Multiple Choice 2015-16
Question
Answer
Mislead1
Mislead2
Mislead3
Point
Flag
What is a system?
A system is an object or group of objects.
A system is an object or group of objects.
0
What is the law of conservation of energy?
Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated, but cannot be created or destroyed.
w1w1w
Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated, but cannot be created or destroyed.
0
When a system changes, what happens to the way energy is stored?
The way energy is stored also changes. ie energy is transferred or transformed from one store to another.
w2w2w
There are changes in the way energy is stored when a system changes.
0
What is the net change in energy in a closed system? Give an example.
In a closed system there is no net change in energy. For example the energy transfers within a house are in a closed system.
Students should be able to describe with examples where there are energy transfers in a closed system, that there is no net change to the total energy.
0
What energy changes are involved when an object is projected upwards?
When an object is projected upwards gravitational potential energy will increase, thermal energy will increase due to friction, which will cause the kinetic energy to decrease.
Students should be able to describe all the changes involved in the way energy is stored when a system changes, for common situations. For example: an object projected upwards
0
What is the equation for elastic potential energy?
The equation for elastic potential energy is elastic potential energy = 0.5 x spring constant x extension^2
The amount of elastic potential energy stored in a stretched spring can be calculated using the equation: elastic potential energy = 0.5 x spring constant x extension 2
0
What equation links g.p.e., height, mass and gravitational field strength?
Gravitational potential energy = height x mass x gravitational field strength
Students should be able to calculate the amount of energy associated with a moving object, a stretched spring and an object raised above ground level.
0
What equation is used to calculate kinetic energy of a moving object?
The kinetic energy of a moving object can be calculated using the equation: kinetic energy = 0.5 x mass x speed^2
The kinetic energy of a moving object can be calculated using the equation: kinetic energy = 0.5 ? mass ? speed2
0
What is the equation for gravitational potential energy gained by an object raised above ground level?
The equation for gravitation potential energy gained by an object above ground level is G.P.E = mass x gravitational field strength x height
The amount of gravitational potential energy gained by an object raised above ground level can be calculated using the equation: g.p.e. = mass x gravitational field strength x height
0
In all system changes, what happens to energy?
In all system changes energy is dissipated, so that it is stored in less useful ways. This energy is often described as being 'wasted'.
Students should be able to describe, with examples, how in all system changes energy is dissipated, so that it is stored in less useful ways. This energy is often described as being "wasted".
0
What is the equation used to calculate energy efficiency?
The energy efficiency for any energy transfer can be calculated using the equation: efficiency = useful output energy transfer / total input energy transfer
The energy efficiency for any energy transfer can be calculated using the equation: efficiency = useful output energy transfer / total input energy transfer
0
What two ways can be used to reduce unwanted energy transfers?
The ways you can reduce unwanted energy transfers is by using lubrication or the use of thermal insulation.
Students should be able to explain ways of reducing unwanted energy transfers, for example through lubrication and the use of thermal insulation.
0
(HT) How is the efficiency of an intended energy transfer increased?
(HT) The efficiency of an intended energy transfer is increased by increasing the amount of energy transferred usefully and decreasing the amount of wasted energy.
(HT only) Students should be able to describe ways to increase the efficiency of an intended energy transfer.
0
What equation is used to calculate change in thermal energy?
The amount of energy stored in or released from a system as its temperature changes can be calculated using the equation: change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change
The amount of energy stored in or released from a system as its temperature changes can be calculated using the equation: change in thermal energy = mass ? specific heat capacity ? temperature change
0
How much energy is needed to increase the temperature of 500 g of lead from 20oC to 45oC? The specific heat capacity of lead is 128 J/kg oC.
mass of lead = 500 x 1000 = 0.5 kg temperature change = 45 x 20 = 25oC energy needed = 0.5 x 128 x 25 = 1600 J (1.6 kJ)
Use calculations to show on a common scale how the overall energy in a system is redistributed when the system is changed.
0
What is meant by the term 'specific heat capacity'?
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of the substance by one degree Celsius.
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of the substance by one degree Celsius.
0
What is meant by the term 'power'?
Power is defined as the rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which work is done.
Power is defined as the rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which work is done.
0
How is the rate of a cooling building affected by the thickness and the thermal conductivity of it's walls?
The higher the thermal conductivity of a material, the higher the rate of energy transfer by conduction across the material. The higher the thickness of the walls, the slower the cooling effect of a building.
Students should be able to describe how the rate of cooling of a building is affected by the thickness and thermal conductivity of its walls.
0
What definition is illustrated in the following example: comparing two electric motors that both lift the same weight through the same height but one does it faster than the other?
The definition illustrated by the following example is power: comparing two electric motors that both lift the same weight through the same height but one does it faster than the other.
Students should be able to give examples that illustrate the definition of power eg comparing two electric motors that both lift the same weight through the same height but one does it faster than the other.
0
What affect does a higher thermal conductivity have?on the rate of energy transfer?
The higher the thermal conductivity of a material the higher the rate of energy transfer by conduction across the material
The higher the thermal conductivity of a material the higher the rate of energy transfer by conduction across the material.
0
What are the main energy resources available for use on Earth?
The main energy resources available for use on Earth include: fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), nuclear fuel, biofuel, wind, hydro-electricity, geothermal, the tides, the Sun and water waves.
The main energy resources available for use on Earth include: fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), nuclear fuel, biofuel, wind, hydro-electricity, geothermal, the tides, the Sun and water waves.
0
How is the main energy resource of fossil fuels used on Earth, compared with solar?
The main energy resource of fossil fuels is used on Earth for transport, electricity generation and heating as it can be burned. The main energy resources of solar is used on Earth for electricity generation and heating as it uses the infrared radiation from the Sun.
Students should be able to compare ways that different energy resources are used, the uses to include transport, electricity generation and heating
0
Why are fossil and nuclear fuels more reliable than wind for generating electricity?
Fossil fuels and nuclear fuel are more reliable than wind for electricity generation because wind turbines rely on the strength of the wind whereas fossil and nuclear fuels can provide continuous output for as long as they last.
Students should be able to understand why some energy resources are more reliable than others
0
What are the environmental issues that arise from the use of different energy resources?
The environmental issues that arise from the use of tidal energy are that it can have a negative impact on wildlife and it may stop the flow of sewage out to the sea. Wave power can also have an effect on wildlife. Hydroelectric dams can cause flooding and biomass gives off atmospheric pollutants. Wood gives off atmospheric pollutants and can destroy habitats. Fossil fuel burning contributes to global warming.
Students should be able to consider the environmental issues that may arise from the use of different energy resources
0
What is a renewable energy resource?
A renewable energy resource is one that is being (or can be) replenished as it is used.
A renewable energy resource is one that is being (or can be) replenished as it is used.
0
Why has there been an increase in use of fossil fuels since the early 1900s and how does this compare with solar energy?
There has been an increase in use of fossil fuels since the early 1900s because of the industrial revolution when fossil fuels were used heavily in industry. This use has continued until the present day and is expected to continue to rise until renewable resources yield enough energy to replace non-renewable resources such as solar energy. Solar energy experienced a sharp increase in use in the last decade due to improving technology and awareness of climate change.
Students should be able to explain patterns and trends in the use of energy resources.
0
Which of the following energy resources are renewable and which are non-renewable: fossil fuels, wind, biofuel, solar, nuclear fuel, water waves?
The following examples of energy resources are renewable: wind, biofuel, solar and water waves. The following examples of energy resources are non-renewable: fossil fuels wand nuclear fuel.
Students should be able to distinguish between energy resources that are renewable and energy resources that are non-renewable
0
What are the main uses of energy resources on Earth?
The uses of energy resources include: transport, electricity generation and heating.
The uses of energy resources include: transport, electricity generation and heating. Descriptions of how energy resources are used to generate electricity are not required.
0
What are the energy resources available on earth?
The energy resources available on earth are: coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear fuel, solar energy, wind power, wave and tidal power, geothermal, biomass and hydropower.
Students should be able to describe the main energy sources available
0
What is the environmental impact of using fossil fuels compared with solar?
The environmental impact of using fossil fuels is when they are burned they release: - carbon dioxide (global warming) - sulfur dioxide (acid rain) - nitrogen oxides (acid rain) - particulates (global dimming) Solar energy only releases these gases when solar cells and solar panels are being manufactured. Other than this they are renewable and release no greenhouse gases.
Students should be able to describe the environmental impact arising from the use of different energy resources
0
How would you draw a series circuit with the following components; a bulb, voltmeter, battery and variable resistor?
Battery symbol connected with a straight line to a bulb which has a votmeter in parallel across this component, a straight line to the variable resisior and a final straight line back to the battery.
Circuit diagrams use standard symbols (draw and intrepret)
0
What provides the potential difference for an electrical charge to flow through a closed circuit?
A cell or Battery
For electrical charge to flow through a closed circuit the circuit must include a source of potential difference.
0
What is the definition of electric current?
Electric current is the rate of flow of electrical charge.
Electric current is a flow of electrical charge.
0
What is the size of an electrical current determined by?
The size of the electric current is the rate of flow of electrical charge.
The size of the electric current is the rate of flow of electrical charge.
0
How could you draw a circuit diagram to include the following components; bulb, cell, ammeter and an LDR?
A circuit diagram to include a battery/cell all components (bulb, ammeter and LDR) to be connected with straight lines ensureing these lines do not go through the components.
Students should be able to draw an appropriate circuit diagram using correct circuit symbols.
0
How are flow of charge, current and time linked by an equation?
charge flow, current and time are linked by the equation: charge flow = current ? time
Charge flow, current and time are linked by the equation: charge flow = current ? time
0
In a single closed loop what would the value of current be?
The current would have the same value at any point in a single closed loop.
A current has the same value at any point in a single closed loop.
0
How are current, potential difference and resistance linked by an equation?
current, potential difference or resistance can be calculated using the equation: potential difference = current ? resistance V= = I R
Current, potential difference or resistance can be calculated using the equation: potential difference = current ? resistance V = I R
0
What does the current through a component depend on?
The current (I) through a component depends on both the resistance ? of the component and the potential difference (V) across the component.
The current (I) through a component depends on both the resistance (R) of the component and the potential difference (V) across the component.
0
What is the difference in function between a resistor and a variable resistor?
Resistors have a constant value of R, whereas a variable resistor can change the value of R as the current changes.
Students should be able to explain that, for some resistors, the value of R remains constant but that in others it can change as the current changes.
0
What are the factors affecting resistance in a wire?
The length of a wire, material and temperature and the thickness of a wire will affect the resistance.
Required practical 3 - factors affecting resistance
0
How would a high resistance of a component affect the current and potential difference across the component?
The greater the resistance of the component the smaller the current for a given potential difference (pd) across the component.
The greater the resistance of the component the smaller the current for a given potential difference (pd) across the component.
0
How could you use a graph to identify if a circuit was linear or non-linear and relate the curves to their function and properties?
Draw a graph to identify if the line is straight or curved (linear or not) then relate this to what the elements function is Diode - current flowing only in one direction (linear then plateaus) resistor (constant temperature) restricts the flow of current, filament lamp curving graph showing that current and potential difference are not directily proportional.
Students should be able to use graphs to explore whether circuit elements are linear or non-linear and relate the curves produced to their function and properties.
0
What happens to the resistance of a filament lamp as the temperature increases?
The resistance of a filament lamp increases as the temperature of the filament increases.
The resistance of a filament lamp increases as the temperature of the filament increases. (Required practical activity 4)
0
A diode will have a very high resistance in which direction?
A diode has a very high resistance in the reverse direction.
The diode has a very high resistance in the reverse direction.
0
How does the current through an ohmic conductor (at a constant temperature) behave in relation to the current?
The current through an ohmic conductor (at a constant temperature) is directly proportional to the potential difference across the resistor. This means that the resistance remains constant as the current changes.
The current through an ohmic conductor (at a constant temperature) is directly proportional to the potential difference across the resistor. This means that the resistance remains constant as the current changes. (Required practical activity 4)
0
How could you draw a circuit to measure the resistance of a component by measuring the current through, and potential difference across, the component? (include the equation)
A circuit which has a battery/cell with straight lines drawn between components, a component (bulb) with an ammeter in series and a voltmeter parallel to the component (bulb) ensuring all lines do not go throug the components. Using V = I R calculate the resistance by dividing potential difference by the current.
Students should be able to explain the design and use of a circuit to measure the resistance of a component by measuring the current through, and potential difference across, the component
0
How does the resistance of a diode behave in relation to the current of the component?
The resistance of a diode changes with the current through the component in one direction and not allow current to flow in the other direction.
The resistance of components such as lamps, diodes, thermistors and LDRs is not constant; it changes with the current through the component. (Required practical activity 4)
0
How does the current through a diode behave?
The current through a diode flows in one direction only.
The current through a diode flows in one direction only.
0
How are thermistors used for? Give an example.
Thermistors are used in circuits to detect temperature changes, an example is a thermostat.
The applications of thermistors in circuits eg a thermostat is required.
0
What happens to the resistance of an LDR as light intensity increases?
The resistance of an LDR decreases as light intensity increases.
The resistance of an LDR decreases as light intensity increases. (Investigation)
0
How are LDRs used in circuits? Oive an example.
LDRs are used in circuits to detect light levels, an example is a security light.
The application of LDRs in circuits eg switching lights on when it gets dark is required.
0
What happens to the resistance of a thermistor as the temperature increases?
The resistance of a thermistor decreases as the temperature increases.
The resistance of a thermistor decreases as the temperature increases. (Investigation)
0
Why would the resistance of a semiconductor decrease?
The resistance of a semicondutor will decrease as the energy increases due to more charge carriers become freed.
[The resistance of a semicondutor decreases as energy increases as more charge carriers become freed]
0
When is an electric field of a charged object weakest?
The further away from the charged object, the weaker the field.
The further away from the charged object, the weaker the field
0
When do certain insulating materials become charged?
When certain insulating materials are rubbed against each other they become electrically charged.
When certain insulating materials are rubbed against each other they become electrically charged.
0
What happens to a second charged object placed in the electric field of the first charged object?
A second charged object placed in the field experiences a force.
A second charged object placed in the field experiences a force.
0
How do certain insulting materials become charged in terms of electrons?
Negatively charged electrons are rubbed off one material and on to the other.
Negatively charged electrons are rubbed off one material and on to the other.
0
What happens when two objects of the same type of charge are close together?
Two objects that carry the same type of charge repel.
Two objects that carry the same type of charge repel.
0
When is an electric field of a charged object strongest?
The electric field is strongest close to the charged object.
The electric field is strongest close to the charged object.
0
What is the relationship between force and distance between two charged objects?
The force gets stronger as the distance between the objects decreases.
The force gets stronger as the distance between the objects decreases.
0
What happens when two objects of opposite type of charge are close together?
Two objects that carry different types of charge attract.
Two objects that carry different types of charge attract.
0
How would you draw the electric field pattern for an isolated charged sphere?
radiating lines with arrowed lines pointing from positive to negative.
Students should be able to draw the electric field pattern for an isolated charged sphere
0
What is the charge of a material that loses the electrons?
The material that gains electrons becomes negatively charged. The material that loses electrons is left with an equal positive charge.
The material that gains electrons becomes negatively charged. The material that loses electrons is left with an equal positive charge.
0
What type of force can the attraction and replulsion between two charged objects be classified as?
Attraction and repulsion between two charged objects are examples of non-contact force.
Attraction and repulsion between two charged objects are examples of non-contact force.
0
What is an electric field?
In an electric field a charged particle, or charged object, experiences a force. If the forces acting on any object are unbalanced, it will cause the object to accelerate.
Students should be able to explain the concept of an electric field
0
How is static electricity and/or a spark produced?
A method to create static electicity and/or a spark is by rubbing two surfaces against one another.
Students should be able to describe the production of static electricity, and sparking, by rubbing surfaces
0
What happens to the electric field of charged objects?
they are distorted resulting in an electrostactic force without the objects coming into contact with one another.
Students should be able to explain how the concept of an electric field helps to explain the non- contact force between charged objects as well as other electrostatic phenomena such as sparking.
0
How does a charged object exert forces of attraction and repulsion when not in contact with another object?
electrostatic forces will repel if the charges are like and attract if the charges are opposite. The evidence for this is when a rod is rubbed with a cloth the transfer of electrons from one object to another
Students should be able to describe evidence that charged objects exert forces of attraction or repulsion on one another when not in contact
0
How can the phenomena of static electricity be explained?
The transfer of electrons between objects can explain the phenomena of static electricity.
Students should be able to explain how the transfer of electrons between objects can explain the phenomena of static electricity.
0
Name the two different types of circuit that can be used to join electrical components together?
There are two ways of joining electrical components, in series and in parallel. Some circuits include both series and parallel parts.
There are two ways of joining electrical components, in series and in parallel. Some circuits include both series and parallel parts.
0
What do we use dc series circuits for?
dc series circuits are used for most electrical circuits as they need a continuous positive suppy of electricity, wecan measure the current, potential difference and resistance in a dc circuit, if a component in a dc circuit fails this acts like a switch to turn off the circuit.
Students should be able to explain the design and use of dc series circuits for measurement and testing purposes
0
What is created in the area around a charged object?
A charged object creates an electric field around itself.
A charged object creates an electric field around itself.
0
Describe how: a) Current b) Potential difference c) Total resistance Varies between components connected in series.
For components connected in series: a) there is the same current through each component b) the total potential difference of the power supply is shared between the components c) The total resistance of two components is the sum of the resistance of each component. Rtotal = R1 R2
For components connected in series: ? there is the same current through each component ? the total potential difference of the power supply is shared between the components ? the total resistance of two components is the sum of the resistance of each component. Rtotal = R1 R2
0
What is the current if the potential difference is 12V and the resistance is 4Ohms?
I = V/R so I = 12V /4ohms = 3A
Students should be able to calculate the currents, potential differences and resistances in dc series circuits
0
Describe how: a) current b) potential difference c) total resistance varies between components connected in parallel circuits?
For components connected in parallel: a) the potential difference across each component is the same b) the total current through the whole circuit is the sum of the currents through the separate components c) the total resistance of two resistors is less than the resistance of the smallest individual resistor.
For components connected in parallel: ? the potential difference across each component is the same ? the total current through the whole circuit is the sum of the currents through the separate components ? the total resistance of two resistors is less than the resistance of the smallest individual resistor.
0
What happens when two electically charged objects are brought close together?
When two electrically charged objects are brought close together they exert a force on each other.
When two electrically charged objects are brought close together they exert a force on each other.
0
In what two ways can Ohms law be applied to a circuit?
Either to a cirucit as a whole using equivalent resistence or to an individual component.
Students should be able to solve problems for circuits which include resistors in series using the concept of equivalent resistance.
0
Why does adding resistors in series increase the total resistance, whilst adding resistors in parallel decreases the total resistance?
Adding resistors in parallel to a circuit results in the equivalent resistance of the circuit decreasing and the total current of the circuit increasing. Adding more resistors in parallel is equivalent to providing more branches through which charge can flow.
Students should be able to explain qualitatively why adding resistors in series increases the total resistance whilst adding resistors in parallel decreases the total resistance Students are not required to calculate the total resistance of two resistors joined in parallel.
0
What are the two equations used to calculate power?
The two equations used to calculate power are: P = V I power = potential difference x current P = I2R power = current squared x resistance where: power, P, in watts, W potential difference, V, in volts, V current, I, in amperes, A (amp is acceptable for ampere) resistance, R, in ohms,
Students should be able to explain how the power transfer in any circuit device is related to the potential difference across it and the current through it, and to the energy changes over time: power = potential difference ? current P = V I power = current2 ? resistance P = I2 R where: power, P, in watts, W potential difference, V, in volts, V current, I, in amperes, A (amp is acceptable for ampere) resistance, R, in ohms, ?
0
What is the purpose of everyday electrical appliances?
The purpose of everyday electrical appliances are to bring about useful energy transfers.
Everyday electrical appliances are designed to bring about energy transfers.
0
What does the amount of energy an appliance transfers depend upon?
The amount of energy an appliance transfers depends on how long the appliance is switched on for and the power of the appliance.
The amount of energy an appliance transfers depends on how long the appliance is switched on for and the power of the appliance.
0
How do domestic appliances transfer energy from batteries or mains to the kinetic energy of electric motors or heating devices.
domestic apliances such as a washing machine will transfer electrical energy from the mains to kinetic energy, thermal energy and sound energy of the motor inside to turn the drum.
Students should be able to describe how different domestic appliances transfer energy from batteries or ac mains to the kinetic energy of electric motors or the energy of heating devices.
0
How is the power of a circuit device related to the potential difference across it and the current through it?
P = IV so Power is the sum of the current mulitplied by the potential difference ( potential energy x rate of flow)
Students should be able to explain how the power of a circuit device is related to the potential difference across it and the current through it
0
When is 'work done' in terms of appliances?
Work is done when charge flows in a circuit.
Work is done when charge flows in a circuit.
0
Which equation is use to calculate the amount of energy transferred by electrical work?
The amount of energy transferred by electrical work can be calculated using the equation: energy transferred = power x time
The amount of energy transferred by electrical work can be calculated using the equation: energy transferred = power ? time
0
In terms of charge flow and potential difference, how can energy transferred be calculated?
Energy transferred can be calculated by: energy transferred = charge flow x potential difference
Energy transferred can also be calculated by: energy transferred = charge flow ? potential difference
0
How is the power of a circuit device related to the energy transferred over a given time?
P = Et, So Power is calculated by multiplying the energy being transferred over the time taken.
Students should be able to explain how the power of a circuit device is related to the energy transferred over a given time.
0
What examples show the relationship between the power ratings for domestic electrical appliances and changes in stored energy when they are in use?
when an appliance such as a light bulb is switched on the electrical energy will transform into thermal energy which is (wasted energy) and light energy which is (useful energy)
Students should be able to describe, with examples, the relationship between the power ratings for domestic electrical appliances and the changes in stored energy when they are in use.
0
What type of supply is mains electricity?
Mains electricity is an ac supply.
Mains electricity is an ac supply.
0
What is the frequency of the domestic electricity supply in the United Kingdom?
In the United Kingdom the domestic electricity supply has a frequency of 50 Hz.
In the United Kingdom the domestic electricity supply has a frequency of 50 Hz.
0
What is the potential difference of the domestic electricity supply in the United Kingdom?
In the United Kingdom the domestic electricity supply is about 230 V.
[In the United Kingdom the domestic electricity supply] is about 230 V.
0
What is the difference between direct and alternating potential difference?
In direct current (DC), the electric charge (current) only flows in one direction. Electric charge in alternating current (AC), on the other hand, changes direction periodically. The voltage in AC circuits also periodically reverses because the current changes direction.
Students should be able to explain the difference between direct and alternating potential difference.
0
How many core cables do most electrical appliances use to the mains?
Most electrical appliances are connected to the mains using three-core cable.
Most electrical appliances are connected to the mains using three-core cable.
0
Why is the insulation covering of each wire in a plug colour coded? What colour is the a) Live wire b) Neutral wire c) Earth wire
The insulation covering each wire is colour coded for easy identification: a) Live wire = Brown b) Neutral wire = Blue c) Earth wire = Green and yellow stripes.
The insulation covering each wire is colour coded for easy identification: live wire ? brown neutral wire ? blue earth wire ? green and yellow stripes.
0
What is carried by the live wire from the supply?
The live wire carries the alternating potential difference from the supply.
The live wire carries the alternating potential difference from the supply.
0
What completes the circuit in a plug?
The neutral wire completes the circuit.
The neutral wire completes the circuit.
0
What is the potential difference between live wire and earth wire?
The potential difference between the live wire and earth (0 V) is about 230 V.
The potential difference between the live wire and earth (0 V) is about 230 V.
0
Which wire in a plug is at, or close to, earth potential (0 V)?
The neutral wire is at, or close to, earth potential (0 V).
The neutral wire is at, or close to, earth potential (0 V).
0
What is the potential difference of the earth wire in a plug, and when would it carry a current?
The earth wire is at 0 V, it only carries a current if there is a fault.
The earth wire is at 0 V, it only carries a current if there is a fault.
0
When might a live wire still be dangerous when considering a switch?
A live wire may be dangerous even when a switch in the mains circuit is open.
Students should be able to explain that a live wire may be dangerous even when a switch in the mains circuit is open
0
What are the dangers of providing any connection between the live wire and earth?
You would get an electric shock if the live wire inside an appliance, such as a cooker, came loose and touched the metal casing. However, the earth terminal is connected to the metal casing so that the current goes through the earth wire instead of causing an electric shock. A strong current surges through the earth wire because it has a very low resistance. This breaks the fuse and disconnects the appliance.
Students should be able to explain the dangers of providing any connection between the live wire and earth.
0
What is the purpose of the earth wire?
The earth wire is a safety wire to stop the appliance becoming live.
The earth wire is a safety wire to stop the appliance becoming live.
0
What is the National Grid?
The National Grid is a system of cables and transformers linking power stations to consumers.
The National Grid is a system of cables and transformers linking power stations to consumers.
0
What is used to transfer electrical power from power stations to consumers?
Electrical power is transferred from power stations to consumers using the National Grid.
Electrical power is transferred from power stations to consumers using the National Orid.
0
Why are step-up transformers used in the National Grid?
Step-up transformers are used to increase the potential difference from the power station to the transmission cables.
Step-up transformers are used to increase the potential difference from the power station to the transmission cables
0
Why are step-down transformers used in the National Grid?
Step-down transformers are used to decrease, to a much lower value, the potential difference for domestic use.
Step-down transformers are used to decrease, to a much lower value, the potential difference for domestic use.
0
Why is the National Grid system an efficient way to transfer energy?
The National Grid system is an efficient way to transfer energy because is transmits electricity at a low current to reduce energy lost as heat. This requires a high voltage. This is achieved by using a step-up transformer.
Students should be able to explain why the National Grid system is an efficient way to transfer energy.
0
What is the equation used to define the density of a material
The density of a material is defined by the equation: density = mass / volume
The density of a material is defined by the equation: density = mass / volume
0
What is meant by the term 'internal energy', in terms of particles?
Energy is stored inside a system by the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up the system. This is called internal energy.
Energy is stored inside a system by the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up the system. This is called internal energy.
0
If the temperature of a system increases, what three different things does the increase in temperature depend on?
If the temperature of the system increases, the increase in temperature depends on the mass of the substance heated, the type of material and the energy input to the system.
If the temperature of the system increases, the increase in temperature depends on the mass of the substance heated, the type of material and the energy input to the system.
0
What is meant by the term 'internal energy', in terms of kinetic and potential energy?
Internal energy is the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up a system.
Internal energy is the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up a system.
0
What effect does heating change have on the energy stored within the system or state of matter?
Heating changes the energy stored within the system by increasing the energy of the particles that make up the system. This either raises the temperature of the system or produces a change of state.
Heating changes the energy stored within the system by increasing the energy of the particles that make up the system. This either raises the temperature of the system or produces a change of state.
0
Draw a diagram pf particle arrangement for a solid; a liquid and a gas.
Solid: particles in a pattern and close together. Liquid: particles not in a pattern and close together. Gas: particles not in a pattern and far apart.
Students should be able to recognise/draw simple diagrams to model the difference between solids, liquids and gases.
0
What two things can the particle model be used to explain?
The particle model can be used to explain the different states of matter differences in density.
The particle model can be used to explain ? the different states of matter ? differences in density.
0
In terms of particles, explain why ther are differences in density between the different states of matter.
Gas are significantly less dense than liquids because the same number of es are spread out over a significantly greater particlvolume in a liquid. Liquids are less dense than liquids because the same number of particles are spread out of a slightly greater volume than in a solid.
Students should be able to explain the differences in density between the different states of matter in terms of the arrangement of atoms or molecules.
0
What is meant by the latent heat of a substance?
Latent heat is the amount of energy needed for a substance to change state.
If a change of state happens the energy needed for a substance to change state is called latent heat.
0
What happens to the temperature when a change of state occurs?
When a change of state occurs, the energy supplied changes the energy stored (internal energy) but not the temperature.
When a change of state occurs, the energy supplied changes the energy stored (internal energy) but not the temperature.
0
What happens to the mass of a substance as it changes state?
The mass of the substance is unchanged as it changes state due to the umber of particles remaining unchanged.
Students should be able to describe how, when substances change state (melt, freeze, boil, evaporate, condense or sublimate), mass is conserved.
0
What is the specific latent heat of a substance?
The specific latent heat of a substance is the amount of energy required to change the state of one kilogram of the substance with no change in temperature.
The specific latent heat of a substance is the amount of energy required to change the state of one kilogram of the substance with no change in temperature.
0
How do changes of state differ from chemical changes?
Changes of state are physical changes which differ from chemical changes because the material recovers its original properties if the change is reversed.
Changes of state are physical changes which differ from chemical changes because the material recovers its original properties if the change is reversed.
0
What is the equation used to calculate the energy for a change of state? Include units in your response.
(MS) energy for a change of state = mass ? specific latent heat E = m L energy, E, in joules, J mass, m, in kilograms, kg specific latent heat, L, in joules per kilogram, J/kg
(MS) energy for a change of state = mass ? specific latent heat E = m L energy, E, in joules, J mass, m, in kilograms, kg specific latent heat, L, in joules per kilogram, J/kg
0
What is meant by the term specific heat of fusion? Give an example to show what this means.
Specific latent heat of fusion is the change of state from solid to liquid for instance ice melting to water
Specific latent heat of fusion is the change of state from solid to liquid
0
What is the difference between specific heat capacity and specific latent heat?
Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree. specific latent heat is the amount of energy needed to change the state of a substance.
Students should be able to distinguish between specific heat capacity and specific latent heat.
0
What is meant by the term specific heat of fusion? Give an example to show what this means.
Specific latent heat of vaporisation is the change of state from liquid to vapour. For example liquid water to steam.
Specific latent heat of vaporisation is the change of state from liquid to vapour
0
How would the motion be described for molecules of a gas?
The molecules of a gas are in constant random motion.
The molecules of a gas are in constant random motion.
0
What impact does increasing the temperature of a gas held at constant volume have on pressure?
Increasing the temperature of a gas, held at constant volume, increases the pressure exerted by the gas.
Changing the temperature of a gas, held at constant volume, changes the pressure exerted by the gas.
0
How does the temperature of a gas relate to the average kinetic energy of the molecules?
As the temperature increases so does the kinetic energy.
The temperature of the gas is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
0
How does the motion of the molecules in a gas relate to both its temperature and its pressure?
The higher the temperature and motion the higher the motion.
Students should be able to explain how the motion of the molecules in a gas is related to both its temperature and its pressure
0
What is the relationship between the temperature of a gas and its pressure at constant volume?
The higher the temperature the higher the pressure.
Students should be able to explain qualitatively the relation between the temperature of a gas and its pressure at constant volume.
0
(Physics only) What states can be fluids?
(Physics only) A fluid can be either a liquid or a gas.
(Physics only) A fluid can be either a liquid or a gas.
0
(Physics only) Pressure in fluid causes a force in what direction to the surface?
(Physics only) The pressure in fluids causes a force normal (at right angles) to any surface.
(Physics only) The pressure in fluids causes a force normal (at right angles) to any surface.
0
(Physics only) What equation can be used to calculate the pressure of a fluid at the surface?
(Physics only) The pressure at the surface of a fluid can be calculated using the equation: pressure = force normal to a surface area of that surface p = F / A pressure, p, in pascals, Pa force, F, in newtons, N area, A, in metres squared, m2
(Physics only) The pressure at the surface of a fluid can be calculated using the equation: pressure = force normal to a surface area of that surface p = F / A pressure, p, in pascals, Pa force, F, in newtons, N area, A, in metres squared, m2
0
(Physics only) How can the pressure due to a column of liquid be calculated?
(Physics only) The pressure due to a column of liquid can be calculated using the equation: pressure = height of the column ? density of the liquid ? gravitational field strength [ p = h ? g ] pressure, p, in pascals, Pa height of the column, h, in metres, m density, ?, in kilograms per metre cubed, kg/m3 gravitational field strength, g, in Newtons per kilogram, N/kg
(Physics only) The pressure due to a column of liquid can be calculated using the equation: pressure = height of the column ? density of the liquid ? gravitational field strength [ p = h ? g ] pressure, p, in pascals, Pa height of the column, h, in metres, m density, ?, in kilograms per metre cubed, kg/m3 gravitational field strength, g, in newtons per kilogram, N/kg (In any calculation the value of the gravitational field strength (g) will be given
0
(Physics only) What two factors increase the pressure at a point in a liquid?
(Physics only) In a liquid, pressure at a point increases with the: Height of the column of liquid above that point: Density of the liquid.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain why, in a liquid, pressure at a point increases with the height of the column of liquid above that point and with the density of the liquid.
0
(Physics only) How does pressure change as you get deeper in the sea?
(Physics only) Pressure increases as you get further from the surface of the water due to the force of the particles pushing down on the ones below.
(Physics only) Students should be able to calculate the differences in pressure at different depths in a liquid. (MS)
0
(Physics only) How do differences in pressure create the force of upthrust?
(Physics only) A partially (or totally) submerged object experiences a greater pressure on the bottom surface than on the top surface. This creates a resultant force upwards. This force is called the upthrust.
(Physics only) A partially (or totally) submerged object experiences a greater pressure on the bottom surface than on the top surface. This creates a resultant force upwards. This force is called the upthrust.
0
(Physics only) What factors influence whether an object floats or sinks?
(Physics only) An object will float or sink in a fluid depending on the relative densities of the object and Fluid. If the object is less dense it will float and if it is more dense then it will sink.
(Physics only) Students should be able to describe the factors which influence floating and sinking.
0
(Physics only) What is the atmosphere?
(Physics only) The atmosphere is a thin layer (relative to the size of the Earth) of air round the Earth.
(Physics only) The atmosphere is a thin layer (relative to the size of the Earth) of air round the Earth.
0
(Physics only) What happens to the density of the atmosphere as the altitude increases?
(Physics only) The atmosphere gets less dense with increasing altitude
(Physics only) The atmosphere gets less dense with increasing altitude
0
(Physics only) What creates atmospheric pressure?
(Physics only) Air molecules colliding with a surface create atmospheric pressure.
(Physics only) Air molecules colliding with a surface create atmospheric pressure.
0
(Physics only) What happens to the weight of air above a surface as the height of that surface is increased above ground level?
(Physics only) The number of air molecules (and so the weight of air) above a surface decreases as the height of the surface above ground level increases.
(Physics only) The number of air molecules (and so the weight of air) above a surface decreases as the height of the surface above ground level increases.
0
(Physics only) Why does atmospheric pressure decrease with an increase in height?
(Physics only) As height increases there is always less air above a surface than there is at a lower height. So atmospheric pressure decreases with an increase in height
(Physics only) So as height increases there is always less air above a surface than there is at a lower height. So atmospheric pressure decreases with an increase in height
0
(Physics only) How would the particles in the air be arranged close to the Earth's surface then getting further up with altitude.
(Physics only) The air particles become more spread out/less dense as the altitude increases, decreasing the atmospheric pressure as there are less frequent collisions with the air particles.
(Physics only) Students should be able to describe a simple model of the Earth?s atmosphere and of atmospheric pressure
0
(Physics only) Why does atmospheric pressure vary with height above the surface?
(Physics only) The air particles become more spread out/less dense as the altitude increases, decreasing the atmospheric pressure as there are less frequent collisions with the air particles.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain why atmospheric pressure varies with height above a surface
0
(Physics only) What causes a gas to be compressed or expanded?
(Physics only) A gas can be compressed or expanded by pressure changes.
(Physics only) A gas can be compressed or expanded by pressure changes.
0
(Physics only) How does pressure affect gases?
(Physics only) Increasing pressure causes gases to compress and decreasing pressure causes them to expand.
(Physics only) A gas can be compressed or expanded by pressure changes.
0
(Physics only) How does the pressure produce gas being compressed or expanded within a container?
(Physics only) The pressure produces a net force at right angles to the wall of the gas container (or any surface).
(Physics only) The pressure produces a net force at right angles to the wall of the gas container (or any surface).
0
(Physics only) Using the particle model, how does increasing the volume in which as gas is contained lead to a decrease in pressure?
(Physics only) Increasing the volume in which a gas is contained, at constant temperature, can lead to a decrease in pressure through the particles being more spread out in the larger volume and colliding with the surface of the container less frequently.
(Physics only) Students should be able to use the particle model to explain how increasing the volume in which a gas is contained, at constant temperature, can lead to a decrease in pressure.
0
(Physics only) What does Boyle's Law state?
(Physics only) For a fixed mass of gas held at a constant temperature: pressure ? volume = constant p V = constant pressure, p, in pascals, Pa volume, V, in metres cubed, m3
(MS)(Physics only) For a fixed mass of gas held at a constant temperature: pressure ? volume = constant p V = constant pressure, p, in pascals, Pa volume, V, in metres cubed, m3
0
(Physics only) How could you calculate the change in pressure of a gas or the volume of a gas (of fixed mass and temperature)
(Physics only) pressure1 × volume1 = pressure2 × volume2
(Physics only) (MS) Students should be able to calculate the change in the pressure of a gas or the volume of a gas (a fixed mass held at constant temperature) when either the pressure or volume is increased or decreased.
0
(Physics only) What is work?
(Physics only) Work is the transfer of energy by a force.
(Physics only) Work is the transfer of energy by a force.
0
(Physics only) What impact does doing 'work' on a gas have on the internal energy of a gas and temperature?
(Physics only) Doing work on a gas increases the internal energy of the gas and can cause an increase in the temperature of the gas.
(Physics only) Doing work on a gas increases the internal energy of the gas and can cause an increase in the temperature of the gas.
0
(Physics only) In a situation like a bicycle pump, explain how doing work on an enclosed gas can lead to an increase in temperature of the gas.
(Physics only) Doing work on an enclosed gas leads to an increase in the temperature of the gas by transferring energy to the gas particles increasing the kinetic energy and therefore the temperature.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how, in a given situation eg a bicycle pump, doing work on an enclosed gas leads to an increase in the temperature of the gas.
0
(Physics only) What happens to some of the mass in nuclear fusion?
(Physics only) In nuclear fusion some of the mass may be converted into the energy of radiation.
(Physics only) In [Nuclear fusion] some of the mass may be converted into the energy of radiation.
0
Why might the scientific model of the atom change over time?
Due to technological advances.
New experimental evidence may lead to a scientific model being changed or replaced.
0
What where the atoms thought to be like before the discovery of the atom?
Before the discovery of the electron, atoms were thought to be tiny spheres that could not be divided.
Before the discovery of the electron, atoms were thought to be tiny spheres that could not be divided.
0
What did the discovery of the electron lead to?
The discovery of the electron led to the plum pudding model of the atom.
The discovery of the electron led to the plum pudding model of the atom.
0
What did the plum pudding model suggest?
The plum pudding model suggested that the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it
The plum pudding model suggested that the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it.
0
What did the results from the alpha particle scattering experiment lead to?
The results from the alpha particle scattering experiment led to the conclusion that the mass of an atom was concentrated at the centre (nucleus) and that the nucleus was charged. This nuclear model
The results from the alpha particle scattering experiment led to the conclusion that the mass of an atom was concentrated at the centre (nucleus) and that the nucleus was charged. This nuclear model replaced the plum pudding model.
0
How did Niel Bohr adapt the nuclear model?
Niels Bohr adapted the nuclear model by suggesting that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances.
Niels Bohr adapted the nuclear model by suggesting that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances. The theoretical calculations of Bohr agreed with experimental observations. Details of experimental work supporting the Bohr model are not required.
0
What did later experiments on the atom lead to?
Later experiments led to the idea that the positive charge of any nucleus could be subdivided into a whole number of smaller particles, each particle having the same amount of positive charge. The name proton was given to these particles.
Later experiments led to the idea that the positive charge of any nucleus could be subdivided into a whole number of smaller particles, each particle having the same amount of positive charge. The name proton was given to these particles.
0
What did the experimental work of James Chadwick provide evidence of?
The experimental work of James Chadwick provided the evidence to show the existence of neutrons within the nucleus. This was about 20 years after the nucleus became an accepted scientific idea.
The experimental work of James Chadwick provided the evidence to show the existence of neutrons within the nucleus. This was about 20 years after the nucleus became an accepted scientific idea. Details of Chadwick?s experimental work are not required.
0
Describe why the new evidence from the scattering experiment led to a change in the atomic model.
Evidence from the scattering experiment led to a change in the atomic model.
Students should be able to describe why the new evidence from the scattering experiment led to a change in the atomic model.
0
What is the difference between the plum pudding model of the atom and the nuclear model of the atom.
In the plum pudding model the atom was imagined to be a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged electrons dotted around inside it like plums in a pudding.
Students should be able to describe the difference between the plum pudding model of the atom and the nuclear model of the atom.
0
What is the radius of an atom?
Atoms are very small, having a radius of about 1 x 10^-10 metres.
Atoms are very small, having a radius of about 1 x 10^-10 metres.
0
What is the structure of an atom, with charges for sub-atomic particles?
The basic structure of an atom is a positively charged nucleus composed of both protons and neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
The basic structure of an atom is a positively charged nucleus composed of both protons and neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
0
How does the radius of an atom compare with the radius of the nucleus of an atom?
The radius of a nucleus is less than 1/10,000 of the radius of an atom.
The radius of a nucleus is less than 1/10,000 of the radius of an atom.
0
Where is most of the mass of an atom concentrated?
Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
0
How do energy levels differ in terms of distance from the nucleus?
The electrons are arranged at different distances from the nucleus (different energy levels).
The electrons are arranged at different distances from the nucleus (different energy levels).
0
What might cause the electron arrangements to change (from a lower to higher energy level, for example)?
The electron arrangements may change with the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (move further from the nucleus; a higher energy level) or by the emission of electromagnetic radiation (move closer to the nucleus; a lower energy level)
The electron arrangements may change with the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (move further from the nucleus; a higher energy level) or by the emission of electromagnetic radiation (move closer to the nucleus; a lower energy level)
0
How does the number of electrons relate to the number of protons in an atom?
In an atom the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.
In an atom the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.
0
What is the overall electrical charge of an atom?
Atoms have no overall electrical charge.
Atoms have no overall electrical charge.
0
What do all atoms of a particular element have in common? What do we call this number?
All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons. The number of protons in an atom of an element is called its atomic number.
All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons. The number of protons in an atom of an element is called its atomic number.
0
What does the mass number of an atom refer to?
The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons.
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is called its mass number.
0
How can atoms be represented?
Atoms can be represented as shown in this example: (Mass number) (Atomic number) 23 11 Na
Atoms can be represented as shown in this example: (Mass number) (Atomic number) 23 11 Na
0
What is an isotope?
An isotope is a version of an element that has the same number of protons to normal but a different number of neutrons.
Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons; these atoms are called isotopes of that element.
0
How can an atom become a positive ion?
Atoms turn into positive ions if they lose one or more outer electron(s).
Atoms turn into positive ions if they lose one or more outer electron(s).
0
What is an isotope?
Isotopes are atoms of an element with the normal number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes have the same atomic number, but different mass numbers.
Students should be able to relate differences between isotopes to differences in conventional representations of their identities, charges and masses.
0
What is meant by the term 'unstable' in terms of atomic nuclei?
A nucleus that needs to emit subparticles to become stable.
Some atomic nuclei are unstable.
0
How can a nucleus become more stable in terms of radiation?
Emit alpha, beta or gamma radiation.
The nucleus gives out radiation as it changes to become more stable. This is a random process called radioactive decay.
0
What is meant by the term 'activity' in terms of decay?
The amount of radioactivity the radioactive isotope contains.
Activity is the rate at which a source of unstable nuclei decays.
0
What is radioactive activity measured in?
Activity is measured in becquerel (Bq)
Activity is measured in becquerel (Bq)
0
What is the definition of 'count rate' and what piece of equipment can measure it?
A Geiger-Muller tube can be used to measure count rate.
Count-rate is the number of decays recorded each second by a detector (eg Geiger-Muller tube).
0
What are the different types of nuclear radiation that can be emitted and what is each made up of?
The nuclear radiation emitted may be: - an alpha particle (α) - this consists of two neutrons and two protons, it is the same as a helium nucleus - a beta particle (
An alpha particle (α) is this consists of two neutrons and two protons, it is the same as a helium nucleus
0
What is a beta particle (β)?
A beta particle (β) is a high speed electron ejected from the nucleus as a neutron turns into a proton
A beta particle (β) is a high speed electron ejected from the nucleus as a neutron turns into a proton
0
What is a gamma ray (γ)?
A gamma ray (γ) is electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus
A gamma ray (γ) is electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus
0
What is released during nuclear fission?
A neutron is emitted during nuclear radiation.
The nuclear radiation emitted may be also be a neutron (n).
0
What will stop the alpha radiation?
Alpha is stopped by a few centimeters of air or a sheet of paper;
Alpha is stopped by a few centimeters of air or a sheet of paper.
0
What will stop the Beta radiation?
Beta is stopped by a few millimeters of aluminium
Beta is stopped by a few millimeters of aluminium
0
What will stop the Gamma radiation?
Gamma rays are stopped by a few centimeters of lead or a few meters of concrete.
Gamma rays are stopped by a few centimeters of lead or a few meters of concrete.
0
Relative to alpha and beta, how ionising is gamma radiation?
Gamma rays are the least ioninsing.
Gamma rays are the least ioninsing, because they are not charged.
0
Relative to beta and gamma, how ionising is alpha radiation?
Alpha particles are the most ioninsing.
Alpha particles are the most ioninsing as they have a charge of plus 2.
0
What are the different uses of radiation?
Radiation can be used in some of the following ways: *Thickness of paper. * Detecting leaks in pipes. * Cancer treatment. * Detection of disease.
Students should be able to apply their knowledge to the uses of radiation and evaluate the best sources of radiation to use in a given situation.
0
How can nuclear equations be used?
Nuclear equations are used to represent radioactive decay.
Nuclear equations are used to represent radioactive decay. (diagram)
0
What symbol represents an alpha particle?
An alpha particle is represent by the following symbol: α
In a nuclear equation an alpha particle may be represented by the symbol:The symbol of an alpha particle.
0
What symbol represents a beta particle?
An beta particle is represented by the following symbol: β
The symbol of a beta particle.
0
What does the emission of the different types of nuclear radiation cause?
The emission of the different types of nuclear radiation may cause a change in the mass and /or the charge of the nucleus.
The emission of the different types of nuclear radiation may cause a change in the mass and /or the charge of the nucleus.
0
What does alpha decay cause?
Alpha decay causes both the mass and charge of the nucleus to decrease.
alpha decay causes both the mass and charge of the nucleus to decrease.
0
What does Beta decay cause?
Beta decay does not cause the mass of the nucleus to change but does cause the charge of the nucleus to increase.
Beta decay does not cause the mass of the nucleus to change but does cause the charge of the nucleus to increase.
0
How to balance alpha (α) and beta (β) decay equations?
During alpha decay- A new element is formed that is two places lower in the Periodic Table than the original element. For example, radon decays into polonium when it emits an alpha particle. In beta decay, a neutron changes into a proton plus an electron. The proton stays in the nucleus. The electron leaves the atom with high energy as a beta particle. The nucleus has one more proton and one less neutron when it emits a beta particle. This means that: The atomic mass number stays the same The atomic number increases by 1
Students should be able to use the names and symbols of common nuclei and particles to write balanced equations that show single alpha (α) and beta (β) decay. This is limited to balancing the atomic numbers and mass numbers. The identification of daughter elements from such decays is not required.
0
What happens during the emission of a gamma ray?
The emission of a gamma ray does not cause the mass or the charge of the nucleus to change.
The emission of a gamma ray does not cause the mass or the charge of the nucleus to change.
0
How radioactive decay happen?
Radioactive decay is a random process.
Radioactive decay is random.
0
What is the meaning of the term 'half-life'?
Half life is the amount time taken for a radioacitve material to reduce it radioactive emissons by half.
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time it takes for the number of nuclei of the isotope in a sample to halve, or the time it takes for the count rate (or activity) from a sample containing the isotope to fall to half its initial level.
0
How is the concept of half-life related to radioactive decay?
Radioactive activity decreasses by half at each half life.
Students should be able to explain the concept of half-life and how it is related to the random nature of radioactive decay
0
How would the half-life of a radioactive isotope be determined from given information?
Use divisions of half to determine half lifes from given data.
Students should be able to determine the half-life of a radioactive isotope from given information.
0
How would the net decline of radioactive emission after a given number of half-lives be expressed?
Should be expressed as a ratio.
(HT only) Students should be able to calculate the net decline, expressed as a ratio, in a radioactive emission after a given number of half-lives.
0
What is meant by radioactive contamination?
Radioactive contamination is the unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms on other materials.
Radioactive contamination is the unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms on other materials.
0
What is the hazard of contamination?
The hazard from contamination is due to the decay of the contaminating atoms. The type of radiation emitted affects the level of hazard.
The hazard from contamination is due to the decay of the contaminating atoms. The type of radiation emitted affects the level of hazard.
0
What is Irradiation?
Irradiation is the process of exposing an object to nuclear radiation. The irradiated object does not become radioactive.
Irradiation is the process of exposing an object to nuclear radiation. The irradiated object does not become radioactive.
0
What are the hazards associated with contamination and irradiation?
The radiation from the material can damage the cells of the person directly. This is damage by irradiation. Some of the radioactive material can be swallowed or breathed in. While inside the body, the radiation it emits can produce damage. This is damage by contamination.
Students should be able to compare the hazards associated with contamination and irradiation.
0
What type of suitable precaution must be taken to protect against any hazard that the radioactive source used in the process of irradiation may present.
Wearing protective clothing keeping as far away as is practicable - for example, by using tongs keeping your exposure time as short as possible, and keeping radioactive materials in lead-lined containers, labelled with the appropriate hazard symbol.
Suitable precautions must be taken to protect against any hazard that the radioactive source used in the process of irradiation may present.
0
When is radiation around?
Background radiation is around us all of the time.
Background radiation is around us all of the time.
0
Where does Background radiation comes from?
Natural sources such as rocks and cosmic rays from space man-made sources such as the fallout from nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accidents.
Background radiation comes from: ? natural sources such as rocks and cosmic rays from space ? man-made sources such as the fallout from nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accidents.
0
How could the level of background radiation be affected?
The level of background radiation and radiation dose may be affected by occupation and/or location.
The level of background radiation and radiation dose may be affected by occupation and/or location.
0
How is radiation dose measured?
Radiation dose is measured in sieverts (Sv)
Radiation dose is measured in sieverts (Sv)
0
What does 1000 millisieverts equal to?
1000 millisieverts (mSv) = 1 sievert (Sv)
1000 millisieverts (mSv) = 1 sievert (Sv)
0
What is the unit for a radiation dose?
"sievert" (Sv)
Students will not need to recall the unit of radiation dose.
0
How can nuclear radiation be used in medicine?
Nuclear radiations are used in medicine for the: exploration of internal organs control or destruction of unwanted tissue.
Nuclear radiations are used in medicine for the: ? exploration of internal organs ? control or destruction of unwanted tissue.
0
How can nuclear radiation be used in medicine?
Nuclear radiations are used in medicine for the: exploration of internal organs control or destruction of unwanted tissue.
Nuclear radiations are used in medicine for the: ? exploration of internal organs ? control or destruction of unwanted tissue.
0
How can nuclear radiation be used in medicine?
Nuclear radiations are used in medicine for the: exploration of internal organs control or destruction of unwanted tissue.
Students should be able to describe and evaluate the uses of nuclear radiations for exploration of internal organs, and for control or destruction of unwanted tissue
0
What are the perceived risks of using nuclear radiation?
Can cause mutations in DNA and the uncontrolled division of cells. This can cause benign and malignant tumours.
Students should be able to evaluate the perceived risks of using nuclear radiations in relation to given data and consequences.
0
What are the half-lifes of radioactive isotopes?
Radioactive isotopes have a very wide range of half-life values
Radioactive isotopes have a very wide range of half-life values
0
Why does the hazard associated with radioactive material differ according to the half-life involved?
The longer the half life the higher the hazard as the longer the time needed for the radiation to reach normal levels.
Students should be able to explain why the hazards associated with radioactive material differ according to the half-life involved
0
What is meant by the term 'nuclear fission'?
The process of splitting a nucleus is called nuclear fission.
Nuclear fission is the splitting of a large and unstable nucleus (eg uranium or plutonium).
0
When does Spontaneous fission occur?
Spontaneous fission is rare. Usually, for fission to occur the unstable nucleus must first absorb a neutron.
Spontaneous fission is rare. Usually, for fission to occur the unstable nucleus must first absorb a neutron.
0
What happens to a nucleus undergoing fission?
The nucleus undergoing fission splits into two smaller nuclei, roughly equal in size, and emits two or three neutrons plus gamma rays. Energy is released by the fission reaction.
The nucleus undergoing fission splits into two smaller nuclei, roughly equal in size, and emits two or three neutrons plus gamma rays. Energy is released by the fission reaction.
0
What type of energy do all fission products have?
All of the fission products have kinetic energy.
All of the fission products have kinetic energy.
0
What starts the chain reaction?
The neutrons may go on to start a chain reaction.
The neutrons may go on to start a chain reaction.
0
How is a chain reaction controlled?
The chain reaction is controlled in a nuclear reactor to control the energy released.
The chain reaction is controlled in a nuclear reactor to control the energy released.
0
How is the explosion of a nuclear weapon caused?
The explosion caused by a nuclear weapon is caused by an uncontrolled chain reaction.
The explosion caused by a nuclear weapon is caused by an uncontrolled chain reaction.
0
What is nuclear fusion?
Nuclear fusion is the joining of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
Nuclear fusion is the joining of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
0
What is a force?
A force is a push or pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object.
A force is a push or pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object.
0
What is the difference between contact and non-contact forces?
All forces between objects are either: - contact forces - the objects are physically touching - non-contact forces - the objects are physically separated.
All forces between objects are either: - contact forces - the objects are physically touching - non-contact forces - the objects are physically separated.
0
What examples are there of contact forces?
Examples of contact forces include friction, air resistance, tension and normal contact force.
Examples of contact forces include friction, air resistance, tension and normal contact force.
0
What examples are there of non-contact forces?
Examples of non-contact forces are gravitational force, electrostatic force and magnetic force.
Examples of non-contact forces are gravitational force, electrostatic force and magnetic force.
0
What is the interaction pair between a book being pushed across a table, where a force is produced on each object?
There is an interaction pair of friction forces between a book being pushed and a table. The book experiences a backwards force - this will tend to slow it down. The table experiences a forwards force - this will tend to move it forwards with the book.
Students should be able to describe the interaction between pairs of objects which produce a force on each object. The forces should be able to be represented as vectors.
0
What is meant by the term ‘vector quantity’ in terms of forces?
A force is a vector quantity. A vector quantity is a value that has both magnitude (size) and direction.
Force is a vector quantity.
0
What do all vector quantities have?
Vector quantities have magnitude and an associated direction.
Vector quantities have magnitude and an associated direction.
0
How is an arrow used to represent a vector quantity?
A vector quantity may be represented by an arrow. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude, and the direction of the arrow the direction of the vector quantity.
A vector quantity may be represented by an arrow. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude, and the direction of the arrow the direction of the vector quantity.
0
How are scalar quantities different from vector quantities?
Scalar quantities different from vector quantities as scalar quantities have magnitude only.
Scalar quantities have magnitude only.
0
How is resultant force calculated?
A resultant force is calculated when a number of forces acting on an object is be replaced by a single force that has the same effect as all the original forces acting together.
A number of forces acting on an object may be replaced by a single force that has the same effect as all the original forces acting together. This single force is called the resultant force.
0
What is the resultant force for an aeroplane accelerating with a force of 2300 N when the reaction force of air resistance is 1900 N.
What is the resultant force for an aeroplane accelerating with a force of 2300 N when the reaction force of air resistance is 1900 N is 400 N.
Students should be able to calculate the resultant of two forces that act in a straight line.
0
What forces are acting on a car that is speeding up?
The forces acting on a car that is speeding up are acceleration (thrust), air resistance (drag and friction), weight and reaction force.
Students should be able to describe examples of the forces acting on an isolated object or system.
0
What is the resultant force for an object in each of the two examples below? 1) http://bit.ly/2EF4n0D 2) http://bit.ly/2BEpgGo
The resultant force for example 1 is the object's weight and reaction forces are balanced. Therefore the resultant force is zero and the object travels at the same height. However, it is accelerating (thrust) as the vector is longer than the air resistance (drag and friction). The resultant force for example 2 is weight as the reaction force and the weight are unbalanced, where the vector for weight is longer.
Students should be able to use free body diagrams to describe qualitatively examples where several forces lead to a resultant force on an object, including balanced forces when the resultant force is zero.
0
What happens when two component forces at right angles act together?
When two component forces at right angles act together they have the same effect as the single force.
A single force can be resolved into two components acting at right angles to each other. The two component forces together have the same effect as the single force.
0
What piece of equipment is used to measure weight?
Weight is measured using a calibrated spring-balance (a newtonmeter).
Weight is measured using a calibrated spring-balance (a newtonmeter).
0
What is the relationship between the weight of an object and the mass of an object?
The weight of an object and the mass of an object are directly proportional.
The weight of an object and the mass of an object are directly proportional.
0
What does gravitational field strength depend on?
The weight of an object depends on the gravitational field strength at the point where the object is.
The weight of an object depends on the gravitational field strength at the point where the object is.
0
What is weight and what causes the force of gravity close to the Earth?
Weight is the force acting on an object due to gravity. The force of gravity close to the Earth is due to the gravitational field around the Earth.
Weight is the force acting on an object due to gravity. The force of gravity close to the Earth is due to the gravitational field around the Earth.
0
What is the name of the single point of an object where the weight is considered to act?
The weight of an object may be considered to act at a single point referred to as the object's centre of mass.
The weight of an object may be considered to act at a single point referred to as the object's centre of mass.
0
What equation is used to calculate weight? Include the SI units.
The weight of an object can be calculated using the equation: weight = mass x gravitational field strength W = m g weight, W, in newtons, N mass, m, in kilograms, kg gravitational field strength, g, in newtons per kilogram, N/kg (In any calculation the value of the gravitational field strength (g) will be given.)
The weight of an object can be calculated using the equation: weight = mass x gravitational field strength W = m g weight, W, in newtons, N mass, m, in kilograms, kg gravitational field strength, g, in newtons per kilogram, N/kg (In any calculation the value of the gravitational field strength (g) will be given.)
0
What is happening when is work done on an object?
When a force causes an object to move through a distance work is done on the object.
When a force causes an object to move through a distance work is done on the object.
0
When does a force do work on an object?
A force does work on an object when the force causes a displacement of the object.
A force does work on an object when the force causes a displacement of the object.
0
What is one joule of work done equal to?
One joule of work is done when a force of one newton causes a displacement of one metre. 1 joule = 1 newton-metre
One joule of work is done when a force of one newton causes a displacement of one metre. 1 joule = 1 newton-metre
0
How many joules are in 76 Nm?
1 joule = 1 newton-metre so 76 joules is equal to 76 Nm.
Students should be able to convert between newton-metres and joules
0
What equation is used to calculate work done by a force on an object? Include SI units.
(MS) The work done by a force on an object can be calculated using the equation: work done = force ? distance moved along the line of action of the force W = F s work done, W, in joules, J force, F, in newtons, N distance, s, in metres, m
(MS) The work done by a force on an object can be calculated using the equation: work done = force ? distance moved along the line of action of the force W = F s work done, W, in joules, J force, F, in newtons, N distance, s, in metres, m
0
What is the energy transfer that occurs when work is done?
Work done and energy transferred are measured in joules (J). The work done on an object can be calculated if the force and distance moved are known. A change in momentum happens when a force is applied to an object that is moving or is able to move.
Students should be able to describe the energy transfer involved when work is done.
0
When work is done against the frictional forces acting on an object what happens to the temperature of the object?
Work done against the frictional forces acting on an object causes a rise in the temperature of the object.
Work done against the frictional forces acting on an object causes a rise in the temperature of the object.
0
What forces are involved in stretching, bending or compressing an object?
Forces may change the shape of an object. An elastic object such as a spring stores elastic potential energy when stretched or squashed. The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied.
Students should be able to give examples of the forces involved in stretching, bending or compressing an object
0
Why, to change the shape of an object (by stretching, bending or compressing), does more than one force have to be applied?
If one force only is applied to an object, for example a car, then the object will change speed or direction. If we want to change the shape of an object, we have to apply more than one force to it.
Students should be able to explain why, to change the shape of an object (by stretching, bending or compressing), more than one force has to be applied ? this is limited to stationary objects only
0
What is the relationship between the work done on the spring and the elastic potential energy stores?
Provided the spring is not inelastically deformed, the work done on the spring and the elastic potential energy stored are equal.
Provided the spring is not inelastically deformed, the work done on the spring and the elastic potential energy stored are equal.
0
What is the difference between elastic deformation and inelastic deformation caused by stretching forces?
Elastic deformation is where a material changes in shape at low stress that is recoverable after the stress is removed. Inelastic deformation is caused a material is stretched beyond its limit of proportionality.
Students should be able to describe the difference between elastic deformation and inelastic deformation caused by stretching forces.
0
What is the relationship between extension and force for an elastic object, such as a spring?
The extension of an elastic object, such as a spring, is directly proportional to the force applied, provided that the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.
The extension of an elastic object, such as a spring, is directly proportional to the force applied, provided that the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.
0
What is the equation that links force, spring constant and extension? Include SI units.
(MS) force = spring constant ? extension F = k e force, F, in newtons, N spring constant, k, in newtons per metre, N/m extension, e, in metres, m This relationship also applies to the compression of an elastic object, where ?e? would be the compression of the object.
(MS) force = spring constant ? extension F = k e force, F, in newtons, N spring constant, k, in newtons per metre, N/m extension, e, in metres, m This relationship also applies to the compression of an elastic object, where ?e? would be the compression of the object.
0
What is the difference between a linear and non-linear relationship between force and extension?
A linear relationship between force and extension is a directly proportional one, where a non-linear relationship shows that an elastic object has exceeded its limit of proportionality.
Students should be able to describe the difference between a linear and non-linear relationship between force and extension
0
What equation is used to calculate elastic potential energy?
Elastic potential energy can be calculated for the work done in stretching (or compressing) a spring (up to the limit of proportionality) using the equation: elastic potential energy = 0.5 x spring constant s extension(squared) E = 0.5 k e(squared)
Students should be able to calculate work done in stretching (or compressing) a spring (up to the limit of proportionality) using the equation: elastic potential energy = 0.5 x spring constant s extension(squared) E = 0.5 k e(squared)
0
What causes an object to rotate?
A force or a system of forces may cause an object to rotate.
A force or a system of forces may cause an object to rotate.
0
What examples are there in which forces cause rotation?
Examples in which forces cause rotation include: merry-go round, bike tyres, throwing a ball.
Students should be able to describe examples in which forces cause rotation.
0
What is the turning effect of a force called?
The turning effect of a force is called the moment of the force.
The turning effect of a force is called the moment of the force.
0
What equation is used to calculate the moment of a force? Include SI units.
(MS) The size of the moment is defined by the equation: moment of a force = force ? distance M = F d moment of a force, M, in newton-metres, Nm force, F, in newtons, N distance, d, is the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force, in metres, m.
(MS) The size of the moment is defined by the equation: moment of a force = force ? distance M = F d moment of a force, M, in newton-metres, Nm force, F, in newtons, N distance, d, is the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force, in metres, m.
0
When the total clockwise moment about a pivot equals the total anticlockwise moment about that pivot how are the forces described?
If an object is balanced, the total clockwise moment about a pivot equals the total anticlockwise moment about that pivot.
If an object is balanced, the total clockwise moment about a pivot equals the total anticlockwise moment about that pivot.
0
What can be used to transmit the rotational effects of a force?
A simple lever and a simple gear system can both be used to transmit the rotational effects of force
A simple lever and a simple gear system can both be used to transmit the rotational effects of force
0
How do levers and gears transmit the rotational effects of forces?
When someone uses a lever, they exert a force (the effort) around a pivot to move an object (the load). Levers rely on the principle of moments to act as 'force multipliers' - they reduce the effort needed to move the load by increasing the distance over which it is acting.
Students should be able to explain how levers and gears transmit the rotational effects of forces.
0
What is distance a measure of?
How far an object moves in any direction.
Distance is how far an object moves. Distance does not involve direction.
0
Is speed a vector or a scalar quantity and why?
Speed is a scalar quantity as it only has a magnitude (size) and not a direction.
Speed does not involve direction. Speed is a scalar quantity.
0
Is distance a vector or scalar quantity and why?
Distance is a scalar quanity as it only has a magnitude (size) and not a direction.
Distance is a scalar quantity.
0
Is the speed of a moving object normally constant?
No, when people walk, run or travel in a car their speed is constantly changing.
The speed of a moving object is rarely constant. When people walk, run or travel in a car their speed is constantly changing.
0
What is displacement a meaure of?
Displacement is how far away an object is in a given direction.
Displacement includes both the distance an object moves, measured in a straight line from the start point to the finish point and the direction of that straight line.
0
What are the typical speeds and factors that affect the speeds of people walking, running and cycling?
Walking ? 1.5 m/s Running ? 3 m/s Cycling ? 6 m/s. Age, terrain, fitness, and distance travelled.
The speed at which a person can walk, run or cycle depends on many factors including: age, terrain, fitness and distance travelled. Typical values may be taken as: walking ? 1.5 m/s running ? 3 m/s cycling ? 6 m/s.
0
Is displacement a vector or scalar quantity and why?
Displacement is a vetor quanity as it only has a magnitude (size) and a direction.
Displacement is a vector quantity.
0
Is the speed of sound normally constant?
No, it varies as does the wind.
It is not only moving objects that have varying speed. The speed of sound and the speed of the wind also vary.
0
What is the typical speed of sound in air?
The speed of sound in air is 330 m/s.
A typical value for the speed of sound in air is 330 m/s
0
What is the equation used to calculate the distance travelled and what are the units involved?
The equation used to calculate the distance travelled is: distance travelled = speed ? time s = v t distance, s, in metres, m speed, v, in metres per second, m/s time, t, in seconds, s
(MS) For an object moving at constant speed the distance travelled in a specific time can be calculated using the equation: distance travelled = speed ? time s = v t distance, s, in metres, m speed, v, in metres per second, m/s time, t, in seconds, s
0
What is the equation used to calculate the average speed for non-uniform motion?
Average speed = Total distance / total time taken
(MS) Students should be able to calculate average speed for non-uniform motion.
0
What is velocity a measure of?
Velocity is a speed in a given direction.
The velocity of an object is its speed in a given direction.
0
How can the distance travelled by an object in a straight line be represented?
If an object moves along a straight line, the distance travelled can be represented by a distance?time graph.
If an object moves along a straight line, the distance travelled can be represented by a distance?time graph.
0
Is velocity a vector or scalar quantity and why?
Velocity is a vetor quanity as it only has a magnitude (size) and a direction.
Velocity is a vector quantity.
0
How can the speed of an object be calculated from a distance-time graph?
The speed of an object can be calculated from the gradient of its distance?time graph. The gradient of a graph is change of y divided by change in x, in this case is change in distance divided by change in time.
The speed of an object can be calculated from the gradient of its distance?time graph.
0
What are the vector - scalar pairs?
The vector - scalar pairs are displacement : distance velocity : speed
Students should be able to explain the vector?scalar distinction as it applies to displacement, distance, velocity and speed.
0
(HT only) If an object is accelerating, how can the speed at a time be determined from a distance-time graph?
(HT only) If an object is accelerating, its speed at any particular time can be determined by drawing a tangent and measuring the gradient of the distance?time graph at that time.
(HT only) If an object is accelerating, its speed at any particular time can be determined by drawing a tangent and measuring the gradient of the distance?time graph at that time.
0
(HT only) What is constant and what is changing during circular motion?
(HT only) speed is constant velocity is changing as direction is changing
HT only) Students should be able to explain qualitatively, with examples, that motion in a circle involves constant speed but changing velocity.
0
What axis does time go on for a distance-time graph?
Time goes on the x-axis of a distance-time graph.
Students should be able to draw distance?time graphs from measurements and extract and interpret lines and slopes of distance?time graphs, translating information between graphical and numerical form.
0
What is the equation used to calculate the average acceleration of an object and what are the units involved?
The average acceleration of an object can be calculated using the equation: acceleration = change in velocity time taken a = ? v t acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2 change in velocity, ?v, in metres per second, m/s time, t, in seconds, s
The average acceleration of an object can be calculated using the equation: acceleration = change in velocity time taken a = ? v t acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2 change in velocity, ?v, in metres per second, m/s time, t, in seconds, s
0
What does decelerating mean?
Decelerating means slowing down.
An object that slows down is decelerating
0
(Physics only)
(Physics only)
(Physics only) Students should be able to interpret the changing motion in terms of the forces acting.
0
How can the acceleration of an object be calculated from a velocity-time graph?
The acceleration of an object can be calculated from the gradient of a velocity?time graph. The gradient of a graph is change of y divided by change in x, in this case is change in velocity divided by change in time.
The acceleration of an object can be calculated from the gradient of a velocity?time graph.
0
What equation applies to uniform acceleration and what are the units involved?
The following equation applies to uniform acceleration: final velocity2 ? initial velocity2 = 2 ? acceleration ? distance v2 ? u2 = 2 a s final velocity, v, in metres per second, m/s initial velocity, u, in metres per second, m/s acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2 distance, s, in metres, m"
The following equation applies to uniform acceleration: final velocity 2 ? initial velocity 2 = 2 ? acceleration ? distance v2 ? u2 = 2 a s final velocity, v, in metres per second, m/s initial velocity, u, in metres per second, m/s acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2 distance, s, in metres, m
0
What acceration does an object falling freely under gravity, near the Earth?s surface any object have?
Near the Earth?s surface any object falling freely under gravity has an acceleration of about 9.8 m/s2.
Near the Earth?s surface any object falling freely under gravity has an acceleration of about 9.8 m/s2.
0
What axis does time go on for a velocity-time graph?
Time goes on the x-axis of a velocity-time graph.
Students should be able to draw velocity?time graphs from measurements and interpret lines and slopes to determine acceleration
0
(HT only) How can the distance travelled be calculated from a velocity-time graph?
(HT only) The distance travelled by an object (or displacement of an object) can be calculated from the area under a velocity?time graph. Split the area into simple shapes and add up the areas.
(HT only) The distance travelled by an object (or displacement of an object) can be calculated from the area under a velocity?time graph
0
(HT only)
(HT only)
(HT only) interpret enclosed areas in velocity?time graphs to determine distance travelled (or displacement)
0
(HT only) For curved lines on a velocity-time graph, how can the area be measured?
(HT only) Counting squares that are more than half below the line.
(HT only) measure, when appropriate, the area under a velocity?time graph by counting squares.
0
Why do objects falling through a fluid reach a terminal velocity?
An object falling through a fluid initially accelerates due to the force of gravity. Eventually the resultant force will be zero and the object will move at its terminal velocity.
An object falling through a fluid initially accelerates due to the force of gravity. Eventually the resultant force will be zero and the object will move at its terminal velocity.
0
What is Newton's Third Law?
Newton's Third Law states that whenever two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite.
Newton's Third Law: Whenever two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite.
0
What would happen to an object if the resultant force acting upon it is zero and the object is stationary?
Newtons first law states that if the resultant force acting on an object is zero and the object is stationary, the object remains stationary.
Newton's First Law: If the resultant force acting on an object is zero and the object is stationary, the object remains stationary. If the object is moving, the object continues to move at the same speed and in the same direction. So the object continues to move at the same velocity.
0
What would happen to an object if the resultant force acting upon it is zero and the object is moving?
Newtons first law states that If the resultant force acting on an object is zero and the object is moving, the object continues to move at the same speed and in the same direction. So the object continues to move at the same velocity.
Newton's First Law: If the resultant force acting on an object is zero and the object is moving, the object continues to move at the same speed and in the same direction. So the object continues to move at the same velocity.
0
How can Newton's Third Law be applied to examples of equilibrium?
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction therefore if the external forces are zero then every part of a system is zero, It will be in equilibrium
Students should be able to apply Newton's Third Law to examples of equilibrium situations.
0
What is the equation that links resultant force, mass and acceleration?
F=ma force, in Newtons, N mass, m, in kilograms, kg acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2
As an equation: resultant force = mass x acceleration F = m a force, F, in newtons, N mass, m, in kilograms, kg acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2
0
If the resistive forces balance the driving force what happens to the vehicle in terms of speed?
When the resistive forces balance the driving force the vehicle travels at a steady speed.
When a vehicle travels at a steady speed the resistive forces balance the driving force.
0
When will the velocity (speed and/or direction) of an object change?
The velocity (speed and/or direction) of an object will only change if a resultant force is acting on the object.
The velocity (speed and/or direction) of an object will only change if a resultant force is acting on the object.
0
How can Newtons first law be applied to the motion of an object moving with uniform velocity and objects where the speed and/or direction changes?
Newtons first law explains that forces acting upon a body cause the motion of that body to change. When opposite forces become unbalanced the objects speed and/or direction will change. When forces are balanced and moving with uniform velocity the speed and/or direction will continue to remain the same.
Students should be able to apply Newton's First Law to explain the motion of objects moving with a uniform velocity and objects where the speed and/or direction changes.
0
What is Newton's second law?
Newton's Second Law states the acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on the object, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
Newton's Second Law: The acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on the object, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
0
What is the typical mass of a cyslist, car and lorry?
the mass of a small family car is 2000Kg, cyclist is 100Kg and a lorry 50000Kg. These could be used along with information about speed or acceleration.
Students should be able to estimate the speed, accelerations and forces involved in large accelerations for everyday road transport.
0
what is the momentum equation and units?
Momentum is defined by the equation: momentum = mass ? velocity p=mv, momentum, p, in kilograms metre per second, kg m/s, mass, m, in kilograms, kg, velocity, v, in metres per second, m/s
Momentum is defined by the equation: momentum = mass ? velocity p = m v momentum, p, in kilograms metre per second, kg m/s mass, m, in kilograms, kg velocity, v, in metres per second, m/s
0
two model cars collide reversing into one another), the blue car has a of mass 1.2Kg and the red car has a mass of 1.4 kg they collide at speeds of 0.5m/s (blue) and 0.2m/s (red) what is the velocity of the cars after the collision?
0.12m/s/s
Students should be able to complete calculations involving an event, such as the collision of two objects.
0
The equations F = m × a and a = ( v - u ) / t combine to give what equation?
F = m Δ v / Δ t
When a force acts on an object that is moving, or able to move, a change in momentum occurs. The equations F = m × a and a = ( v − u ) / t combine to give the equation F = m Δ v / Δ t where mΔv = change in momentum ie force equals the rate of change of momentum.
0
(HT only) What is the definition of inertial mass?
(HT only) inertial mass is defined as the ratio of force over acceleration.
(HT only) Students should be able to explain that inertial mass is defined as the ratio of force over acceleration.
0
What is conservation of momentum?
Conservation of momentum is when in a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after the event.
In a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after the event. This is called conservation of momentum.
0
In terms of rate of change of momentum, how do different examples of safety features work?
air bags, seat belts, gymnasium crash mats, cycle helmets and cushioned surfaces. They deform and they increase the amount of time the person takes to come to a stop. They provide a softer surface (like a pillow) and seatbelts protect people in two ways during a crash. The seatbelt prevents the person being thrown about in the car, possibly through the windscreen or hitting themselves on the steering wheel or other objects. The seatbelt also stretches a little, while restraining the person during a crash. The stretching increases the amount of time it takes the person to stop. to prevent the people hitting themselves on hard objects
Students should be able to explain safety features such as: air bags, seat belts, gymnasium crash mats, cycle helmets and cushioned surfaces for playgrounds with reference to the concept of rate of change of momentum.
0
What is the symbol that indicates an approximate value or approximate answer?
~ is the symbol that indicates an approximate value
Students should recognise and be able to use the symbol that indicates an approximate value or approximate answer ~
0
Explain what happens to momentum in a collision?
The total momentum before the collision is the sum of both momentums.
Students should be able to use the concept of momentum as a model to describe and explain examples of momentum in an event, such as a collision
0
What is inertial mass a measure of?
inertial mass is a measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object
(HT only) Students should be able to explain that inertial mass is a measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object
0
(HT only) What is the definition of inertia?
(HT only) The tendency of objects to continue in their state of rest or of uniform motion.
(HT only) The tendency of objects to continue in their state of rest or of uniform motion is called inertia.
0
What are poor vehicle conditions limited to?
they are limited to brakes or tyres.
Poor condition of the vehicle is limited to the vehicle's brakes or tyres.
0
What is the definition of stoppong distance?
The stopping distance of a vehicle is the sum of the distance the vehicle travels during the driver?s reaction time (thinking distance) and the distance it travels under the braking force (braking distance).
The stopping distance of a vehicle is the sum of the distance the vehicle travels during the driver's reaction time (thinking distance) and the distance it travels under the braking force (braking distance).
0
What can the braking distance of a vehicle be affected by?
It can be affected by adverse road and weather conditions and poor condition of the vehicle.
The braking distance of a vehicle can be affected by adverse road and weather conditions and poor condition of the vehicle.
0
What affect would an increased speed for a given breaking force have on stopping distance?
Stopping distance would be greater.
For a given braking force the greater the speed of the vehicle, the greater the stopping distance.
0
What are adverse road conditions?
wet, icy, potholes and uneven surfaces are considered to be adverse road conditions.
Adverse road conditions include wet or icy conditions.
0
Does every person have the same reaction time? Explain
No, reaction times vary from person to person.
Reaction times vary from person to person.
0
What is the typical value range for the reaction time of a typical person?
The typical values range from 0.2 s to 0.9 s.
Typical values range from 0.2 s to 0.9 s.
0
How can a driver's reaction time be affected?
A driver's reaction time can be affected by tiredness, drugs and alcohol.
A driver's reaction time can be affected by tiredness, drugs and alcohol.
0
(Physics only) How does the distance for a vehicle to make an emergency stop vary over a range of speeds typical for that vehicle.
(Physics only) The faster the vehicle is going the greater the distance would be to come to a stop.
(Physics only) Students should be able to estimate how the distance for a vehicle to make an emergency stop varies over a range of speeds typical for that vehicle. (MS)
0
What else could affect a driver's ability to react?
Distractions such as mobile phones or other people in the car.
Distractions may also affect a driver?s ability to react.
0
Whatwould the estimate of the distance required for road vehicles to stop in an emergency varies over a range of speeds be; 30mph, 40mph and 60mph?
30mph - 23m 40mph - 36m 60mph -73m
Students should be able to estimate how the distance required for road vehicles to stop in an emergency varies over a range of typical speeds.
0
(Physics only)
(Physics only)
(Physics only) Students will be required to interpret graphs relating speed to stopping distance for a range of vehicles. (MS)
0
What methods could be used to measure human reaction times?
How quickly a person can click on seeing a specified object, catching a ruler when it is dropped.
Students should be able to explain methods used to measure human reaction times and recall typical results
0
When a force is applied to the brakes of a vehicle, how does the work done by the forces between the brakes affect the kinetic energy and temperature of the brakes?
When a force is applied to the brakes of a vehicle, work done by the friction force between the brakes and the wheel reduces the kinetic energy of the vehicle and the temperature of the brakes increases.
When a force is applied to the brakes of a vehicle, work done by the friction force between the brakes and the wheel reduces the kinetic energy of the vehicle and the temperature of the brakes increases.
0
How could you interpret and evaluate the following results; person A had a reaction time of 3s, Person B had a reaction time of 4s and person C has a reaction time of 9s?
Person A and B had similar reaction times but person C was very much slower by 5-6s, they may have had a factor that affected their reaction time and therfore it may be useful to repeat to gain more results.
Students should be able to interpret and evaluate measurements from simple methods to measure the different reaction times of students
0
what is the relationship between the speed of a vehicle and the braking force needed to stop the vehicle?
The greater the speed of a vehicle the greater the braking force needed to stop the vehicle in a certain distance.
The greater the speed of a vehicle the greater the braking force needed to stop the vehicle in a certain distance.
0
How does increasing the braking force affect deceleration and brake heat?
The greater the braking force the greater the deceleration of the vehicle. Large decelerations may lead to brakes overheating and/or loss of control.
The greater the braking force the greater the deceleration of the vehicle. Large decelerations may lead to brakes overheating and/or loss of control.
0
What are the dangers caused by large decelerations?
skidding, tyre blow-outs, loss of control of the vehicle, crashes.
Students should be able to explain the dangers caused by large decelerations
0
(HT only) What is the force if the mass of a vehicle os 2000Kg and the acceleration is 12m/s/s?
(HT only) Force = 2000 x 12 = 24000N
Students should be able to (HT only) estimate the forces involved in the deceleration of road vehicles in typical situations on a public road.
0
Name the two different types of waves.
The two types of waves are called transverse and longitudinal.
Waves may be either transverse or longitudinal.
0
What are the ripples on a water surface examples of?
The ripples on a water surface are examples of transverse waves.
The ripples on a water surface are an example of a transverse wave
0
What types of waves show areas of compression and rarefaction.
The type of waves that show compression and rarefaction are called longitudinal waves.
Longitudinal waves show areas of compression and rarefaction.
0
What type of wave is a sound wave?
Sounds waves are examples of longitudinal waves.
Sound waves travelling through air are longitudinal.
0
What is the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves.
In a transverse waves, the oscillations (vibrations) are at right angles to the direction of travel and energy transfer. In longitudinal waves, the oscillations are along the same direction as the direction of travel and energy transfer.
Students should be able to describe the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves.
0
Do the waves in air or the wave in the water travel?
For both ripples on a water surface and sound waves in air, it is the wave and not the water or air itself that travels.
Students should be able to describe evidence that, for both ripples on a water surface and sound waves in air, it is the wave and not the water or air itself that travels.
0
How can you describe wave motion?
Wave motion can be described in terms of amplitude.
Students should be able to describe wave motion in terms of their amplitude.
0
How can you describe wave motion?
Wave motion can be described in terms of wavelength.
Students should be able to describe wave motion in terms of their wavelength.
0
How can you describe wave motion?
Wave motion can be described in terms of frequency.
Students should be able to describe wave motion in terms of their frequency.
0
How can you describe wave motion?
Wave motion can be described in terms of period?
Students should be able to describe wave motion in terms of their period.
0
What is meant by amplitude of wave.
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of a point on a wave away from its undisturbed position.
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of a point on a wave away from its undisturbed position.
0
What is meant by wavelength?
The wavelength of a wave is the distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the adjacent
The wavelength of a wave is the distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the adjacent wave.
0
What is the frequency of a wave?
The frequency of a wave is the number of waves passing a point each second.
The frequency of a wave is the number of waves passing a point each second.
0
What does period and frequency equal to?
Period = 1 / freqency T = 1 / f
Period = 1 / freqency T = 1 / f
0
What is wave speed?
The wave speed is the speed at which the energy is transferred (or the wave moves) through the medium.
The wave speed is the speed at which the energy is transferred (or the wave moves) through the medium.
0
What is the equation that links the frequency, wave speed and wavelength?
Wave speed = frequency x wavelength; v = f x λ
All waves obey the wave equation: wave speed = frequency x wavelength v = f x λ
0
Identify amplitude and wavelength from given diagrams
identify amplitude and wavelength from given diagrams
Students should be able to identify amplitude and wavelength from given diagrams
0
What method could be used to measure the speed of sound waves in air.
Over a long distance time how long it takes an observed sound to be heard. Use an oscilliscope.
Students should be able to describe a method to measure the speed of sound waves in air.
0
What method would you use to work out the speed of ripples on a water surface?
speed = frequency x wavelength To work out frequency: Count how many waves pass a point over a 10 second period of time. Wavelength: measure the length of 10 waves.
Students should be able to describe a method to measure the speed of ripples on a water surface. (Req Prac)
0
(Physics only) What affects a sound wave?
(Physics only) The velocity, frequency and wavelength.
(Physics only) Students should be able to show how changes in velocity, frequency and wavelength, in transmission of sound waves from one medium to another, are inter-related.
0
(Physics Only) What type of wave has a frequency higher than the upper limit of hearing for humans?
Ultrasound waves
Ultrasound waves have a frequency higher than the upper limit of hearing for humans.
0
(HT and Physics Only) What evidence did study of seismic waves provide?
(HT and Physics Only) Provided new evidence that led to discoveries about parts of the Earth which are not directly observable.
Students should be aware that the study of seismic waves provided new evidence that led to discoveries about parts of the Earth which are not directly observable.
0
(Physics Only) What produces Seismic waves?
Seismic waves are produced by earthquakes.
Seismic waves are produced by earthquakes.
0
(Physics Only) What type of wave is a P wave?
P-waves are longitudinal, seismic waves.
P-waves are longitudinal, seismic waves.
0
(Physics Only) What type of wave is a S wave?
S-waves are transverse, seismic waves.
S-waves are transverse, seismic waves.
0
(Physics Only) What can S waves not travel through?
S-waves cannot travel through a liquid.
S-waves cannot travel through a liquid.
0
(Physics Only) What do P-waves and S-waves provide evidence for?
P-waves and S-waves provide evidence for the structure and size of the Earth's core.
P-waves and S-waves provide evidence for the structure and size of the Earth?s core.
0
(HT and Physics Only) How can objects in deep water be detected?
(HT and Physics Only) Echo sounding, using high frequency sound waves is used to detect objects in deep water and measure water depth.
Echo sounding, using high frequency sound waves is used to detect objects in deep water and measure water depth.
0
(Physics only) How do sound waves travel?
Sound waves can travel through solids causing vibrations in the solid.
Sound waves can travel through solids causing vibrations in the solid.
0
(Physics only) What causes the sensation of sound?
Within the ear, sound waves cause the ear drum and other parts to vibrate which causes the sensation of sound.
Within the ear, sound waves cause the ear drum and other parts to vibrate which causes the sensation of sound.
0
(Physics only) What restricts the limits of human hearing?
The conversion of sound waves to vibrations of solids works over a limited frequency range.
The conversion of sound waves to vibrations of solids works over a limited frequency range. This restricts the limits of human hearing.
0
(Physics only) What causes wave disturbances between sound waves and vibrations in solids?
Examples may include the effect of sound waves on the ear drum.
Students should be able to describe, with examples, processes which convert wave disturbances between sound waves and vibrations in solids. Examples may include the effect of sound waves on the ear drum
0
(Physics only)
Students should be able to explain why such processes only work over a limited frequency range and the relevance of this to human hearing.
0
(Physics only) What is the normal range of human hearing?
The range of normal human hearing is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
Students should know that the range of normal human hearing is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
0
(Physics Only) How is the light in the visible light spectrum different?
Each colour within the visible light spectrum has its own narrow band of wavelength and frequency.
Each colour within the visible light spectrum has its own narrow band of wavelength and frequency.
0
(Physics Only)What types of waves are electromagnetic?
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that transfer energy from the source of the waves to an absorber.
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that transfer energy from the source of the waves to an absorber.
0
(Physics Only) What type of spectrum do Electromagnetic waves form?
Electromagnetic waves form a continuous spectrum.
Electromagnetic waves form a continuous spectrum.
0
(Physics Only) What type of speed to electromagnetic waves travel?
All types of electromagnetic wave travel at the same velocity through a vacuum (space) or air.
All types of electromagnetic wave travel at the same velocity through a vacuum (space) or air.
0
(Physics Only) How are the electromagnetic waves grouped?
The waves that form the electromagnetic spectrum are grouped in terms of their wavelength and their frequency.
The waves that form the electromagnetic spectrum are grouped in terms of their wavelength and their frequency.
0
What is the order of electromagnetic waves from biggest wavelength to shortest wavelength?
Going from long to short wavelength (or from low to high frequency) the groups are: radio, microwave, infrared, visible light (red to violet), ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.
Going from long to short wavelength (or from low to high frequency) the groups are: radio, microwave, infrared, visible light (red to violet), ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.
0
(Physics Only) What type of electromagnetic waves do human eyes detect?
Human eyes only detect visible light and so detect a limited range of electromagnetic waves.
Our eyes only detect visible light and so detect a limited range of electromagnetic waves.
0
List the practical applications of electromagnetic waves.
- radio waves - television and radio - microwaves - satellite communications, cooking food - infrared - electrical heaters, cooking food, infrared cameras - visible light - fibre optic communications - ultraviolet - energy efficient lamps, sun tanning - X-rays and gamma rays - medical imaging and treatments.
Electromagnetic waves have many practical applications. For example: - radio waves - television and radio - microwaves - satellite communications, cooking food - infrared - electrical heaters, cooking food, infrared cameras - visible light - fibre optic communications - ultraviolet - energy efficient lamps, sun tanning - X-rays and gamma rays - medical imaging and treatments.
0
(HT only) How are radio waves produced?
(HT only) Radio waves are produced by oscillations in electrical circuits.
(HT only) Radio waves can be produced by oscillations in electrical circuits.
0
How can electromagnetic waves be generated?
Changes in atoms and the nuclei of atoms can result in electromagnetic waves being generated
Changes in atoms and the nuclei of atoms can result in electromagnetic waves being generated or absorbed over a wide frequency range.
0
What types of waves are hazardous on human body tissue.
X-rays and gamma rays can have hazardous effects on human body tissue.
Ultraviolet waves, X-rays and gamma rays can have hazardous effects on human body tissue.
0
How are gamma rays generated?
Gamma rays are emitted from the nucleus. They have no charge or mass.
Gamma rays originate from changes in the nucleus of an atom.
0
What effects can Ultraviolet waves cause to the skin?
Ultraviolet waves can cause skin to age prematurely and increase the risk of skin cancer.
Ultraviolet waves can cause skin to age prematurely and increase the risk of skin cancer.
0
What are three ways that show energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves?
Some examples of how electromagnetic waves transfer energy are: Radio waves - radios in communication Microwaves - ovens for heating food Infrared radiation - wireless remote controls Ultraviolet - Ultrasound scans Visible light - heat and light from light bulb X-Ray: energy passes through tissue but stopped by bone in X ray imaging Gamma: Energy used to kill pathogens during sterilisation of medical equipment
Students should be able to give examples that illustrate the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
0
What effects the outcome of being exposed to radiation?
The type of radiation and the size of the dose.
The effects depend on the type of radiation and the size of the dose.
0
What are the risks and consequences of exposure to radiation?
The risks of exposure to radiation can include radiation poisoning and cancer.
Students should be able to draw conclusions from given data about the risks and consequences of exposure to radiation.
0
What type of electromagnetic waves are ionising?
X-rays and gamma rays are ionising radiation that can cause the mutation of genes and cancer.
X-rays and gamma rays are ionising radiation that can cause the mutation of genes and cancer.
0
(HT only) What type of current is produced when radiowaves are absorbed?
(HT only) When radio waves are absorbed they may create an alternating current.
(HT only) When radio waves are absorbed they may create an alternating current with the same frequency as the radio wave itself, so radio waves can themselves induce oscillations in an electrical circuit.
0
(HT only) How can the wavelength of electromagnetic waves be varied?
(HT only) Different substances may absorb, transmit, refract or reflect electromagnetic waves
Different substances may absorb, transmit, refract or reflect electromagnetic waves in ways that vary with wavelength.
0
What units is radiation measured in?
Radiation dose is measured in sieverts
Radiation dose (in sieverts) is a measure of the risk of harm resulting from an exposure of the body to the radiation.
0
How many millisieverts are there in 1 sievert?
1000 millisieverts (mSv) = 1 sievert (Sv)
1000 millisieverts (mSv) = 1 sievert (Sv) Students will not be required to recall the unit of radiation dose.
0
(HT only) Why is each type of electromagnetic wave suitable for practical application?
Each member of the electromagnetic wave is suitable for a practical application because it has a small range of frequency and wave length.
(HT only) Students should be able to give brief explanations why each type of electromagnetic wave is suitable for the practical application.
0
(Physics only) Do only perfect black bodies (objects) emit radiation?
All bodies (objects) emit radiation.
Students should be able to explain that all bodies (objects) emit radiation.
0
(HT only) (Physics only) What is happening in terms of radiation and emission when a body is at a constant temperature?
(HT only)A body at constant temperature is absorbing radiation at the same rate as it is emitting radiation.
(HT only) A body at constant temperature is absorbing radiation at the same rate as it is emitting radiation.
0
(Physics only) At what temperature do all bodies (objects) emit and absorb infrared radiation?
All bodies (objects), no matter what temperature, emit and absorb infrared radiation.
All bodies (objects), no matter what temperature, emit and absorb infrared radiation.
0
(Physics only) What is the relationship between temperature and radiation of infrared radiation?
The hotter the body, the more infrared radiation it radiates in a given time
The hotter the body, the more infrared radiation it radiates in a given time.
0
(Physics only) What colour object would be the best absorbed and emitter of radiation?
Since a good absorber is also a good emitter, a perfect black body (object) would be the best possible emitter.
Since a good absorber is also a good emitter, a perfect black body would be the best possible emitter.
0
(Physics only) What factors affect the intensity and wavelength distribution of emissions from a body (object)?
The intensity and wavelength distribution of any emission depends on the temperature of the body.
Students should be able to explain that the intensity and wavelength distribution of any emission depends on the temperature of the body.
0
(Physics only) What is a perfect black body (object)?
A perfect black body is an object that absorbs all of the radiation incident on it. A black body does not reflect or transmit any radiation.
A perfect black body is an object that absorbs all of the radiation incident on it. A black body does not reflect or transmit any radiation.
0
(HT only) (Physics only) What happens when the temperature of a body (object) increases?
(HT only)The temperature of a body increases when the body absorbs radiation faster than it emits radiation.
(HT only) The temperature of a body increases when the body absorbs radiation faster than it emits radiation.
0
(HT only) (Physics only) What factors can affect the temperature of the Earth?
(HT only) The temperature of the Earth depends on many factors including: the rates of absorption and emission of radiation, reflection of radiation into space.
(HT only) The temperature of the Earth depends on many factors including: the rates of absorption and emission of radiation, reflection of radiation into space.
0
(HT only) (Physics only) Give an example of when the balance between incoming radiation absorbed and radiation emitted results in a constant temperature of a body (object)
(HT only) The constant temperature of the Earth.
(HT only) Students should be able to explain how the temperature of a body is related to the balance between incoming radiation absorbed and radiation emitted, using everyday examples to illustrate this balance, and the example of the factors which determine the temperature of the Earth.
0
(HT only) (Physics only) What affect to the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere would an increase in radiation absorbed have?
(HT only) If the amount of radiation absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere was to increase, the overall temperature of the Earth would also increase.
(HT only) Students should be able to use information, or draw/ interpret diagrams to show how radiation affects the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere.
0
How are waves absorbed or transmitted?
Waves can be absorbed or transmitted at the boundary between two different materials.
Waves can be absorbed or transmitted at the boundary between two different materials.
0
(Physics only) What is spectacular reflection?
Reflection from a smooth surface in a single direction is called specular reflection.
Reflection from a smooth surface in a single direction is called specular reflection.
0
(Physics only) What is diffused reflection?
Reflection from a rough surface causes scattering: this is called diffuse reflection.
Reflection from a rough surface causes scattering: this is called diffuse reflection.
0
Where are rays reflected from?
Waves can be reflected at the boundary between two different materials.
Waves can be reflected at the boundary between two different materials.
0
What can the time taken for the reflections to reach a detector be used to determine?
The time taken for the reflections to reach a detector can be used to determine how far away such a boundary is. This allows ultrasound waves to be used for both medical and industrial imaging.
The time taken for the reflections to reach a detector can be used to determine how far away such a boundary is. This allows ultrasound waves to be used for both medical and industrial imaging.
0
(Physics Only)How could a ray diagram to illustrate the reflection of a wave at a surface?
A ray diagram could be used to show a reflection using straight lines with arrows on to show the direction of the light wave. The light wave would bounce back at the same angle.
Students should be able to construct ray diagrams to illustrate the reflection of a wave at a surface.
0
What happens to Ultrasound waves when they meet a boundary?
Ultrasound waves are partially reflected when they meet a boundary between two different media.
Ultrasound waves are partially reflected when they meet a boundary between two different media.
0
(Physics Only) Explain how the differences in velocity, absorption and reflection between different types of wave in solids and liquids can be used both for detection and exploration of structures which are hidden from direct observation?
Students should be able to explain in qualitative terms, how the differences in velocity, absorption and reflection between different types of wave in solids and liquids can be used both for detection and exploration of structures which are hidden from direct observation.
0
How should ray diagrams to illustrate the refraction, be constructed?
Use a ruler;Wave fronts at right angle to ray; Wave fronts closer together when the wave travels slower.
Students should be able to construct ray diagrams to illustrate the refraction of a wave at the boundary between two different media.
0
(HT only) What is the cause of refraction?
(HT only) Due to the difference in velocity of the waves in different substances, caused by the density of the particles.
Some effects, for example refraction, are due to the difference in velocity of the waves in different substances.
0
(HT only) How can refraction be explained?
(HT only) Wave front diagrams can be used to explain refraction in terms of the change of speed that happens when a wave travels from one medium to a different medium.
Students should be able to use wave front diagrams to explain refraction in terms of the change of speed that happens when a wave travels from one medium to a different medium.
0
(Physics Only)What are the effects of reflection, transmission and absorption of waves at material interfaces?
The effects at material interfaces for: reflection are that the wave bounces back at the same angle if the surface is smooth (specular reflection). A rough surface will produce diffused reflection with scattered reflection of the waves. Transmission: If the object is transparent and light can pass through at the same frequency the light waves are said to be transmitted. Absorption of electromagnetic waves will vary between different materials and how easily they will absorb infrared radiation.
Students should be able to describe the effects of reflection, transmission and absorption of waves at material interfaces.
0
(Physics Only)What is the focal length?
The distance from the lens to the principal focus is called the focal length.
The distance from the lens to the principal focus is called the focal length.
0
(Physics only) What is the equation that links image height, magnification and object height?
The magnification produced by a lens can be calculated using the equation: magnification = image height / object height
The magnification produced by a lens can be calculated using the equation: magnification = image height / object height
0
(Physics only) What are the units for magnification?
Magnification is a ratio and so has no units.
Magnification is a ratio and so has no units.
0
(Physics only) What is the unit for image height?
Image height and object height should both be measured in either mm or cm.
Image height and object height should both be measured in either mm or cm.
0
(Physics Only) How can images by convex and concave lenses be represented?
Ray diagrams are used to show the formation of images by convex and concave lenses.
Ray diagrams are used to show the formation of images by convex and concave lenses.
0
(Physics Only) How could you illustrate the similarities and differences between convex and concave lenses?
Drawing ray diagrams to illustrate the similarities and differences between convex and concave lenses.
Students should be able to construct ray diagrams to illustrate the similarities and differences between convex and concave lenses.
0
(Physics Only) How are convex lenses represented in ray diagrams?
In ray diagrams a convex lens will be represented by: <-->
In ray diagrams a convex lens will be represented by: <-->
0
(Physics Only) How are concave lenses represented in ray diagrams?
[In ray diagrams] a concave lens will be represented by: >--<
[In ray diagrams] a concave lens will be represented by: >--<
0
(Physics Only) What type of images can be produced by convex lens?
The image produced by a convex lens can be either real or virtual.
The image produced by a convex lens can be either real or virtual.
0
(Physics Only) What type of image can be produced by concave lens?
The image produced by a concave lens is always virtual.
The image produced by a concave lens is always virtual.
0
(Physics Only) How does a lens form an image?
A lens forms an image by refracting light.
A lens forms an image by refracting light.
0
(Physics Only) How is a convex lens used to focus an image?
In a convex lens, parallel rays of light are brought to a focus at the principal focus.
In a convex lens, parallel rays of light are brought to a focus at the principal focus.
0
(Physics only) How do colour filters work?
Colour filters work by absorbing certain wavelengths (and colour) and transmitting other wavelengths (and colour).
Colour filters work by absorbing certain wavelengths (and colour) and transmitting other wavelengths (and colour).
0
(Physics only) How is the colour of an opaque object determined?
The colour of an opaque object is determined by which wavelengths of light are more strongly reflected.
The colour of an opaque object is determined by which wavelengths of light are more strongly reflected.
0
(Physics only) What colour is observed when all wavelengths of light are reflected equally?
If all wavelengths are reflected equally the object appears white.
If all wavelengths are reflected equally the object appears white.
0
(Physics only) What is the difference between a transparent and translucent object?
When waves are transmitted, the wave continues through the material. They are transparent because light is transmitted with very little absorption. Translucent materials transmit some light but are not completely clear.
Objects that transmit light are either transparent or translucent.
0
(Physics only) What happens to wavelengths of light that are not reflected by an object?
Wavelengths that are not reflected are absorbed.
Wavelengths that are not reflected are absorbed.
0
(Physics only) What colour is observed if all wavelengths of light are absorbed?
If all wavelengths are absorbed the objects appears black.
If all wavelengths are absorbed the objects appears black.
0
(Physics only) In terms of light, why does an object appears to be red and translucent?
An object appears red when the red wavelength of light is reflected, all other wavelengths of light are absorbed. The object appears translucent because some of the light is transmitted.
Students should be able to explain how the colour of an object is related to the differential absorption, transmission and reflection of different wavelengths of light by the object.
0
(Physics only) How can an orange light be produced using coloured filters?
An orange filter transmits orange light but absorbs all the other colours. If white light is shone on an orange filter, only the orange wavelengths will be observed by the human eye.
Students should be able to explain the effect of viewing objects through filters or the effect on light of passing through filters
0
(Physics only) In terms of light, why does an object appear to be green and opaque?
An object appears green when the green wavelength of light is reflected, all other wavelengths of light are absorbed. The object appears opaque because none of the light is transmitted.
Students should be able to explain why an opaque object has a particular colour.
0
What are the poles of a magnet?
The poles of a magnet are the places where the magnetic forces are strongest.
Poles of a magnet
0
What is the magnetic field?
The region around a magnet where a force acts on another magnet or on a magnetic material (iron, steel, cobalt and nickel) is called the magnetic field.
The region around a magnet where a force acts on another magnet or on a magnetic material (iron, steel, cobalt and nickel) is called the magnetic field.
0
What force is always between a magnet and a magnetic material?
The force between a magnet and a magnetic material is always one of attraction.
The force between a magnet and a magnetic material is always one of attraction.
0
What happens when two magnets are brought close together?
When two magnets are brought close together they exert a force on each other.
When two magnets are brought close together they exert a force on each other.
0
What does the strength of the magnetic field depend on and where is it the strongest?
The strength of the magnetic field depends on the distance from the magnet. The field is strongest at the poles of the magnet.
The strength of the magnetic field depends on the distance from the magnet. The field is strongest at the poles of the magnet.
0
What happens when two like poles are brought together?
Two like poles repel each other.
Two like poles repel each other.
0
What affects the direction of the magnetic field?
The direction of the magnetic field at any point is given by the direction of the force that would act on another north pole placed at that point.
The direction of the magnetic field at any point is given by the direction of the force that would act on another north pole placed at that point.
0
What happens when two unlike poles are brought together?
Two unlike poles attract each other.
Two unlike poles attract each other.
0
What direction does the magnetic field line go in?
The direction of a magnetic field line is from the north (seeking) pole of a magnet to the south(seeking) pole of the magnet.
The direction of a magnetic field line is from the north (seeking) pole of a magnet to the south(seeking) pole of the magnet.
0
What type of force are attraction and repulsion between magnetic poles examples of?
Attraction and repulsion between two magnetic poles are examples of non-contact force.
Attraction and repulsion between two magnetic poles are examples of non-contact force.
0
What causes a magnetic compass to follow the direction of the Earth's magnetic field?
A magnetic compass contains a small bar magnet. The Earth has a magnetic field. The compass needle points in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field.
A magnetic compass contains a small bar magnet. The Earth has a magnetic field. The compass needle points in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field.
0
What is a permanent magnet?
A permanent magnet produces its own magnetic field.
A permanent magnet produces its own magnetic field.
0
How can a plotting compass be used to plot the magnetic field pattern of a magnet?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NT-KS9dscjw
Students should be able to describe how to plot the magnetic field pattern of a magnet using a compass.
0
What is an induced magnet?
An induced magnet is a material that becomes a magnet when it is placed in a magnetic field.
An induced magnet is a material that becomes a magnet when it is placed in a magnetic field.
0
What force does induced magnetism always cause?
Induced magnetism always causes a force of attraction.
Induced magnetism always causes a force of attraction.
0
Why does a compass point North?
The core of the Earth is magnetic.
Students should be able to explain how the behaviour of a magnetic compass is related to evidence that the core of the Earth must be magnetic.
0
What happens to an induced magnet when it's removed from the magnetic field?
When removed from the magnetic field an induced magnet loses most/all of its magnetism quickly.
When removed from the magnetic field an induced magnet loses most/all of its magnetism quickly.
0
How do the poles of the magnets interact?
Repulsion occurs between unlike and like poles for permanent magnets.
Students should be able to describe the attraction and repulsion between unlike and like poles for permanent magnets
0
What is the difference between permanent and induced magnets
Induced magnets can be switched on and off unlike permenant magnets.
Students should be able to describe the difference between permanent and induced magnets.
0
What happens when a current flows through a conducting wire?
When a current flows through a conducting wire a magnetic field is produced.
When a current flows through a conducting wire a magnetic field is produced around the wire.
0
What does the strength of the magnetic field depends on?
The current through the wire and the distance from the wire.
The strength of the magnetic field depends on the current through the wire and the distance from the wire.
0
How does shaping a wire into a solenoid affect strength of the magnetic field?
Shaping a wire to form a solenoid increases the strength of the magnetic field created by a current through the
Shaping a wire to form a solenoid increases the strength of the magnetic field created by a current through the wire.
0
What is the magnetic field like inside a solenoid?
The magnetic field inside a solenoid is strong and uniform.
The magnetic field inside a solenoid is strong and uniform.
0
What is the shape of the magnetic field around a solenoid?
The magnetic field around a solenoid has a similar shape to that of a bar magnet.
The magnetic field around a solenoid has a similar shape to that of a bar magnet.
0
How does adding an iron core affect the magnetic field?
Adding an iron core increases the strength of the magnetic field of a solenoid.
Adding an iron core increases the strength of the magnetic field of a solenoid.
0
What is an electromagnet?
An electromagnet is a solenoid with an iron core.
An electromagnet is a solenoid with an iron core.
0
Describe how the magnetic effect of a current can be demonstrated
The magnetic effect of a current can be demonstrated using iron fillings and a moving a compass around the magnets by plotting north.
Students should be able to describe how the magnetic effect of a current can be demonstrated
0
What does the magnetic field around a straight wire look like?
Students should be able to draw the magnetic field pattern for a straight wire carrying a current and for a solenoid (showing the direction of the field)
0
How does a solenoid arrangement increase the magnetic effect of the current?
Students should be able to explain how a solenoid arrangement can increase the magnetic effect of the current.
0
(Physics only)
(Physics only)
(Physics only) Students should be able to interpret diagrams of electromagnetic devices in order to explain how they work.
0
(HT only) What is meant by the motor effect?
When a conductor carrying a current is placed in a magnetic field the magnet producing the field and the conductor exert a force on each other. This is called the motor effect.
When a conductor carrying a current is placed in a magnetic field the magnet producing the field and the conductor exert a force on each other. This is called the motor effect.
0
What factors affect the size of the forces on the conductor?
The factors that affect the size of the force on the conductor are the current and the strength of the magnetic field.
Students should be able to recall the factors that affect the size of the force on the conductor.
0
How is magnetic flux density calculated? Include SI units.
For a conductor at right angles to a magnetic field and carrying a current: force = magnetic flux density ? current ? length F = B I l force, F, in newtons, N magnetic flux density, B, in tesla, T current, I, in amperes, A (amp is acceptable for ampere) length, l, in metres, m
For a conductor at right angles to a magnetic field and carrying a current: force = magnetic flux density ? current ? length F = B I l force, F, in newtons, N magnetic flux density, B, in tesla, T current, I, in amperes, A (amp is acceptable for ampere) length, l, in metres, m
0
What is the basis of an electric motor?
A coil of wire carrying a current in a magnetic field tends to rotate. This is the basis of an electric motor.
A coil of wire carrying a current in a magnetic field tends to rotate. This is the basis of an electric motor.
0
How does the force on a conductor in a magnetic field causes the rotation of the coil in an electric motor?
A simple electric motor can be built using a coil of wire that is free to rotate between two opposite magnetic poles. When an electric current flows through the coil, the coil experiences a force and moves. One side moves up and the other side moves down (based on Fleming's left hand rule).
Students should be able to explain how the force on a conductor in a magnetic field causes the rotation of the coil in an electric motor.
0
(Physics only) How do loudspeakers and headphones use the motor effect?
(Physics only) Loudspeakers and headphones use the motor effect to convert variations in current in electrical circuits to the pressure variations in sound waves.
(Physics only) Loudspeakers and headphones use the motor effect to convert variations in current in electrical circuits to the pressure variations in sound waves.
0
(Physics only) How do moving coil loudspeakers and headphones work?
(Physics only) Headphones and moving-coil loudspeakers work by transforming electrical signals into sound. They do this by using an electromagnet held inside a permanent magnet's field. The electric current around the amplifier constantly changes, and in changing it also changes the magnetic field around the electromagnet. This causes changing attraction and repulsion between the two magnets making the electromagnet move backwards and forwards. This movement causes sound waves.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how a moving-coil loudspeaker and headphones work.
0
(Physics only) How are potential differences induced across the ends of conductors?
(Physics only) If an electrical conductor moves relative to a magnetic field or if there is a change in the magnetic field around a conductor, a potential difference is induced across the ends of the conductor.
(Physics only) If an electrical conductor moves relative to a magnetic field or if there is a change in the magnetic field around a conductor, a potential difference is induced across the ends of the conductor.
0
(Physics only) What is the generator effect?
(Physics only) The generator effect occurs if a conductor is part of a complete circuit and therefore induces a current.
(Physics only) If the conductor is part of a complete circuit, a current is induced in the conductor. This is called the generator effect.
0
(Physics only) What effect does an induced current have?
(Physics only) An induced current generates a magnetic field that opposes the original change, either the movement of the conductor or the change in magnetic field.
(Physics only) An induced current generates a magnetic field that opposes the original change, either the movement of the conductor or the change in magnetic field.
0
(Physics only) What factors affect the size of the induced potential difference or induced current?
The factors that affect the size of the induced potential difference/induced current are the speed of the magnet or wire, the strength of the magnet, the number of turns or loops in the coil or the area of the coil.
(Physics only) Students should be able to recall the factors that affect the size of the induced potential difference/induced current.
0
(Physics only) What are the principles of the generator effect?
the principals of the generator effect are: 1. A moving wire moves between a magnetic field line 2. A potential difference is induced across the ends of the wire 3. An induced current passes along the wire
(Physics only) Students should be able to apply the principles of the generator effect in a given context.
0
(Physics only) How does the generator effect generate A.C in an alternator? What factors can affect the current in an alternator?
An alternator uses the generator effect as its slip rings are connected to the ends of the coil to allow the coil to spin without winding the wire around itself. The brushes are conducting contacts that touch the slip rings and complete the circuit. The size of the induced current can be increase by increasing the number of turns on the coil, using more powerful magnets and turning the coil faster.
(Physics only) The generator effect is used in an alternator to generate ac and in a dynamo to generate dc.
0
(Physics only) How does the generator effect generate D.C in an dynamo?
A dynamo is used to generate a direct current by moving the coil in a magnetic field. As the coil turns it cuts the magnetic field lines. This induces a potential difference between the end of the coil. This causes an induced current to pass through the coil and through the circuit the coil is a part of. The split ring commentator rotates with the coil and maintains a complete circuit with the external circuit. Each half turn the sides of the coil connect to the opposite side of the circuit so the direction of the induced potential difference doesn't change.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how the generator effect is used in an alternator to generate ac and in a dynamo to generate dc
0
(Physics only) What would the graph showing potential difference generated in the coil against time look like?
The graph showing potential difference generated in the coil against time would show a transverse wave oscillating through the normal line.
(Physics only) should be able to draw/interpret graphs of potential difference generated in the coil against time.
0
(Physics only) What do microphones convert into variations in current in electrical
(Physics only) Microphones use the generator effect to convert the pressure variations in sound waves into variations in current in electrical circuits.
(Physics only) Microphones use the generator effect to convert the pressure variations in sound waves into variations in current in electrical circuits.
0
(Physics only) Explain how a moving-coil microphone works?
(Physics only) Sound waves make the diaphragm vibrate. The vibrations make the coil move back and forth, causing a varying current to flow as the coil moves over the permanent magnet.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how a moving-coil microphone works.
0
(Physics only) How does the equation linking the pds and number of turns in the two coils of a transformer link to the to the currents and the power transfer involved. Relate these to the advantages of power transmission at high potential difference.
At the end of the power station there is a step up transformer which increases the voltage but decreases the current therefore less energy is lost by heat. Before the current reaches homes and industry a step down transformer steps up the current and steps down the voltage.
(Physics only) Students should be able to apply the equation linking the pds and number of turns in the two coils of a transformer to the currents and the power transfer involved, and relate these to the advantages of power transmission at high potential differences.
0
(Physics only) What is the basic structure of a transformer?
(Physics only) A basic transformer consists of a primary coil and a secondary coil wound on an iron core.
(Physics only) A basic transformer consists of a primary coil and a secondary coil wound on an iron core.
0
(Physics only) Which metal is used for the core in transformers?
(Physics only) Iron is used [for a core] as it is easily magnetised.
(Physics only) Iron is used [for a core] as it is easily magnetised. Knowledge of laminations and eddy currents in the core is not required.
0
(Physics only) The ratio of the potential differences across the primary and secondary coils of a transformer (Vp and Vs) depends upon the ratio of what?
The potential differences across primary and secondary coils of a transformer depend upon the ratio of number of turns on each primary and secondary coil (np and ns)
(Physics only) The ratio of the potential differences across the primary and secondary coils of a transformer Vp and Vs depends on the ratio of the number of turns on each coil, np and ns . EQUATION
0
(Physics only) In a step-up transformer which has the greatest potential difference, primary (Vp) or secondary (Vs) coils?
In a step-up transformer Vs > Vp (Primary potential difference = Vp; Secondary potential difference = Vs)
(Physics only) In a step-up transformer Vs > Vp
0
(Physics only) In a step-down transformer which has the greatest potential difference, primary (Vp) or secondary (Vs) coils?
In a step-down transformer Vp > Vs (Primary potential difference = Vp; Secondary potential difference = Vs)
(Physics only) In a step-down transformer Vs < Vp
0
(Physics only) What would the relationship be between total power input and output in a transformer if it were 100% efficient?
If transformers were 100 % efficient, the electrical power output would BE EQUAL to the electrical power input.
(Physics only) If transformers were 100 % efficient, the electrical power output would equal the electrical power input.
0
(Physics only) Vp x Ip = the ______ _______ (primary coil). power input Vs x Is = the _______ ______ (secondary coil)power output
Vp x Ip = the POWER INPUT(primary coil). Vs x Is = the POWER OUTPUT (secondary coil) (Ip = Current through primary coils Is = Current through secondary coils)
(Physics only) Vs ? Is = Vp ? Ip Where Vs ? Is is the power output (secondary coil) and Vp ? Ip is the power input (primary coil). power input and output, in watts, W
0
(Physics only)Explain how the effect of an alternating current induces a current in another transformer.
An alternating current in a transformer creates a changing magnetic field. A changing magnetic field also induces a changing voltage in a coil. This is the basis of how a transformer works: The primary coil is connected to an AC supply An alternating current passes through a primary coil wrapped around a soft iron core The changing current produces a changing magnetic field This induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil This induces an alternating current (AC) in the circuit connected to the secondary coil
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how the effect of an alternating current in one coil in inducing a current in another is used in transformers
0
(Physics only) How does the ratio of the potential differences across the two coils depends on the ratio of the number of turns on each?
The ratio of the potential differences across the two coils depends on the ratio of the number of turns on each
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how the ratio of the potential differences across the two coils depends on the ratio of the number of turns on each
0
(Physics only) What calculation liks power, current and voltage?
Power (W) = Current (A) x voltage (V)
(Physics only) Students should be able to calculate the current drawn from the input supply to provide a particular power output
0
(Physics only) What is contained within our solar system?
(Physics only) Within our solar system there is one star, the Sun, plus the eight planets and the dwarf planets that orbit around the Sun.
(Physics only) Within our solar system there is one star, the Sun, plus the eight planets and the dwarf planets that orbit around the Sun.
0
(Physics only) What are natural satellites?
(Physics only) Natural satellites are the moons that orbit other planets.
(Physics only) Natural satellites, the moons that orbit planets, are also part of the solar system.
0
(Physics only) What is our solar system part of?
(Physics only) Our solar system is a small part of the Milky Way galaxy.
(Physics only) Our solar system is a small part of the Milky Way galaxy.
0
(Physics only) How are new elements formed?
(Physics only) In stars the nuclei of smaller elements fuse together to make larger, heavier elements.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how fusion processes lead to the formation of new elements.
0
(Physics only) What is a star's life cycle determined by?
(Physics only) The life cycle is determined by the size of the star.
(Physics only) A star goes through a life cycle. The life cycle is determined by the size of the star.
0
(Physics only) What was the sun formed from and how?
(Physics only) The Sun was formed from a cloud of dust and gas (nebula) pulled together by gravitational attraction.
(Physics only) The Sun was formed from a cloud of dust and gas (nebula) pulled together by gravitational attraction.
0
(Physics only) How do the fusion reactions in a star begin?
(Physics only) At the beginning of a star's life cycle the dust and gas is drawn together by gravity to cause fusion reactions.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how, at the start of a star's life cycle, the dust and gas drawn together by gravity causes fusion reactions
0
(Physics only) What do these fusion reactions lead to?
(Physics only) Fusion reactions lead to an equilibrium between the gravitational collapse of a star and the expansion of a star due to fusion energy.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain that fusion reactions lead to an equilibrium between the gravitational collapse of a star and the expansion of a star due to fusion energy.
0
(Physics only) How are all the naturally occurring elements formed?
(Physics only) Fusion processes in stars produce all of the naturally occurring elements.
(Physics only) Fusion processes in stars produce all of the naturally occurring elements.
0
(Physics only) Which elements are produced in a supernova?
(Physics only) Elements heavier than iron are produced in a supernova.
(Physics only) Elements heavier than iron are produced in a supernova.
0
(Physics only) How are elements distributed around the universe?
(Physics only) The explosion of a massive star (supernova) distributes the elements throughout the universe.
(Physics only) The explosion of a massive star (supernova) distributes the elements throughout the universe.
0
(Physics only) What allows the planets and satellites to maintain their circular orbits?
(Physics only) Gravity provides the force that allows planets and satellites (both natural and artificial) to maintain their circular orbits.
(Physics only) Gravity provides the force that allows planets and satellites (both natural and artificial) to maintain their circular orbits.
0
(Physics only) (HT only) What effect does gravity have on circular orbits?
(Physics only) (HT only) Gravity can lead to a change in velocity but unchanged speed.
(Physics only) (HT only) Students should be able to explain qualitatively how for circular orbits, the force of gravity can lead to changing velocity but unchanged speed
0
(Physics only) (HT only) What must happen to the radius of an orbit if the speed increases?
(Physics only) (HT only) If the speed increases then the radius of the orbit decreases.
(Physics only) (HT only) Students should be able to explain qualitatively how for a stable orbit, the radius must change if the speed changes.
0
(Physics only) What happens to the red-shift of receding galaxies and why?
(Physics only) Astronomers have found that the further from us a star is, the more its light is red-shifted. This tells us that distant galaxies are moving away from us, and that the further away a galaxy is, the faster it's moving away.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain qualitatively the red-shift of light from galaxies that are receding
0
(Physics only) What is red-shift?
(Physics only) Red-shift is the observed increase in a wavelength of light from most distant galaxies.
(Physics only) There is an observed increase in the wavelength of light from most distant galaxies. This effect is called red-shift.
0
(Physics only) What makes red-shift increase?
(Physics only) The further away the galaxies, the faster they are moving and the bigger the observed increase in wavelength.
(Physics only) The further away the galaxies, the faster they are moving and the bigger the observed increase in wavelength.
0
(Physics only) How does red-shift support the Big Bang theory?
(Physics only) The observed red-shift provides evidence that space itself (the universe) is expanding and supports the Big Bang theory.
(Physics only) The observed red-shift provides evidence that space itself (the universe) is expanding and supports the Big Bang theory.
0
(Physics only) What does the Big Bang theory suggest?
(Physics only) The Big Bang theory suggests that the universe began from a very small region that was extremely hot and dense.
(Physics only) The Big Bang theory suggests that the universe began from a very small region that was extremely hot and dense.
0
(Physics only) What have scientists observed of distant galaxies since 1998?
(Physics only) Since 1998 onwards, observations of supernovae suggest that distant galaxies are receding ever faster.
(Physics only) Since 1998 onwards, observations of supernovae suggest that distant galaxies are receding ever faster.
0
(Physics only) What evidence is there of an expanding universe?
(Physics only) The fact that the speed of a galaxy changes as it gets further away supports the idea that the universe is expanding.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain that the change of each galaxy's speed with distance is evidence of an expanding universe
0
(Physics only) How does Red-shift provide evidence for the Big Bang model?
(Physics only) Astronomers have found that the further from us a star is the more its light is red shifted. This tells us that distant galaxies are moving away from us, and that the further a galaxy is the faster it is moving away. This is evidence for a generally expanding universe. It suggests that everything is moving away from everything else.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how red-shift provides evidence for the Big Bang model
0
(Physics only) What evidence is there for the Big Bang theory?
(Physics only) There are two key pieces of evidence for Big Bang theory. These are red shift and the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation. Red shift shows us that galaxies are all moving away from us and cosmic microwave radiation shows that there are microwaves coming from every direction in space. Big Bang theory says this is energy created at the beginning of the universe, just after the Big Bang, and that has been travelling through space ever since.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain how scientists are able to use observations to arrive at theories such as the Big Bang theory
0
(Physics only) Do we know everything about the universe? If not give examples of things we don't yet understand.
(Physics only) No, there is still much about the universe that is not understood, for example dark mass and dark energy.
(Physics only) Students should be able to explain that there is still much about the universe that is not understood, for example dark mass and dark energy.
0
What is a force?
Forces can be either pushes or pulls, which can be combined to form a twist.
Forces can be either pushes or pulls, which can be combined to form a twist.
0
What do we use force arrows for? How do we draw them?
Force arrows in free body diagrams are used to show the direction of forces and the size of the force by its length or label. Force arrows have a solid arrow head.
Force arrows in free body diagrams are used to show the direction of forces and the size of the force by its length or label. Force arrows have a solid arrow head.
0
What do we measure forces in? What symbol can we use?
Forces are measured in newtons with the symbol 'N'.
Forces are measured in newtons with the symbol 'N'.
0
What is one Newton equivalent to?
A newton is the weight of a small apple.
A newton is the weight of a small apple.
0
What happens if forces are combined?
Forces can be combined to help or cancel each other.
Forces can be combined to help or cancel each other.
0
How do we calculate whether forces are balanced or unbalanced? How can we tell if a force is negative? What is the 'resultant force'?
Adding forces in 1 dimension, allows to calculate whether forces are balanced or unbalanced. Forces in the a backwards direction are considered negative. The combined force is is called the 'Resultant force' and is the result of adding all the forces together.
Adding forces in 1 dimension, allows to calculate whether forces are balanced or unbalanced. Forces in the a backwards direction are considered negative. The combined force is is called the 'Resultant force' and is the result of adding all the forces together.
0
What is momentum? Pick the most correct answer.
Momentum is the tendency for an object to keep moving with the same speed and direction.
Momentum is the tendency for an object to stay not moving.
Momentum is the tendency for an object to keep moving as at the same speed only.
Momentum is the tendency for an object to keep moving in the same direction only.
Momentum is the tendency for an object to keep moving as it was.
1
How can we change momentum?
It takes unbalanced forces to change the momentum of an object.
It takes an acceleration to change the momentum of an object.
It takes an inertia to change the momentum of an object.
It takes a balanced forces to change the momentum of an object.
It takes a force to change the momentum of an object.
1
Why do we need unbalanced forces?
Unbalanced forces being needed to cause objects to: - stop or start moving, - change their speed, - direction of motion These are all forms of acceleration (qualitative only).
Unbalanced forces are needed to cause objects to: - stop or start moving, - change their speed, - direction of motion These are all forms of acceleration (qualitative only).
0
What is acceleration dependent on?
The acceleration is in the direction of resultant force and the speed of the change is dependent on the size of the force.
The acceleration is in the direction of resultant force and the speed of the change is dependent on the size of the force.
0
How can we cause friction?
Rubbing causes friction between surfaces.
Rubbing causes friction between surfaces.
0
What does the amount of friction depend on?
The amount of friction depends on the roughness of the surfaces.
The amount of friction depends on the weight of an object.
The amount of friction depends on the width of the surfaces.
The amount of friction depends on the width of an object.
The amount of friction depends on the roughness of the surfaces (and closing force).
1
In what direction does friction always act in relation to motion?
Friction always acts to resist motion and therefore acts in the opposite direction to the (potential) motion.
Friction always acts to assist motion and therefore acts in the opposite direction to the (potential) motion.
Friction always acts to assist motion and therefore acts in the same direction to the (potential) motion.
Friction always acts to resist motion and therefore acts in the same direction to the (potential) motion.
Friction always acts to resist motion and therefore acts in the opposite direction to the (potential) motion.
1
In what direction does a reaction force work and what size is this force?
When an object applies a force to a second object, the second object applies and force equal in size but opposite in direction back.
When an object applies a force to a second object, the second object applies and force equal in size but opposite in direction back.
0
What is a the name of the force a solid object applies back, when acted upon by another force?
The force a solid object applies back, when acted upon by another force, is called the Reaction force.
The force a solid object applies back, when acted upon by another force, is called the Compression force.
The force a solid object applies back, when acted upon by another force, is called the Tension force.
The force a solid object applies back, when acted upon by another force, is called the Resultant force.
The force an object applies back is called the Reaction force.
1
What is deformation?
Deformation is changing the shape of an object.
Deformation is slowing down of an object.
Deformation is speeding up of an object.
Deformation is shrinking of an object.
Unbalanced forces can also change the shape of an object: deformation.
1
How is the force of tension created?
The force of tension is created when a solid is stretched.
The force of tension is created when a solid is squashed.
The force of tension is created when a fluid flows over an aerofoil.
The force of tension is created when a solid pushes back.
When solid objects are stretched there is a force of tension created with in it.
1
When will a spring stop deforming?
A spring will deform (stretch or compress) until the tension balances the load placed upon it.
A spring will deform (stretch or compress) until the tension balances the load placed upon it.
0
What are the 3 non-contact forces?
The 3 non-contact forces are: Electrostatic; Magnetic; Weight due to gravity;
The 3 non-contact forces are: Air resistance; Electrostatic; Weight due to gravity;
The 3 non-contact forces are: Air resistance; Magnetic; Weight due to gravity
The 3 non-contact forces are: Air resistance; Electrostatic; Magnetic
Forces can also be classified as either: - non-contact forces: - gravity forces acting at a distance on Earth and in space, - forces between magnets, - Electrostatic forces due to static electricity: Rubbed balloon
1
How else, other than rubbing two objects together, can friction be produced? What is this also known as?
Pushing things out of the way also creates a type of friction: - ball pit balls - air (particles): air resistance - water (particles): water resistance These forces are also called drag.
Pushing things out of the way also creates a type of friction: - ball pit balls - air (particles): air resistance - water (particles): water resistance These forces are also called drag.
0
Why do cars have a top speed?
Cars have a top speed because as a car gets faster the drag increases until it balances the force from the engine.
Cars have a top speed because as a car gets faster the drag decreases until it balances the force from the engine.
Cars have a top speed because as a car gets faster the drag increases until it no longer balances the force from the car engine.
Cars have a top speed because as a car gets faster the drag decreases until it no longer balances the force from the car engine.
Cars have a top speed because: - As they get faster they hit more air particles (harder) - When the car hits the particles the particles hit the car causing drag - The thrust from the engine force is constant - When the drag balances the engine force there is no resultant force - So no acceleration - So car travels at a constant (top) speed
1
What is the name of the force produced by an engine or motor?
Engines and motors produce a force called Thrust.
Engines and motors produce a force called Upthrust.
Engines and motors produce a force called Lift.
Engines and motors produce a force called Kinetic.
Engines and motors produce a force called Thrust.
1
Energy Cells Particles Forces
PROGRESS OBSERVATION OPPORTUNITY
Progress Observation Opportunity
0
Why do we need energy?
It takes energy to do anything. Think of an object that does something, describe the energy it is showing.
It takes energy to do anything.
0
What are the 8 forms of energy?
The 8 simple forms of energy: Light Sound Chemical Kinetic (Movement) Electrical Gravitational Elastic Thermal (Heat) (Nuclear) (Magnetic)
The 8 simple forms of energy: Light Sound Chemical potential Kinetic (Movement) Electrical Gravitational potential Elastic potential Thermal (Heat) (Nuclear) (Magnetic)
0
What is the difference between a store of energy and a flow of energy?
These can be categorised into stores and flows of energy. (Tree Map) Stores of energy can be left and returned to and the energy still be there. Flows of energy travel from one place to another.
These can be categorised into stores and flows of energy. Stores of energy can be left and returned to and the energy still be there. Flows of energy travel from one place to another.
0
What are the stores of energy? What are the flows of energy?
The Stores of energy: - Gravitational potential - Elastic potential - Chemical potential - (Nuclear potential) - Kinetic - Thermal - Magnetic The Flows of energy are - Light - Sound - Electrical - Heating (These are all waves)
The Stores of energy: - Gravitational potential - Elastic potential - Chemical potential - (Nuclear potential) The Flows of energy are - Light - Sound - Kinetic (Movement) - Electrical - Thermal (Heat) - movement of particles
0
How is energy transferred? Name 4 examples.
Processes that involve energy transfer: - changing motion, - dropping an object, - completing an electrical circuit, - stretching a spring, - metabolism of food, - burning fuels
Energy can be transferred from place to place.
0
Does energy always stay in the same form? Explain your answer.
Energy can be transformed from one form to another. Usually into more than one form.
Energy can be transformed from one form to another. Usually into more than one form.
0
What is meant by 'conservation of energy'?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed or transferred from place to place.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed or transferred from place to place.
0
Why do we use energy transfer diagrams? Draw an energy transfer diagram for the energy transfers in a fan heater.
Energy transfer diagrams are used to transfers (and transforms) of energy. Energy transfer diagrams: - Stores of energy are written in boxes. - Flows of energy are written on arrows. - Places / objects are written at the end of arrows. - The final arrows need to point word 'surroundings'
Energy transfer diagrams are used to transfers (and transforms) of energy. Energy transfer diagrams: - Stores of energy are written in boxes. - Flows of energy are written on arrows. - Places / objects are written at the end of arrows. - The final arrows need to point word 'surroundings'
0
Which direction(s) does energy flow?
Energy flows from high energy (the store) to areas of low energy (the surroundings).
Energy flows from high energy (the store) to areas of low energy (the surroundings).
0
How is energy dispersed?
When energy is transferred it is always dispersed until it is evenly distributed in all places.
When energy is transferred it is always dispersed until it is evenly distributed in all places.
0
How does anything happen in terms of energy?
We harness the flow of energy from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Analogy: water wheel
We can harness this flow to do something. Analogy: water wheel
0
What sorts of processes involve energy transfers? Give 3 examples.
Processes that involve energy transfer: - changing motion, - dropping an object, - completing an electrical circuit, - stretching a spring, - metabolism of food, - burning fuels
Processes that involve energy transfer: - changing motion, - dropping an object, - completing an electrical circuit, - stretching a spring, - metabolism of food, - burning fuels
0
What is meant by a more efficient device?
Some energy is useful and some is not useful, more efficient devices have more useful energy
Some energy is useful and some is not useful, more efficient devices have more useful energy
0
What do we measure the amount of energy transferred in?
Amount of energy transferred can be measured in Joules.
Amount of energy transferred can be measured in Joules.
0
Energy Transfer Joule Fuel
REVIEW of 2P.1
Review of 2P.1
0
Why do hot objects have more energy than cooler ones? How is this energy transferred?
heating and thermal equilibrium: temperature difference between 2 objects leading to energy transfer from the hotter to the cooler one, through - contact (conduction) or - radiation; such transfers tending to reduce the temperature difference;
Hot objects have more heat energy than cooler ones.
0
In which direction does heat energy flow?
Heat energy flows from hot objects to cooler ones.
Heat energy flows from hot objects to cooler ones.
0
When does heat energy stop flowing?
Heat energy stops flowing when objects are the same temperature.
Heat energy stops flowing when objects are the same temperature.
0
What do we call energy transfer through contact?
Heat energy can transfer through contact known as conduction.
Heat energy can transfer through contact known as conduction.
0
When does conduction occur?
Conduction occurs when fast moving (hot) particles collide with slower (cooler) particles.
Conduction occurs when fast moving (hot) particles collide with slower (cooler) particles.
0
Why does energy transfer in conduction?
Energy is passed on as the fast moving particles slow down as the slower particles speed up.
Energy is passed on as the fast moving particles slow down as the slower particles speed up.
0
How, other than conduction and convection, can heat energy transfer?
Heat energy can transfer through radiation.
Heat energy can transfer through radiation.
0
What is radiation described as?
Radiation is heat energy in the form of light.
Radiation is heat energy in the form of light.
0
What is convection? What substances does it occur in?
Convection is the (mass) movement of particles with heat energy. It only occurs in fluids.
Convection is the (mass) movement of particles with heat energy.
0
To what point do objects cool down to?
Hot objects always cool down until they reach the same temperature as their surroundings.
Hot objects always cool down until they reach the same temperature as their surroundings.
0
How do insulators work?
Insulators reduce the speed (rate of) energy transfer.
Insulators reduce the speed (rate of) energy transfer.
0
What is a better insulator - air or plastic?
A gas is a better insulator than a solid.
A gas is a better insulator than a solid.
0
Why is air a better insulator than plastic?
A gas is a better insulator than a solid because gas particles are further apart than in a solid. Therefore the collision of particles are less frequent.
A gas is a better insulator than a solid because gas particles are further apart than in a solid. Therefore the collision of particles are less frequent.
0
What are the best insulators?
Vacuums are the best insulators.
Vacuums are the best insulators.
0
Why are vacuums the best insulators?
Vacuums are the best insulators because there are no particles to collide in a vacuum.
Vacuums are the best insulators because there are no particles to collide in a vacuum.
0
Why do humans wear clothes to keep warm?
Layers of clothes or fur, trap air so that the particles can not convect away, while the air still reduces conduction by reducing collisions.
Layers of clothes or fur, trap air so that the particles can not convect away, while the air still reduces conduction by reducing collisions.
0
What is speed? What happens if we travel faster?
Speed is how far and object travels in a bit of time. To travel fast is to cover more distance in the same time, or the same distance in less time.
Speed is how far an object travels in a bit of time. To travel fast is to cover more distance in the same time, or the same distance in less time.
0
What is the equation we use to calculate speed?
The average speed for a journey is the distance traveled ÷ total time.
The average speed for a journey is the distance traveled ÷ total time.
0
What does the speed calculation tell you about your journey?
This is the average speed as you may have changed speed during the journey.
This is the average speed as you may have changed speed during the journey.
0
What do we call the speed at a given moment in time?
The speed and any one moment in time is called the instantaneous speed.
The speed and any one moment in time is called the instantaneous speed.
0
What makes roads safer?
Find out here: http://www.speedcamerasuk.com/gatso.htm http://www.speedcamerasuk.com/specs.htm
Which make for safer roads: GATSO or SPECS speed cameras? http://www.speedcamerasuk.com/gatso.htm http://www.speedcamerasuk.com/specs.htm
0
What is the relationship between distance, speed and time?
speed and the quantitative relationship between average speed, distance and time (speed = distance ÷ time)
speed and the quantitative relationship between average speed, distance and time (speed = distance ÷ time)
0
What are the units for distance and time?
The SI unit for distance is metres (m). The SI unit for time is seconds (s).
The SI unit for distance is metres (m). The SI unit for time is seconds (s).
0
What unit do we measure speed in?
The SI unit for speed is metres per second (m/s).
The SI unit for speed is metres per second (m/s).
0
How do you calculate the average speed of an object?
The average speed of an object is calculating by using the overall distance divided by the overall time taken to move this distance.
Calculate the average speed of some objects. G5: rearrange equations
0
How can you plan a practical to investigate the factors that affect a trolley's speed?
Aim: The height of the ramp affects the average speed of the car.
PLANNING: - Aim: The height of the ramp affects the average speed of the car. - Hypothesis: That as the height of the ramp is increased the average speed of the car will increase.
0
How do we represent journeys without writing a story?
A journey can be represented on a distance-time graph. Time is the independent variable as it is always changing, all be it not under our control.
A journey can be represented on a distance-time graph. Time is the independent variable as it is always changing, all be it not under our control.
0
On a distance-time graph: What does a rising straight line from left to right indicate? What does a 'horizontal line from left to right indicate?
On a distance-time graph: - A rising straight line from left to right indicates a steady increase in distance, ie a constant speed. - A 'horizontal' line from left to right indicates no change in distance and therefore the object is stationary.
On a distance-time graph: - A rising straight line from left to right indicates a steady increase in distance, ie a constant speed. - A 'horizontal' line from left to right indicates no change in distance and therefore the object is stationary.
0
What is the difference in speed between a car travelling a 30 m/s and a lorry travelling at 20 m/s? How did you work this out? What does this difference in speed show?
What is the difference in speed between a car travelling a 30 m/s and a lorry travelling at 20 m/s? => 10 m/s How did you work this out? => 30 take away 20 This is the relative motion between the car and the lorry.
What is the difference in speed between a car travelling a 30 m/s and a lorry travelling at 20 m/s? => 10 m/s How did you work this out? => 30 take away 20 This is the relative motion between the car and the lorry.
0
What is meant by 'relative motion'?
The relative motion is the 'motion' (movement) of one object measured 'relative' (from) another.
The relative motion is the 'motion' (movement) of one object measured 'relative' (from) another.
0
How much further does the car get away from the lorry in one second? What if the car starts behind the lorry?
How much further does the car get away from the lorry in one second? => 10 m/s What if the car starts behind the lorry? => The car would get closer, maybe collided at 10 m/s.
How much further does the car get away from the lorry in one second? => 10 m/s What if the car starts behind the lorry? => The car would get closer, maybe collided at 10 m/s.
0
At what speed would they collide at if they were travelling towards each other? How did you work this out?
At what speed would they collide at if they were travelling towards each other? => 50 m/s How did you work this out? => 30 plus 20
At what speed would they collide at if they were travelling towards each other? => 50 m/s How did you work this out? => 30 plus 20
0
What is velocity? What is negative velocity?
Velocity is speed in a direction. A negative velocity is in the opposite direction to a positive one.
Velocity is speed in a direction. A negative velocity is in the opposite direction to a positive one.
0
If the lorry is travelling at 20 m/s and a car at -30 m/s what speed do they collide at? How did you work this out?
If the lorry is travelling at 20 m/s and a car at -30 m/s what speed do they collide at? => 50 m/s How did you work this out? => 20 take away minus 30
If the lorry is travelling at 20 m/s and a car at -30 m/s what speed do they collide at? => 50 m/s How did you work this out? => 20 take away minus 30
0
What is weight?
The force due to gravity.
The force due to gravity is called weight.
0
What is the difference between weight and gravity?
Gravity is an attraction between objects of mass. Weight is the force due to gravity.
Gravity is an attraction between objects of mass.
0
How is the weight of an object increased?
The weight of an object will increase if the mass of the object is increased.
The weight of an object will increase if the mass of the object is increased.
0
How is the weight of an object increased?
The weight of an object will increase if the gravitational pull on the object is increased.
The weight of an object will increase if the gravitational pull on the object is increased.
0
What is gravitational pull also measured as?
The gravitational pull is measured as gravitational field strength.
The gravitational pull is measured as gravitational field strength.
0
What is the calculation for weight?
Weight = mass x gravitational field strength (g).
Weight = mass x gravitational field strength (g).
0
What sort of force is produced by gravity?
gravity produces a non-contact force
gravity produces a non-contact force
0
How are different seasons caused?
the seasons and the Earth's tilt, day length at different times of year, in different hemispheres
the seasons and the Earth's tilt, day length at different times of year, in different hemispheres
0
What travels from one place to another in a wave?
Waves transfer energy from one place to another, but not matter.
Waves transfer energy and matter from one place to another.
Waves transfer matter from one place to another, but not energy.
Waves do not transfer anything.
Waves transfer energy from one place to another, but generally not matter (particles).
0
What is the maximum displacement of a wave called?
The maximum displacement is called the amplitude.
The maximum displacement is called the frequency.
The maximum displacement is called the period.
The maximum displacement is called the equilibrium.
The maximum displacement is called the amplitude.
0
How is the wavelength of a water wave measured?
Peak-to-peak or trough-to-trough.
Peak-to-trough.
Trough-to-peak
Equilibrium point to closest equilibrium point.
The distance between like places on a wave, such as peak-to-peak or trough-to-trough, is known as the wavelengths. Wavelength is measured in metres (m).
0
What type of wave is a water wave?
Transverse wave.
Longitudinal wave.
Mechanical wave.
Electromagnetic wave.
Waves on water as undulations which travel through water with transverse motion as the wave moves horizontally but the water moves up and down.
0
What is reflection?
A wave bouncing off an object.
A wave spreading out through a gap.
A wave changing direction.
A wave splits into components.
Water waves can be reflected. This is when waves bounce off an object.
0
What is refraction?
A wave changing direction.
A wave spreading out through a gap.
A wave bouncing off an object.
A wave splits into components.
Water waves can be refracted. This is when waves change direction.
0
What is diffraction?
A wave spreading out through a gap.
A wave changing direction.
A wave bouncing off an object.
A wave splits into components.
Water waves can be diffracted. This is when waves spread out through a gap.
0
What is wave superposition?
When waves add together creating bigger peaks or smaller peaks.
When waves add together creating bigger peaks.
When waves add together creating smaller peaks.
When waves cancel each other out.
Water waves can add or cancel - superposition: When peaks meet you get bigger peaks. When a peak meets a trough then they cancel out.
0
How is sound produced?
Sound is produced by the vibrations of objects.
Sound is produced by a stationary object.
Sound is produced by excitation of electrons.
Sound is produced by vibrations in a vacuum.
Sound is produced by vibrations of objects.
0
What is the frequency of a wave?
The frequency of a wave is number of waves in a bit of time.
The frequency of a wave is how long it takes to complete one wave.
The frequency of a wave is maximum displacement within the wave.
The frequency of a wave is the distance between the trough and peak of a wave.
The number of vibrations (waves) in a bit of time is known as the frequency of a wave.
0
What unit is frequency measured in?
Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
Frequency is measured in meters (m).
Frequency is measured in seconds (s).
Frequency is measured in meters per second (m/s).
Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) which means number per second.
0
What is the relationship between frequency and the sound produced?
The higher the frequency of sound, the higher the pitch.
The higher the frequency of sound, the lower the pitch.
The higher the frequency of sound, the higher the volume.
The higher the frequency of sound, the lower the volume.
The higher the frequency of sound, the higher the pitch.
0
What does a high frequency signal look like on an oscilloscope, compared to a low frequency signal?
The closer the peaks on an oscilloscope the higher the frequency of the signal and therefore the wave.
The further apart the peaks on an oscilloscope the higher the frequency of the signal and therefore the wave.
The taller the peaks on an oscilloscope the higher the frequency of the signal and therefore the wave.
The shorter the peaks on an oscilloscope the higher the frequency of the signal and therefore the wave.
The closer the peaks on an oscilloscope the higher the frequency of the signal and therefore the wave.
0
What does a high amplitude signal look like on an oscilloscope, compared to a low amplitude signal?
The taller the peaks on an oscilloscope the higher the amplitude of the signal and therefore wave.
The shorter the peaks on an oscilloscope the higher the amplitude of the signal and therefore wave.
The further apart the peaks are on an oscilloscope the higher the amplitude of the signal and therefore wave.
The closer the peaks on an oscilloscope the higher the amplitude of the signal and therefore wave.
The taller the peaks on an oscilloscope the higher the amplitude of the signal and therefore wave.
0
What is the relationship between energy and amplitude?
The higher the amplitude of the wave, the more energy in the wave and therefore the louder the sound.
The higher the amplitude of the wave, the less energy in the wave and therefore the louder the sound.
The higher the amplitude of the wave, the more energy in the wave and therefore the quieter the sound.
The higher the amplitude of the wave, the less energy in the wave and therefore the quieter the sound.
The higher the amplitude of the wave, the more energy in the wave and therefore the louder the sound.
0
What is the auditory range of humans?
The auditory range of humans is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
The auditory range of humans is from 30 Hz to 30 kHz.
The auditory range of humans is from 30 Hz to 10 kHz.
The auditory range of humans is from 20 Hz to 10 kHz.
The auditory range of humans is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
0
What is ultrasound?
Sound frequencies above the hearing range of humans are called ultrasound.
Sound frequencies below the hearing range of humans are called ultrasound.
Sound frequencies that can only be heard by bats are called ultrasound.
Sound frequencies within the hearing range of humans are called ultrasound.
Sound frequencies above the hearing range of humans are called ultrasound.
0
What can ultrasound be used for and why?
Ultrasound can be used to pass on energy and therefore be used for cleaning and physiotherapy.
Ultrasound can be used to collect energy and therefore be used for cleaning and physiotherapy.
Ultrasound can be used to collect energy and therefore be used for pregnancy scans.
Ultrasound can be used to pass energy though anything and therefore be used for pregnancy scans.
Ultrasound can be used to pass on energy and therefore be used for cleaning and physiotherapy.
0
What type of wave is a sound wave?
Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
Sound waves are transverse waves.
Sound waves are mechanical waves.
Sound waves are electromagnetic waves.
Sound waves are longitudinal as the motion of the particles is along the direction the wave is travelling.
0
Why does sound need a medium to travel?
Sound needs a medium of particles to travel, as the energy in sound waves is passed on by the collision of particles.
Sound needs a medium of particles to travel, as the energy in sound waves is passed on by the rubbing of particles.
Sound needs a medium so that it not too large.
Sound needs a medium so that it is not too small.
Sound needs a medium of particles to travel, as the energy in sound waves is passed on by the collision of particles.
0
In which of state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) does sound sound travel fastest?
Sound travels fastest in solids.
Sound travels fastest in liquids.
Sound travels fastest in gases.
Sound travels slowest in liquids.
Sound travels fastest in solids and slowest in gasses.
0
Why does the sound travel faster?
Sound travels fastest in solids as the particles are closest together and so the collisions are passed on faster.
Sound travels fastest in solids as the particles are closest together and so the collisions are passed on slower.
Sound travels fastest in gases as the particles are closest together and so the collisions are passed on faster.
Sound travels fastest in gases as the particles are closest together and so the collisions are passed on slower.
Sound travels fastest in solids as the particles are closest together and so the collisions are passed on faster. Sound travels slowest in gasses as the particles are farthest apart and so the collisions are passed on slower.
0
What happens when sound waves collide with an object such as an ear drum?
The sound energy is absorbed by the ear drum.
The sound energy is created by the ear drum.
The sound energy is destroyed by the ear drum.
The sound energy is attracted by the ear drum.
The sound energy is absorbed by the diaphragm and ear drum.
0
What is an echo?
Echoes are the reflection of a sound wave with a long time delay.
Echoes are the reflection of a sound wave with a short time delay.
Echoes are the refraction of a sound wave with a long time delay.
Echoes are the refraction of a sound wave with a short time delay.
Echoes are just the reflection of a sound wave with an big enough time delay, such that your brain separates the sound into two distinct events.
0
What is the equation to calculate speed?
speed = distance / time
speed = distance x time
time = speed / distance
time = distance x speed
Speed = distance / time With reflections / echoes the sound travels twice the distance of the person making the sound and the wall.
0
What causes a spring to deform?
A spring will deform (stretch or compression) until the tension balances the load placed upon it.
A spring will deform (stretch or compression) until the tension balances the load placed upon it.
0
What happens to an object when it is deformed elastically?
When a spring (or any object) is deformed elastically it will go back to its original shape.
When a spring (or any object) is deformed elastically it will go back to its original shape.
0
What energy transfers occur when an object is deformed elastically?
When a spring (or any object) is deformed elastically, there is work done as kinetic energy is transformed into elastic (strain) potential energy.
When a spring (or any object) is deformed elastically, there is work done as kinetic energy is transformed into elastic (strain) potential energy.
0
What happens to the elastic potential energy of a spring as it returns to its original shape?
The elastic (strain) potential energy can be retrieved as the object returns to it shape, normally in the form of kinetic energy.
The elastic (strain) potential energy can be retrieved as the object returns to it shape, normally in the form of kinetic energy.
0
What happens to an object when it is deformed plastically?
force-extension linear relation; Hooke's Law as a special case
When a spring (or any object) is deformed plastically it will not go back to its original shape.
0
What energy transfers occur when an object is plastically deformed and where is the energy?
When a spring (or any object) is deformed plastically kinetic energy is used to overcome the forces between particles. This energy ends up as thermal energy as the particles are vibrating more.
When a spring (or any object) is deformed plastically kinetic energy is used to overcome the forces between particles. This energy ends up as thermal energy as the particles are vibrating more.
0
What is happening to a spring during the linear region of a force-extension graph? At what point does the spring stop obeying Hooke's law?
While in the linear region of a force-extension graph, the spring is obeying Hooke's Law and the deformation is elastic. Past the limit of proportionality, the spring does not obey Hooke's Law and is being plastically deformed.
While in the linear region of a force-extension graph, the spring is obeying Hooke's Law and the deformation is elastic. Past the limit of proportionality, the spring does not obey Hooke's Law and is being plastically deformed.
0
What is the role of a machine in terms of forces?
A machines transmits a force from one place or object to another.
A machines transmits a force from one place or object to another.
0
What is the advantage and disadvantage of a simple machine?
Simple machines give bigger force but at the expense of smaller movement (and vice versa)
Simple machines give bigger force but at the expense of smaller movement (and vice versa)
0
Give 3 examples of simple machines.
Simple machines include: - Ramps - Levers - Pulleys - Wedge - Screw
Simple machines include: - Ramps - Levers - Pulleys - Wedge - Screw
0
What is work done? What is work done also known as? What unit do we use for work done?
The product of force and displacement is work done. Work done is also known as energy transferred. The unit of work done is therefore Joules.
The product of force and displacement is work done. Work done is also known as energy transferred. The unit of work done is therefore Joules.
0
What is the relationship between energy transferred in and work done?
The 'energy transferred in' is equal to the work done.
The 'energy transferred in' is equal to the work done.
0
What is a moment?
A moment is the turning effect of a force?
When a force is applied offset from a pivot, the force produces a turning effect. This turning effect is known as a 'moment'.
0
What two factors is the size of a moment proportional to?
The size of a moment proprtional to two factors: -the size of the force applied -the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force
The size of a moment proprtional to two factors: -the size of the force applied -the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force
0
What unit do we use for moments?
The SI units of a moment are Newton Metres (Nm), although Ncm are commonly used.
The SI units of a moment are Newton Metres (Nm), although Ncm are commonly used.
0
What is gas pressure caused by?
Gas pressure is caused by particles (in a gas) bouncing off a surface.
Gas pressure is caused by particles (in a gas) bouncing off a surface.
0
What is atmospheric pressure caused by?
Atmospheric pressure, it is caused by the weight of air above.
Atmospheric pressure is caused by the weight of air above.
0
What effect does increase of height have on atmospheric pressure? Explain this.
Atmospheric pressure, decreases with increase of height as weight of air above decreases with height
Atmospheric pressure, decreases with increase of height as weight of air above decreases with height
0
What is the equation for calculating pressure?
Pressure = force/area
Pressure measured by ratio of force over area - acting normal to any surface.
0
What is pressure in fluids caused by?
Pressure in fluids is caused by the collision of particles on the surface of an object.
Pressure in fluids is caused by the collision of particles on the surface of an object.
0
What is the magnitude of the pressure in liquids equal to?
The magnitude of the pressure in liquids is equal to the weight of water above the object.
The magnitude of the pressure in liquids is equal to the weight of water above the object.
0
What happens to the pressure in liquids when depth is increased?
The pressure in liquids increases with depth.
The pressure in liquids increases with depth.
0
What is the relationship between the upthrust force and the weight of the water?
The size of the upthrust force is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the object.
The size of the upthrust force is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the object.
0
To what point will an object sink to?
An object will sink until enough water is displaced to produce an upthrust to balance it's weight.
An object will sink until enough water is displaced to produce an upthrust to balance it's weight.
0
What causes an object to sink?
If the weight of the object is greater than the upthrust produced the object will sink.
If the weight of the object is greater than the upthrust produced the object will sink.
0
What causes an object to float?
If the weight of the object is equal to the upthrust produced the object will float.
If the weight of the object is equal to the upthrust produced the object will float.
0
What is the density of water equal to?
The density of water is 1kg/l = 1g/ml
The density of water is 1kg/l = 1g/ml
0
What effect do objects that are less dense than water have on the water?
Objects which are less dense than water will displace a greater weight of water than they have. Therefore they will float.
Objects which are less dense than water will displace a greater weight of water than they have. Therefore they will float.
0
What effect do objects that are more dense than water have on water?
Objects which are more dense than water will displace a smaller weight of water than they have. Therefore they will sink.
Objects which are more dense than water will displace a smaller weight of water than they have. Therefore they will sink.
0
What method is used to heat most homes? How do urban homes get this resource? How do rural homes get this resource?
Most homes are heated with natural gas. This is piped to most homes through a national grid, although Rural homes may have a gas tank.
Most homes are heated with natural gas. This is piped to most homes through a national grid, although Rural homes may have a gas tank.
0
What is a non-renewable energy source? Give some examples.
A non-renewable energy source is an energy source that cannot be reused. Non-Renewable Energy Resources include: - Coal - Oil - Gas - Nuclear
Non-Renewable Energy Resources include: - Coal - Oil - Gas - Nuclear
0
What is the main difference between homes powered by gas and homes powered by oil?
Homes used to be powered by oil. Some homes are still are. There is no national oil pipe network.
Homes used to be powered by oil. Some homes are still are. There is no national oil pipe network.
0
What are most of the appliances in the home powered by?
Most of the other appliances in the home are powered by electricity.
Most of the other appliances in the home are powered by electricity.
0
Where is electricity generated?
Electricity is generated in Power Stations which harness an 'Energy Resource'.
Electricity is generated in Power Stations which harness an 'Energy Resource'.
0
What is a renewable energy source? Give some examples.
A renewable energy source is an energy source that can be reused.Renewable Energy Resources include: - Wind - Wave - Hydro - Tidal - Solar - Biomass - Geothermal
Renewable Energy Resources include: - Wind - Wave - Hydro - Tidal - Solar - Biomass - Geothermal
0
How do most thermal power stations work?
Most thermal power stations convert Chemical (or Nuclear) Energy into thermal by burning and then into Electrical Energy (Intermediate steps optional).
Most thermal power stations convert Chemical (or Nuclear) Energy into thermal by burning and then into Electrical Energy (Intermediate steps optional).
0
How do most non-thermal power stations work?
Most non-thermal power stations convert Kinetic Energy into Electrical Energy (Intermediate steps optional).
Most non-thermal power stations convert Kinetic Energy into Electrical Energy (Intermediate steps optional).
0
What energy transfers occur in solar power stations?
Solar power stations convert Light Energy into Electrical Energy directly.
Solar power stations convert Light Energy into Electrical Energy directly.
0
What sort of appliances generally use the most energy?
Heating appliances use a lot of energy.
Heating appliances use a lot of energy.
0
What does the amount of energy transferred depend on?
The amount of energy transferred by an appliance depends on the power rating of the appliance and the duration.
The amount of energy transferred by an appliance depends on the power rating of the appliance and the duration.
0
What is the equation for calculating energy?
Energy = power x time
Energy = power x time
0
How many Joules are there in a kilojoule?
There are 1000 joules in a kilojoule.
Sample calculations to include: J, kJ, kWhour units.
0
What is a kilowatt hour? What units are used?
The amount of energy transferred in one hour. kWh.
A unit of electrical energy is the same as a kilowatt hour (kWh).
0
How is the amount of energy used by a customer measured?
The amount of electrical energy used by a customer is measured by an electrical meter.
The amount of electrical energy used by a customer is measured by an electrical meter.
0
What is the equation for calculating the cost of electricity?
The cost of electricity is equal to number of units x cost per unit.
The cost of electricity is equal to number of units x cost per unit.
0
What is the rough cost of an electrical unit?
The cost of an electrical unit is around 15p. The cost of Gas is around 4p per kWh, which is why it is preferred for heating applications.
The cost of an electrical unit is around 15p. The cost of Gas is around 4p per kWh, which is why it is preferred for heating applications.
0
Which part of the magnet is the strongest?
magnetic poles, attraction and repulsion
Magnets are strongest on their ends.
0
What are the ends of a magnet called?
The ends are called magnetic poles.
The ends are called magnetic poles.
0
How do the poles of a magnet interact?
Opposite poles attract and similar poles repel.
Opposite poles attract and similar poles repel.
0
How can magnets be made by using another magnet?
Magnets can be made by stroking an magnetic material in the same direction with the same pole on a magnet.
Magnets can be made by stroking an magnetic material in the same direction with the same pole.
0
Why do magnetic materials become magnetic?
Magnetic materials become magnetic when the domains inside are lined up in the same direction.
Magnetic materials become magnetic when the domains inside are lined up in the same direction.
0
What is a magnetic domain?
Magnetic domains are small regions within the material that act like a magnet.
Magnetic domains are small regions within the material that act like a magnet.
0
How are magnetic domains created?
Domains are created by the spinning electrons in particles
Domains are created by the spinning electrons in particles.
0
What is a magnetic field?
The area around a magnet in which a magnetic object experiences a force is called a magnetic field.
The area around a magnet in which a magnetic object experiences a force is called a magnetic field.
0
What does the shape of a magnetic field depend on?
magnetic fields by plotting with compass, representation by field lines
The magnetic field has a shape based on the shape of the magnet and the magnetic objects abound it.
0
How do we represent magnetic fields in drawings?
Magnetic fields are represented by field lines.
Magnetic fields are represented by field lines.
0
Where are the magnetic fields usually the strongest?
The magnetic field is strongest where magnetic field lines are closest together (normally the poles).
The magnetic field is strongest where magnetic field lines are closest together (normally the poles).
0
How can we plot magnetic field lines?
Magnetic field lines can be plotted with a compass.
Magnetic field lines can be plotted with a compass.
0
Which direction do magnetic field lines flow?
Magnetic field lines flow from North to South poles outside a magnet.
Magnetic field lines flow from North to South poles outside a magnet.
0
What shape is the Earth's magnetic field?
Earth's magnetism, compass and navigation
The Earth has a magnetic field with a similar shape to that of a bar magnet.
0
What is the Earth's magnetic field caused by?
The Earth's has a magnet field is caused by the spinning of Iron and Nickel core.
The Earth's has a magnet field is caused by the spinning of Iron and Nickel core.
0
How do compasses work?
The Earth's magnetic field will produce a force on compass needle, aligning the needle with the Earth's field and navigation
The Earth's magnetic field will produce a force on compass needle, aligning the needle with the Earth's field and navigation
0
How do magnetic materials affect the location of magnetic field lines?
Magnetism flows more easily through a magnetic material and so magnetic materials change the location of magnetic field lines.
Magnetism flows more easily through a magnetic material and so magnetic materials change the location of magnetic field lines.
0
How do objects become charged?
Objects can become charged when objects are rubbed together.
Objects can become charged when objects are rubbed together.
0
What do objects with the same charge do to each other?
Objects charged in the same way repel each other.
Objects charged in the same way repel each other.
0
What do objects with opposite charges do to each other?
Objects used to charge each other will attract each other.
Objects used to charge each other will attract each other.
0
What causes a negative charge?
The negative charges which are transferred are electrons.
The negative charges which are transferred are electrons.
0
What forces occur between charged objects?
There are electrostatic forces between charged objects.
There are electrostatic forces between charged objects.
0
Why is it that electrons can be transferred by protons can't?
Electrons are able to be transferred because they are on the outer edge of an atom.
DESIRABLE: Electrons are able to be transferred because they are on the outer edge of an atom.
0
What is an electric field?
The area around a charged object in which a charged object experiences a force is called a electrical field.
The area around a charged object in which a charged object experiences a force is called a electrical field.
0
How do we represent electrical fields?
Electrical fields are represented by field lines.
Electrical fields are represented by field lines.
0
What is the maximum displacement of a wave called?
The maximum displacement is called the amplitude.
The maximum displacement is called the amplitude.
0
How is the wavelength of a wave measured?
Peak-to-peak or trough-to-trough.
The distance between like places on a wave, such as peak-to-peak or trough-to-trough, is known as the wavelengths. Wavelength is measured in metres (m).
0
What do waves usually transfer?
Waves transfer energy from place to place.
Waves transfer energy from one place to another, but generally not matter (particles).
0
Why are water waves and light waves described as 'transverse'?
Water waves and light waves are transverse waves, because the displacement is perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
Water waves and light waves are transverse waves, because the displacement is perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
0
What is refraction?
When light (or waves) waves change speed they change direction. This is called refraction.
When light (or waves) waves change speed they change direction. This is called refraction.
0
Why can light travel through a vacuum?
Light waves can travel everywhere including through a vacuum due to the fact that they don't need particles in order to travel.
Light waves can travel through a vacuum.
0
What is another name for light?
Light is also known as electromagnetic radiation.
Light is called electromagnetic radiation.
0
What happens when all the colours of light mix?
When different colours of light mix they combine to form white light.
When all colours of light mix they add up to form white light.
0
Why are the colours of white light separated in a rainbow?
The different colours of light bend different amounts. Red is bent the least, Violet is bent the most.
The different colours of light are refracted (bend) different amounts. Red is refracted the least, Violet is refracted the most.
0
Why do different colours of light bend different amounts?
They all have different frequencies.
The different colours have different frequencies of light.
0
How does the frequency of light affect how much is it bent by a prism?
The higher the frequency of light, the more it is bent by a prism.
The higher the frequency of light, the more it is refracted by the prism.
0
How do light waves travel if not by particles?
Light waves are displacements in electrical and magnetic fields.
Light waves do not involve particles, they are displacements in electrical and magnetic fields.
0
How does frequency affect the energy of a wave?
The higher the frequency the higher the energy of the wave.
The higher the frequency the higher the energy of the wave.
0
How do the frequencies of red visible light and violet visible light compare?
Red has the lowest frequency (of visible light). Violet has the highest frequency (of visible light)
Red has the lowest frequency (of visible light). Violet has the highest frequency (of visible light)
0
What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
The speed of light through a vacuum is always 3x10^8 m/s
The speed of light through a vacuum is always 3x10^8 m/s
0
How do the energies of red visible light and violet visible light compare?
Red has the lowest energy (of visible light). Violet has the highest energy (of visible light).
Red has the lowest energy (of visible light). Violet has the highest energy (of visible light)
0
What happens when colours of paint are mixed?
When colours of paint are mixed they subtract to form brown
When colours of paint are mix they subtract, forming brown.
0
What three things can happen to a wave when it encounters a material?
When a wave encounters a material it is either: reflected, absorbed or transmitted.
When a wave encounters a material it is either: reflected; absorbed or; transmitted
0
How do light waves travel?
Light (waves) travels in straight lines. We use rays to show this.
Light (waves) travels in straight lines. We use rays to show this.
0
What is the law of reflection off a plane surface?
When a wave is reflected from an object like a mirror, the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
When a wave is reflected from an object like a mirror, the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
0
What is the symbol of a mirror for ray diagrams?
The symbol for a mirror in ray diagrams is a straight light with perpendicular lines on the back side.
Use of ray model to explain imaging in mirrors
0
What is it called when a wave hits a flat, shiny surface and bounces back?
When a wave hits an object like a mirror, and bounces back it is called specular reflection.
When a wave is reflected from an object like a mirror, it is called specular reflection.
0
How does specular reflection allow an image to be formed?
In specular reflection rays are reflected at a consistent angle, allowing an image to be formed.
In specular reflection rays are reflected at a consistent angle, allowing an image to be formed.
0
When does diffuse scattering occur?
Diffuse scattering occurs when rays are reflected from a surface in a variety of angles.
Diffuse scattering occurs when rays are reflected from a surface in a variety of angles.
0
Why does a red object look red in white light?
A red object only reflects red light back to the observer. It absorbs all other colours.
Differential colour effects in absorption and diffuse reflection
0
How can you split white light?
You can split white light up by passing it through a glass prism. The different coloured light will travel through the glass at different speeds, separating it out.
Mini enquiry into the effects of refraction.
0
What are the components of the eye?
The eye consists of an: iris; pupil; cornea; lens; retina; and optic nerve.
The eye consists of an: iris; pupil; cornea; lens; retina; and optic nerve.
0
How does light enter the eye?
Light enters the eye through the pupil.
Light enters the eye through the pupil.
0
Why does the pupil change size?
The pupil changes size to keep the amount of light energy entering the eye constant.
The pupil changes size to keep the amount of light energy entering the eye constant.
0
How is a focused (clear) and bright image produced by the eye?
Light is refracted so that rays of light from the one place on the object reaches only one place on the retina. This creates a focused (clear) and bright image.
Light is refracted so that rays of light from the one place on the object reaches only one place on the retina. This creates a focused (clear) and bright image.
0
Why are the cornea and lens convex in shape?
The cornea and the lens are convex in shape and so focus the light.
The cornea and the lens are convex in shape and so focus the light.
0
What does a lens do to the image of an object?
A lens can be used to form a bright, focused image.
A lens can collect the rays that enter it and concentrate them to a single point on the screen, forming a bright, focused image.
0
How do they specialised cells detect changes in light energy in the eye?
The retina has specialised cells that sense / detect light energy by having chemicals that are destroyed when they absorb the light energy.
The retina has specialised cells that sense / detect light energy by having chemicals that are destroyed when they absorb the light energy.
0
How does the eye inform the brain what you see?
The cell uses the amount of chemical left to send a message to the brain in the form of electrical energy.
The cell uses the amount of chemical left to send a message to the brain in the form of electrical energy.
0
What does a ray model of a pinhole camera look like?
http://www.cbakken.net/obookshelf/camera.html
Use of ray model to explain imaging in pinhole cameras.
0
With photosensitive paper where does light transfer from and to?
Light transfers energy from source to absorber.
Light transfers energy from source to absorber.
0
What things can absorbed light energy do in a polaroid camera lead to?
The energy absorbed can lead to chemical effects such as photosensitive chemicals in photo films.
The energy absorbed can lead to chemical effects such photosensitive chemicals in photo films.
0
How does a pinhole camera create a faint image that is in focus?
A pinhole camera creates a faint image that is in focus because only a single ray can enter the camera so there is not much light so the image is dim, but only image is formed so it is clear (focused) image.
With one small hole, a pinhole camera gives a faint image that is in focus. This is because only a single ray can enter the camera so there is not much light so the image is dim, but only image is formed so it is clear (focused) image
0
What can absorbed light energy lead to in the eye?
The energy absorbed can lead to chemical changes in cells such as those in the back of the eye.- the retinia.
The energy absorbed can lead to chemical changes in cells such as those in the back of the eye.- the retenia.
0
Why does having three small holes in a pinhole give three faint images that are in focus?
With three small holes, a pinhole camera gives three faint image that are in focus. It works in the same way as a single hole, but a different angle so the images are offset from each other.
With three small holes, a pinhole camera gives three faint image that are in focus. It works in the same way as a single hole, but a different angle so the images are offset from each other.
0
Where is the light reflected in the eye?
Light is refracted first by the cornea and then by the lens.
Light is refracted first by the cornea and then by the lens.
0
What can happen to a charged surface when light energy is absorbed?
When light is absorbed by a charged surface, the charge can leak away.
When light is absorbed by a charged surface, the charge can leak away.
0
How does a bigger hole effect the image produced?
A big hole can be thought of as thousands of small holes joined together. So thousand of images are produced on the screen slightly offset from one another forming a blurred, out of focused image.
With a large hole, a pinhole camera gives a bright out of focus image. A big hole can be thought of as thousands of small holes joined together. So thousand of images are produced on the screen slightly offset from one another forming a blurred, out of focused image.
0
How can a picture be made using a CCD?
If a charged pixel is exposed to light, then the charge can be measured by a circuit to indirectly measure the amount of light that had fallen on it.
The change in electrical charge can be measured by a circuit to produce a picture. ie a digital camera sensor (CCD)
0
What is potential difference and what is it measured in?
Potential difference is the difference in energy between two parts of a circuit, and is measured in volts.
Potential difference is the difference in energy between two parts of a circuit, and is measured in volts.
0
What is electric current?
Electric current is the flow of charge and is measured in amperes. KS4: Add 'rate of' to definition and then define the coulomb.
Electric current is the flow of charge and is measured in amperes. KS4: Add 'rate of' to definition and then define the coulomb.
0
What charged particles are able to move in a metal?
The charged particles able to move in a metal are electrons. So in a metal, current is the flow of electrons.
The charged particles able to move in a metal are electrons. So in a metal current is the flow of electrons.
0
How can we describe current and how do we measure it?
Current is the amount of charge flowing around a circuit. We measure it using an ammeter placed in series in a circuit.
Current is measured using an Ammeter which must be placed in series in the circuit.
0
What do we use to measure potential difference and how must we do it?
Potential difference is measured using a Voltmeter which must be placed in parallel with a component.
Potential difference is measured using a Voltmeter which must be placed in parallel with a component.
0
What happens to current when branches in a circuit meet and why?
Charge can not be created, destroyed or be stored on a wire, therefore currents add where branches meet.
Charge can not be created, destroyed or be stored on a wire, therefore currents add where branches meet.
0
What is the store of energy in potential difference caused by?
Potential difference is a store of energy caused by the compressing of a charge particle's electric field.
Potential difference is a store of energy caused by the compressing of a charge particle's electric field.
0
What happens to the potential difference in a series circuit?
Potential differences in series add up, for example adding cells - direction important.
Potential differences in series add up, for example adding cells - direction important.
0
What happens if we don't match the potential difference ratings of the battery to the bulb in a circuit?
Battery and bulb (p.d.) ratings need to be matched otherwise too much energy transfer will cause the bulbs to melt.
Battery and bulb (p.d.) ratings need to be matched otherwise too much energy transfer will cause the bulbs to melt.
0
What are the rules for representing circuits in diagram form?
Circuits are represented by circuit diagrams in which: - Wires are drawn as straight lines - With component symbols - Right angle corners.
Circuits are represented by circuit diagrams in which: - Wires are drawn as straight lines - With component symbols - Right angle corners.
0
Which components symbols are important to know?
Component symbols to know - Cell - Battery - Wire - Bulb - Switch - Voltmeter - Ammeter
Component symbols to know - Cell - Battery - Wire - Bulb - Switch - Voltmeter - Ammeter
0
How are series circuits described?
Series circuits consist of only one branch with component placed one after another.
Series circuits consist of only one branch with component placed one after another.
0
How are parallel circuits described?
Parallel circuits consist of more than one branch.
Parallel circuits consist of more than one branch.
0
What is resistance and what is it measured in?
Resistance is a measure of how hard it is for current to flow through a material / set of components and measured in ohms,
Resistance is a measure of how hard it is for current to flow through a material / set of components and measured in ohms,
0
Why does resistance vary between conducting and insulating components?
The differences in resistance between conducting and insulating components can be explained by the amount of charged particles (and how much charge they hold) available to move. Conductors have more available charge carriers than insulators.
The differences in resistance between conducting and insulating components can be explained by the amount of charged particles (and how much charge they hold) available to move. Conductors have more available charge carriers than insulators.
0
What is resistance the ratio of?
Resistance is the ratio of potential difference (p.d.) to current.
Resistance is the ratio of potential difference (p.d.) to current.
0
What equation is used to calculate resistance?
To be able to calculate Resistance given a p.d. and current using R = V / i
To be able to calculate Resistance given a p.d. and current using R = V / i
0
How can the equation for resistance be rearranged to find potential difference or current?
To be able to calculate either a p.d. or current given the other and the resistance by rearranging R = V / i
To be able to calculate either a p.d. or current given the other and the resistance by rearranging R = V / i
0
What are electromagnets made of?
An electromagnets is consists of: - a coil - a current source - possibly an iron core
An electromagnets is consists of: - a coil - a current source - possibly a core
0
What are the main uses of electromagnets?
The main uses of electromagnets are: - Door bells - Transformers - Loudspeakers - Scrap magnets - MRI machines - Headphones
Uses of electromagnets: - Door bell - Relay
0
What factors can affect the strength of an electromagnet?
The factors that can affect the strength of an electromagnet are: - number of coils of wire - voltage - number of magnets
Electromagnets enquiry: Aim: To find out how the __________ affects the strength of an electromagnet.
0
ES - What is the motor effect?
The motor effect occurs when a magnetic field created by a flow of current interacts with a magnetic field from a permanent magnet.
The motor effect occurs when a magnetic field created by a flow of current interacts with a magnetic field from a permanent magnet.
0
ES - How is the motor effect used to create a speaker?
They do this by using an electromagnet held inside a permanent magnet's field. The electric current around the amplifier constantly changes, and in changing it also changes the magnetic field around the electromagnet. This causes changing attraction and repulsion between the two magnets making the electromagnet move backwards and forwards. This movement causes sound waves.
To use the motor effect to explain: - a 'ding dong' door bell. - Speaker
0
Mod
Number of Questions
0S
10
1B
10
1C
10
1P
10
BI
5