Colour filters work by absorbing certain wavelengths (and colour) and transmitting other wavelengths (and colour).
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(Physics only) How is the colour of an opaque object determined?
The colour of an opaque object is determined by which wavelengths of light are more strongly reflected.
The colour of an opaque object is determined by which wavelengths of light are more strongly reflected.
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(Physics only) What colour is observed when all wavelengths of light are reflected equally?
If all wavelengths are reflected equally the object appears white.
If all wavelengths are reflected equally the object appears white.
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(Physics only) What is the difference between a transparent and translucent object?
When waves are transmitted, the wave continues through the material. They are transparent because light is transmitted with very little absorption. Translucent materials transmit some light but are not completely clear.
Objects that transmit light are either transparent or translucent.
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(Physics only) What happens to wavelengths of light that are not reflected by an object?
Wavelengths that are not reflected are absorbed.
Wavelengths that are not reflected are absorbed.
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(Physics only) What colour is observed if all wavelengths of light are absorbed?
If all wavelengths are absorbed the objects appears black.
If all wavelengths are absorbed the objects appears black.
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(Physics only) In terms of light, why does an object appears to be red and translucent?
An object appears red when the red wavelength of light is reflected, all other wavelengths of light are absorbed. The object appears translucent because some of the light is transmitted.
Students should be able to explain how the colour of an object is related to the differential absorption, transmission and reflection of different wavelengths of light by the object.
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(Physics only) How can an orange light be produced using coloured filters?
An orange filter transmits orange light but absorbs all the other colours. If white light is shone on an orange filter, only the orange wavelengths will be observed by the human eye.
Students should be able to explain the effect of viewing objects through filters or the effect on light of passing through filters
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(Physics only) In terms of light, why does an object appear to be green and opaque?
An object appears green when the green wavelength of light is reflected, all other wavelengths of light are absorbed. The object appears opaque because none of the light is transmitted.
Students should be able to explain why an opaque object has a particular colour.
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What are the poles of a magnet?
The poles of a magnet are the places where the magnetic forces are strongest.
Poles of a magnet
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What is the magnetic field?
The region around a magnet where a force acts on another magnet or on a magnetic material (iron, steel, cobalt and nickel) is called the magnetic field.
The region around a magnet where a force acts on another magnet or on a magnetic material (iron, steel, cobalt and nickel) is called the magnetic field.
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What force is always between a magnet and a magnetic material?
The force between a magnet and a magnetic material is always one of attraction.
The force between a magnet and a magnetic material is always one of attraction.
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What happens when two magnets are brought close together?
When two magnets are brought close together they exert a force on each other.
When two magnets are brought close together they exert a force on each other.
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What does the strength of the magnetic field depend on and where is it the strongest?
The strength of the magnetic field depends on the distance from the magnet. The field is strongest at the poles of the magnet.
The strength of the magnetic field depends on the distance from the magnet. The field is strongest at the poles of the magnet.
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What happens when two like poles are brought together?
Two like poles repel each other.
Two like poles repel each other.
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What affects the direction of the magnetic field?
The direction of the magnetic field at any point is given by the direction of the force that would act on another north pole placed at that point.
The direction of the magnetic field at any point is given by the direction of the force that would act on another north pole placed at that point.
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What happens when two unlike poles are brought together?
Two unlike poles attract each other.
Two unlike poles attract each other.
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What direction does the magnetic field line go in?
The direction of a magnetic field line is from the north (seeking) pole of a magnet to the south(seeking) pole of the magnet.
The direction of a magnetic field line is from the north (seeking) pole of a magnet to the south(seeking) pole of the magnet.
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What type of force are attraction and repulsion between magnetic poles examples of?
Attraction and repulsion between two magnetic poles are examples of non-contact force.
Attraction and repulsion between two magnetic poles are examples of non-contact force.
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What causes a magnetic compass to follow the direction of the Earth's magnetic field?
A magnetic compass contains a small bar magnet. The Earth has a magnetic field. The compass needle points in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field.
A magnetic compass contains a small bar magnet. The Earth has a magnetic field. The compass needle points in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field.
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What is a permanent magnet?
A permanent magnet produces its own magnetic field.
A permanent magnet produces its own magnetic field.
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How can a plotting compass be used to plot the magnetic field pattern of a magnet?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NT-KS9dscjw
Students should be able to describe how to plot the magnetic field pattern of a magnet using a compass.
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What is an induced magnet?
An induced magnet is a material that becomes a magnet when it is placed in a magnetic field.
An induced magnet is a material that becomes a magnet when it is placed in a magnetic field.
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What force does induced magnetism always cause?
Induced magnetism always causes a force of attraction.
Induced magnetism always causes a force of attraction.
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Why does a compass point North?
The core of the Earth is magnetic.
Students should be able to explain how the behaviour of a magnetic compass is related to evidence that the core of the Earth must be magnetic.
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What happens to an induced magnet when it's removed from the magnetic field?
When removed from the magnetic field an induced magnet loses most/all of its magnetism quickly.
When removed from the magnetic field an induced magnet loses most/all of its magnetism quickly.
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How do the poles of the magnets interact?
Repulsion occurs between unlike and like poles for permanent magnets.
Students should be able to describe the attraction and repulsion between unlike and like poles for permanent magnets
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What is the difference between permanent and induced magnets
Induced magnets can be switched on and off unlike permenant magnets.
Students should be able to describe the difference between permanent and induced magnets.
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What happens when a current flows through a conducting wire?
When a current flows through a conducting wire a magnetic field is produced.
When a current flows through a conducting wire a magnetic field is produced around the wire.
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What does the strength of the magnetic field depends on?
The current through the wire and the distance from the wire.
The strength of the magnetic field depends on the current through the wire and the distance from the wire.
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How does shaping a wire into a solenoid affect strength of the magnetic field?
Shaping a wire to form a solenoid increases the strength of the magnetic field created by a current through the
Shaping a wire to form a solenoid increases the strength of the magnetic field created by a current through the wire.
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What is the magnetic field like inside a solenoid?
The magnetic field inside a solenoid is strong and uniform.
The magnetic field inside a solenoid is strong and uniform.
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What is the shape of the magnetic field around a solenoid?
The magnetic field around a solenoid has a similar shape to that of a bar magnet.
The magnetic field around a solenoid has a similar shape to that of a bar magnet.
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How does adding an iron core affect the magnetic field?
Adding an iron core increases the strength of the magnetic field of a solenoid.
Adding an iron core increases the strength of the magnetic field of a solenoid.
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What is an electromagnet?
An electromagnet is a solenoid with an iron core.
An electromagnet is a solenoid with an iron core.
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Describe how the magnetic effect of a current can be demonstrated
The magnetic effect of a current can be demonstrated using iron fillings and a moving a compass around the magnets by plotting north.
Students should be able to describe how the magnetic effect of a current can be demonstrated
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What does the magnetic field around a straight wire look like?
Students should be able to draw the magnetic field pattern for a straight wire carrying a current and for a solenoid (showing the direction of the field)
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How does a solenoid arrangement increase the magnetic effect of the current?
Students should be able to explain how a solenoid arrangement can increase the magnetic effect of the current.
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(Physics only)
(Physics only)
(Physics only) Students should be able to interpret diagrams of electromagnetic devices in order to explain how they work.
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(HT only) What is meant by the motor effect?
When a conductor carrying a current is placed in a magnetic field the magnet producing the field and the conductor exert a force on each other. This is called the motor effect.
When a conductor carrying a current is placed in a magnetic field the magnet producing the field and the conductor exert a force on each other. This is called the motor effect.
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What factors affect the size of the forces on the conductor?
The factors that affect the size of the force on the conductor are the current and the strength of the magnetic field.
Students should be able to recall the factors that affect the size of the force on the conductor.
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How is magnetic flux density calculated? Include SI units.
For a conductor at right angles to a magnetic field and carrying a current: force = magnetic flux density ? current ? length F = B I l force, F, in newtons, N magnetic flux density, B, in tesla, T current, I, in amperes, A (amp is acceptable for ampere) length, l, in metres, m
For a conductor at right angles to a magnetic field and carrying a current: force = magnetic flux density ? current ? length F = B I l force, F, in newtons, N magnetic flux density, B, in tesla, T current, I, in amperes, A (amp is acceptable for ampere) length, l, in metres, m
0
What is the basis of an electric motor?
A coil of wire carrying a current in a magnetic field tends to rotate. This is the basis of an electric motor.
A coil of wire carrying a current in a magnetic field tends to rotate. This is the basis of an electric motor.
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How does the force on a conductor in a magnetic field causes the rotation of the coil in an electric motor?
A simple electric motor can be built using a coil of wire that is free to rotate between two opposite magnetic poles. When an electric current flows through the coil, the coil experiences a force and moves. One side moves up and the other side moves down (based on Fleming's left hand rule).
Students should be able to explain how the force on a conductor in a magnetic field causes the rotation of the coil in an electric motor.
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(Physics only) How do loudspeakers and headphones use the motor effect?
(Physics only) Loudspeakers and headphones use the motor effect to convert variations in current in electrical circuits to the pressure variations in sound waves.
(Physics only) Loudspeakers and headphones use the motor effect to convert variations in current in electrical circuits to the pressure variations in sound waves.
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(Physics only) How do moving coil loudspeakers and headphones work?
(Physics only) Headphones and moving-coil loudspeakers work by transforming electrical signals into sound. They do this by using an electromagnet held inside a permanent magnet's field. The electric current around the amplifier constantly changes, and in changing it also changes the magnetic field around the electromagnet. This causes changing attraction and repulsion between the two magnets making the electromagnet move backwards and forwards. This movement causes sound waves.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how a moving-coil loudspeaker and headphones work.
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(Physics only) How are potential differences induced across the ends of conductors?
(Physics only) If an electrical conductor moves relative to a magnetic field or if there is a change in the magnetic field around a conductor, a potential difference is induced across the ends of the conductor.
(Physics only) If an electrical conductor moves relative to a magnetic field or if there is a change in the magnetic field around a conductor, a potential difference is induced across the ends of the conductor.
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(Physics only) What is the generator effect?
(Physics only) The generator effect occurs if a conductor is part of a complete circuit and therefore induces a current.
(Physics only) If the conductor is part of a complete circuit, a current is induced in the conductor. This is called the generator effect.
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(Physics only) What effect does an induced current have?
(Physics only) An induced current generates a magnetic field that opposes the original change, either the movement of the conductor or the change in magnetic field.
(Physics only) An induced current generates a magnetic field that opposes the original change, either the movement of the conductor or the change in magnetic field.
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(Physics only) What factors affect the size of the induced potential difference or induced current?
The factors that affect the size of the induced potential difference/induced current are the speed of the magnet or wire, the strength of the magnet, the number of turns or loops in the coil or the area of the coil.
(Physics only) Students should be able to recall the factors that affect the size of the induced potential difference/induced current.
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(Physics only) What are the principles of the generator effect?
the principals of the generator effect are: 1. A moving wire moves between a magnetic field line 2. A potential difference is induced across the ends of the wire 3. An induced current passes along the wire
(Physics only) Students should be able to apply the principles of the generator effect in a given context.
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(Physics only) How does the generator effect generate A.C in an alternator? What factors can affect the current in an alternator?
An alternator uses the generator effect as its slip rings are connected to the ends of the coil to allow the coil to spin without winding the wire around itself. The brushes are conducting contacts that touch the slip rings and complete the circuit. The size of the induced current can be increase by increasing the number of turns on the coil, using more powerful magnets and turning the coil faster.
(Physics only) The generator effect is used in an alternator to generate ac and in a dynamo to generate dc.
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(Physics only) How does the generator effect generate D.C in an dynamo?
A dynamo is used to generate a direct current by moving the coil in a magnetic field. As the coil turns it cuts the magnetic field lines. This induces a potential difference between the end of the coil. This causes an induced current to pass through the coil and through the circuit the coil is a part of. The split ring commentator rotates with the coil and maintains a complete circuit with the external circuit. Each half turn the sides of the coil connect to the opposite side of the circuit so the direction of the induced potential difference doesn't change.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how the generator effect is used in an alternator to generate ac and in a dynamo to generate dc
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(Physics only) What would the graph showing potential difference generated in the coil against time look like?
The graph showing potential difference generated in the coil against time would show a transverse wave oscillating through the normal line.
(Physics only) should be able to draw/interpret graphs of potential difference generated in the coil against time.
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(Physics only) What do microphones convert into variations in current in electrical
(Physics only) Microphones use the generator effect to convert the pressure variations in sound waves into variations in current in electrical circuits.
(Physics only) Microphones use the generator effect to convert the pressure variations in sound waves into variations in current in electrical circuits.
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(Physics only) Explain how a moving-coil microphone works?
(Physics only) Sound waves make the diaphragm vibrate. The vibrations make the coil move back and forth, causing a varying current to flow as the coil moves over the permanent magnet.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how a moving-coil microphone works.
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(Physics only) How does the equation linking the pds and number of turns in the two coils of a transformer link to the to the currents and the power transfer involved. Relate these to the advantages of power transmission at high potential difference.
At the end of the power station there is a step up transformer which increases the voltage but decreases the current therefore less energy is lost by heat. Before the current reaches homes and industry a step down transformer steps up the current and steps down the voltage.
(Physics only) Students should be able to apply the equation linking the pds and number of turns in the two coils of a transformer to the currents and the power transfer involved, and relate these to the advantages of power transmission at high potential differences.
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(Physics only) What is the basic structure of a transformer?
(Physics only) A basic transformer consists of a primary coil and a secondary coil wound on an iron core.
(Physics only) A basic transformer consists of a primary coil and a secondary coil wound on an iron core.
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(Physics only) Which metal is used for the core in transformers?
(Physics only) Iron is used [for a core] as it is easily magnetised.
(Physics only) Iron is used [for a core] as it is easily magnetised. Knowledge of laminations and eddy currents in the core is not required.
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(Physics only) The ratio of the potential differences across the primary and secondary coils of a transformer (Vp and Vs) depends upon the ratio of what?
The potential differences across primary and secondary coils of a transformer depend upon the ratio of number of turns on each primary and secondary coil (np and ns)
(Physics only) The ratio of the potential differences across the primary and secondary coils of a transformer Vp and Vs depends on the ratio of the number of turns on each coil, np and ns . EQUATION
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(Physics only) In a step-up transformer which has the greatest potential difference, primary (Vp) or secondary (Vs) coils?
In a step-up transformer Vs > Vp (Primary potential difference = Vp; Secondary potential difference = Vs)
(Physics only) In a step-up transformer Vs > Vp
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(Physics only) In a step-down transformer which has the greatest potential difference, primary (Vp) or secondary (Vs) coils?
In a step-down transformer Vp > Vs (Primary potential difference = Vp; Secondary potential difference = Vs)
(Physics only) In a step-down transformer Vs < Vp
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(Physics only) What would the relationship be between total power input and output in a transformer if it were 100% efficient?
If transformers were 100 % efficient, the electrical power output would BE EQUAL to the electrical power input.
(Physics only) If transformers were 100 % efficient, the electrical power output would equal the electrical power input.
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(Physics only) Vp x Ip = the ______ _______ (primary coil). power input Vs x Is = the _______ ______ (secondary coil)power output
Vp x Ip = the POWER INPUT(primary coil). Vs x Is = the POWER OUTPUT (secondary coil) (Ip = Current through primary coils Is = Current through secondary coils)
(Physics only) Vs ? Is = Vp ? Ip Where Vs ? Is is the power output (secondary coil) and Vp ? Ip is the power input (primary coil). power input and output, in watts, W
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(Physics only)Explain how the effect of an alternating current induces a current in another transformer.
An alternating current in a transformer creates a changing magnetic field. A changing magnetic field also induces a changing voltage in a coil. This is the basis of how a transformer works: The primary coil is connected to an AC supply An alternating current passes through a primary coil wrapped around a soft iron core The changing current produces a changing magnetic field This induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil This induces an alternating current (AC) in the circuit connected to the secondary coil
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how the effect of an alternating current in one coil in inducing a current in another is used in transformers
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(Physics only) How does the ratio of the potential differences across the two coils depends on the ratio of the number of turns on each?
The ratio of the potential differences across the two coils depends on the ratio of the number of turns on each
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how the ratio of the potential differences across the two coils depends on the ratio of the number of turns on each
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(Physics only) What calculation liks power, current and voltage?
Power (W) = Current (A) x voltage (V)
(Physics only) Students should be able to calculate the current drawn from the input supply to provide a particular power output
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(Physics only) What is contained within our solar system?
(Physics only) Within our solar system there is one star, the Sun, plus the eight planets and the dwarf planets that orbit around the Sun.
(Physics only) Within our solar system there is one star, the Sun, plus the eight planets and the dwarf planets that orbit around the Sun.
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(Physics only) What are natural satellites?
(Physics only) Natural satellites are the moons that orbit other planets.
(Physics only) Natural satellites, the moons that orbit planets, are also part of the solar system.
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(Physics only) What is our solar system part of?
(Physics only) Our solar system is a small part of the Milky Way galaxy.
(Physics only) Our solar system is a small part of the Milky Way galaxy.
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(Physics only) How are new elements formed?
(Physics only) In stars the nuclei of smaller elements fuse together to make larger, heavier elements.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how fusion processes lead to the formation of new elements.
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(Physics only) What is a star's life cycle determined by?
(Physics only) The life cycle is determined by the size of the star.
(Physics only) A star goes through a life cycle. The life cycle is determined by the size of the star.
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(Physics only) What was the sun formed from and how?
(Physics only) The Sun was formed from a cloud of dust and gas (nebula) pulled together by gravitational attraction.
(Physics only) The Sun was formed from a cloud of dust and gas (nebula) pulled together by gravitational attraction.
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(Physics only) How do the fusion reactions in a star begin?
(Physics only) At the beginning of a star's life cycle the dust and gas is drawn together by gravity to cause fusion reactions.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how, at the start of a star's life cycle, the dust and gas drawn together by gravity causes fusion reactions
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(Physics only) What do these fusion reactions lead to?
(Physics only) Fusion reactions lead to an equilibrium between the gravitational collapse of a star and the expansion of a star due to fusion energy.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain that fusion reactions lead to an equilibrium between the gravitational collapse of a star and the expansion of a star due to fusion energy.
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(Physics only) How are all the naturally occurring elements formed?
(Physics only) Fusion processes in stars produce all of the naturally occurring elements.
(Physics only) Fusion processes in stars produce all of the naturally occurring elements.
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(Physics only) Which elements are produced in a supernova?
(Physics only) Elements heavier than iron are produced in a supernova.
(Physics only) Elements heavier than iron are produced in a supernova.
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(Physics only) How are elements distributed around the universe?
(Physics only) The explosion of a massive star (supernova) distributes the elements throughout the universe.
(Physics only) The explosion of a massive star (supernova) distributes the elements throughout the universe.
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(Physics only) What allows the planets and satellites to maintain their circular orbits?
(Physics only) Gravity provides the force that allows planets and satellites (both natural and artificial) to maintain their circular orbits.
(Physics only) Gravity provides the force that allows planets and satellites (both natural and artificial) to maintain their circular orbits.
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(Physics only) (HT only) What effect does gravity have on circular orbits?
(Physics only) (HT only) Gravity can lead to a change in velocity but unchanged speed.
(Physics only) (HT only) Students should be able to explain qualitatively how for circular orbits, the force of gravity can lead to changing velocity but unchanged speed
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(Physics only) (HT only) What must happen to the radius of an orbit if the speed increases?
(Physics only) (HT only) If the speed increases then the radius of the orbit decreases.
(Physics only) (HT only) Students should be able to explain qualitatively how for a stable orbit, the radius must change if the speed changes.
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(Physics only) What happens to the red-shift of receding galaxies and why?
(Physics only) Astronomers have found that the further from us a star is, the more its light is red-shifted. This tells us that distant galaxies are moving away from us, and that the further away a galaxy is, the faster it's moving away.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain qualitatively the red-shift of light from galaxies that are receding
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(Physics only) What is red-shift?
(Physics only) Red-shift is the observed increase in a wavelength of light from most distant galaxies.
(Physics only) There is an observed increase in the wavelength of light from most distant galaxies. This effect is called red-shift.
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(Physics only) What makes red-shift increase?
(Physics only) The further away the galaxies, the faster they are moving and the bigger the observed increase in wavelength.
(Physics only) The further away the galaxies, the faster they are moving and the bigger the observed increase in wavelength.
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(Physics only) How does red-shift support the Big Bang theory?
(Physics only) The observed red-shift provides evidence that space itself (the universe) is expanding and supports the Big Bang theory.
(Physics only) The observed red-shift provides evidence that space itself (the universe) is expanding and supports the Big Bang theory.
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(Physics only) What does the Big Bang theory suggest?
(Physics only) The Big Bang theory suggests that the universe began from a very small region that was extremely hot and dense.
(Physics only) The Big Bang theory suggests that the universe began from a very small region that was extremely hot and dense.
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(Physics only) What have scientists observed of distant galaxies since 1998?
(Physics only) Since 1998 onwards, observations of supernovae suggest that distant galaxies are receding ever faster.
(Physics only) Since 1998 onwards, observations of supernovae suggest that distant galaxies are receding ever faster.
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(Physics only) What evidence is there of an expanding universe?
(Physics only) The fact that the speed of a galaxy changes as it gets further away supports the idea that the universe is expanding.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain that the change of each galaxy's speed with distance is evidence of an expanding universe
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(Physics only) How does Red-shift provide evidence for the Big Bang model?
(Physics only) Astronomers have found that the further from us a star is the more its light is red shifted. This tells us that distant galaxies are moving away from us, and that the further a galaxy is the faster it is moving away. This is evidence for a generally expanding universe. It suggests that everything is moving away from everything else.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how red-shift provides evidence for the Big Bang model
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(Physics only) What evidence is there for the Big Bang theory?
(Physics only) There are two key pieces of evidence for Big Bang theory. These are red shift and the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation. Red shift shows us that galaxies are all moving away from us and cosmic microwave radiation shows that there are microwaves coming from every direction in space. Big Bang theory says this is energy created at the beginning of the universe, just after the Big Bang, and that has been travelling through space ever since.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how scientists are able to use observations to arrive at theories such as the Big Bang theory
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(Physics only) Do we know everything about the universe? If not give examples of things we don't yet understand.
(Physics only) No, there is still much about the universe that is not understood, for example dark mass and dark energy.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain that there is still much about the universe that is not understood, for example dark mass and dark energy.
0
Mod
Number of Questions
0S
10
1B
10
1C
10
1P
10
BI
5
P2
P2.1
Forces and Energy
P2.3
Forces and Motion
P2.4
Waves
P2.5
Magnets and Electromagnets
P2.6
Space Physics (Separates only)
1
B1
C1
P1
2
B2
C2
P2
B
1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
8B
C
1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
l
Del
I
BI
P
1P
2P
3P
4P
5P
6P
7P
8P
S
0S
