B1.5 - Infection and response Knowledge Test

Candidate Name:
1) What are pathogens?
2) What are the humans natural defence systems against pathogens?
3) What is the role of the immune system in the defence against disease?
4) How does the immune system respond if a pathogen enters the body?
5) How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens? (give 3 ways)
6) How do the different pathogens spread in animals and plants?
7) How can the spread of diseases be reduced or prevented?
8) What four categories can pathogens fall into?
9) What can pathogens infect and how are they spread?
10) What do bacteria and viruses do once inside the body?
11) How do bacteria make us feel ill?
12) How do viruses cause damage to the cells?
13) What is measles and why are young children vaccinated against it?
14) How is the measles virus spread?
15) What is the initial symptom of HIV and what do antiretroviral drugs stop the virus doing?
16) When does late stage HIV infection or AIDS occur?
17) How is HIV spread?
18) What is tobacco mosaic virus?
19) How does tobacco mosaic virus reduce growth in plants?
20) How is Salmonella food poisoning spread?
21) What animal is vaccinated in the UK to control the spread of Salmonella?
22) What are the symptoms of salmonella and what causes them?
23) What is gonhorrhoea and what are the symptoms?
24) How and why has treatment of gonorrhoea changed over time?
25) How is gonhorroea spread?
26) How can the spread of gonorrhoea be controlled?
27) What are three examples of plant diseases you need to know?
28) What are the pathogens that cause malaria called?
29) What is rose black spot and how does it affect the growth of a plant?
30) How is rose black spot spread in the environment?
31) How can rose black spot be treated?
32) What vector is used to spread malaria and what are the symptoms of it?
33) How is the spread of malaria controlled?
34) (Bio only) What can cause plant infections?
35) (Bio only) What causes deficiency conditions in plants?
36) (Bio only) What ion can cause stunted growth and why?
37) (Bio only) What ion can cause chlorosis (pale green leaves)?
38) (Bio only) What are the chemical and physical plant defence responses.
39) (Bio only) What are the physical defences that plants have to resist invasion of microorganisms?
40) (Bio only) What are the chemical defences that plants have to resist invasion of microorganisms?
41) (Bio only) What are the different ways that plant diseases can be detected?
42) (Bio only) How can plant diseases be identified? (give three ways)
43) (Bio only) What are the mechanical adaptations that plants have to resist invasion of microoganisms?
44) How do vaccinations prevent illness in an individual and the spread of disease in a population?
45) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using vaccinations to prevent disease?
46) What is in a vaccine?
47) How does a vaccination work?
48) How are infective diseases treated?
49) How are drugs used to cure bacterial diseases?
50) Why are specific antibiotics prescribed by doctors?
51) What has the impact of using antibiotics to treat infectious bacterial diseases?
52) Why are doctors advised to not overly prescribe antibiotics?
53) Why can antibiotics not be used to treat viral infections?
54) Why do people take painkillers and other medicines when suffering from an infectious disease?
55) Why are there no drugs to kill viruses? (vaccinations prevent infection)
56) Where are drugs traditionally extracted from?
57) Which plant does the heart drug digitalis orginate from?
58) Which plant does the painkiller aspirin orginate from?
59) Who discovered pneicillin and from what?
60) How are most new drugs synthesised by chemists?
61) Why are new drugs tested and trialled before being used?
62) What happens during preclinical testing?
63) What happens during clinical trials?
64) What level of dose is used at the start of the clinical trial?
65) If the new drug is found to be safe during the initial clinical trial what do scientists do to the dosage?
66) What does a double blind trial mean?
67) What is the final stage of the drug trial?
68) What are the stages involved in developing a new drug?
69) (Bio only) How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
70) (Bio only) How many clone of cells produce monoclonal antibodies
71) (Bio only) Why are monoclonal antibodies important?
72) (Bio only) How can monoclonal antibodies produced?
73) (Bio only) How are hybridoma cells made and why are they useful?
74) (Bio only) Why are single hybridoma cells cloned?
75) (Bio only) Why is the use of hybridoma cells important?
76) (Bio only) What ethical issues are there in the use of monochlonal antibodies?
77) (Bio only) List 6 ways that monoclonal antibodies can be used
78) (Bio only) How can monochlonal diseases be used to treat cancer?
79) (Bio only) Does the use of monochlonal antibodies harm other cells in the body?
80) (Bio only) List examples of how monoclonal antibodies are useful as treatments or tests.
81) (Bio only) What are the disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies?
82) (Bio only) What are the advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
83) How do the Big Ideas link to this topic?

a) Forces:

b) Particles:

c) Energy:

d) Cells: