5th Sep '25

Schemes of Work

P1
- P1.4
  - Lesson 01 - How does density change with changes of state? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - The density of a material is defined by the equation:
      density = mass / volume
    - Required practical 5 - density (AT skills 1)
  - Lesson 02 - What can change the internal energy of a substance? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - Energy is stored inside a system by the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up the system. This is called internal energy.
      - Suggested Activity:
        internal energy circus of practicals (or done as a demo)
        Equipment Required:
        1. ball hoop
        2. Ice in pack, strip of metal (lead) hammer
        3. Bike pump
        4. Kettle beaker thermometer ice spoon
        5. Rubber strip
        6. Metal pole (from conduction practical)
    - If the temperature of the system increases, the increase in temperature depends on the mass of the substance heated, the type of material and the energy input to the system.
    - Internal energy is the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up a system.
    - Heating changes the energy stored within the system by increasing the energy of the particles that make up the system. This either raises the temperature of the system or produces a change of state.
  - Lesson 04 - What is latent heat? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - Students should be able to recognise/draw simple diagrams to model the difference between solids, liquids and gases.
    - The particle model can be used to explain
      ? the different states of matter
      ? differences in density.
      - Suggested Activity:
        density bottle containing salt water, isopropyl and beads of different density. set up as:
        bottom layer - salt water
        beads in centre
        isopropyl on top.
        
        explain reasoning / ask students to explain.
        
        shake bottle and then ask students to suggest what has happened and why.
        Equipment Required:
        500ml plastic bottle containing salt water, isopropyl and beads of different density. set up as:
        bottom layer - salt water
        beads in centre
        isopropyl on top
    - Students should be able to explain the differences in density between the different states of matter in terms of the arrangement of atoms or molecules.
    - If a change of state happens the energy needed for a substance to change state is called latent heat.
    - When a change of state occurs, the energy supplied changes the energy stored (internal energy) but not the temperature.
    - Students should be able to describe how, when substances change state (melt, freeze, boil, evaporate, condense or sublimate), mass is conserved.
    - The specific latent heat of a substance is the amount of energy required to change the state of one kilogram of the substance with no change in temperature.
      - Suggested Activity:
        investigate the cooling curve of stearic acid. Record temperature and plot on graph.
        Equipment Required:
        stearic acid in test tubes
        thermometers
        Kettles
        stop watches
        Beakers
    - Changes of state are physical changes which differ from chemical changes because the material recovers its original properties if the change is reversed.
  - Lesson 05 - How can the energy be calculated in the changes of state? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - (MS) energy for a change of state = mass ? specific latent heat
      E = m L
      energy, E, in joules, J
      mass, m, in kilograms, kg
      specific latent heat, L, in joules per kilogram, J/kg
    - Specific latent heat of fusion is the change of state from solid to liquid
    - Students should be able to distinguish between specific heat capacity and specific latent heat.
    - Specific latent heat of vaporisation is the change of state from liquid to vapour
    - Students are to gather data to draw part of a heating graph.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Using a water bath (set up using a beaker of water over a Bunsen burner), students are to slowly melt the Salol or stearic acid in the boiling tube and record the temperature at small time intervals.
        Students record their results in a table and draw a graph of temperature against time to show the Salol temperature remains constant during the melting change of state.
        Equipment Required:
        Per pair:
        Boiling tube with solid Salol / stearic acid with a thermometer stuck in it (melted previously and allowed to harden with thermometer in it).
        Stopclocks.
        250ml glass beakers
    - Students should be able to interpret heating and cooling graphs that include changes of state.
  - Lesson 07 - What affects gas pressure? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - The molecules of a gas are in constant random motion.
    - Changing the temperature of a gas, held at constant volume, changes the pressure exerted by the gas.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Use a conical flask with cling film covering the opening (flat) and place it in hot water. The cling film will dome showing gas volume has increased as particles spread out. If kept at a constant volume, this would result in increased pressure.
        
        Use ice water to show the opposite effect of temperature. The cling film should curve downwards.
        Equipment Required:
        Conical flask, cling film, kettles, ice water.
    - The temperature of the gas is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
    - Students should be able to explain how the motion of the molecules in a gas is related to both its temperature and its pressure
    - Students should be able to explain qualitatively the relation between the temperature of a gas and its pressure at constant volume.
  - Lesson 09 - How can you calculate fluid pressures? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - (Physics only) A fluid can be either a liquid or a gas.
      - Suggested Activity:
        class practical - experience pressure in fluids
        Equipment Required:
        syringes with liquids and gases in (singular ones or duel syringes)
    - (Physics only) The pressure in fluids causes a force normal (at right angles) to any surface.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Show the piddle tube and students explain why this happens
        Equipment Required:
        piddle tube
    - (Physics only) The pressure at the surface of a fluid can be calculated using the equation: pressure = force normal to a surface
      area of that surface
      p = F / A
      pressure, p, in pascals, Pa force, F, in newtons, N
      area, A, in metres squared, m2
    - (Physics only) The pressure due to a column of liquid can be calculated using the
      equation:
      pressure = height of the column ? density of the liquid
      ? gravitational field strength
      [ p = h ? g ]
      pressure, p, in pascals, Pa
      height of the column, h, in metres, m
      density, ?, in kilograms per metre cubed, kg/m3
      gravitational field strength, g, in newtons per kilogram, N/kg (In any
      calculation the value of the gravitational field strength (g) will be given
    - (Physics only) Students should be able to explain why, in a liquid, pressure at a point
      increases with the height of the column of liquid above that point and with
      the density of the liquid.
      - Suggested Activity:
        demo - Cartesian diver
        Equipment Required:
        Cartesian diver model already made up ready to show
    - (Physics only) Students should be able to calculate the differences in pressure at different
      depths in a liquid. (MS)
    - (Physics only) A partially (or totally) submerged object experiences a greater pressure on
      the bottom surface than on the top surface. This creates a resultant force
      upwards. This force is called the upthrust.
    - (Physics only) Students should be able to describe the factors which influence floating and
      sinking.
    - (Physics only) The atmosphere is a thin layer (relative to the size of the Earth) of air round the Earth.
    - (Physics only) The atmosphere gets less dense with increasing altitude
    - (Physics only) Air molecules colliding with a surface create atmospheric pressure.
    - (Physics only) The number of air molecules (and so the weight of air) above a surface decreases as the height of the surface above ground level increases.
    - (Physics only) So as height increases there is always less air above a surface than there is at a lower height. So atmospheric pressure decreases with an increase in height
    - (Physics only) Students should be able to describe a simple model of the Earth?s atmosphere and of atmospheric pressure
    - (Physics only) Students should be able to explain why atmospheric pressure varies with height above a surface
  - Lesson 10 - How does doing work Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - (Physics only) A gas can be compressed or expanded by pressure changes.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Demo - collapsing can to show changes in air pressure
        Equipment Required:
        2/3 drinks cans
        clamp
        large glass bowl of water
    - (Physics only) The pressure produces a net force at right angles to the wall of the gas container (or any surface).
      - Suggested Activity:
        Class practical - investigate what happens to a gas with temperature change (cover conical flask and submerge in hot water observe what happens to gas pressure)
        Equipment Required:
        kettles
        conical flasks
        cling film
        large beakers
    - (Physics only) Students should be able to use the particle model to explain how increasing the volume in which a gas is contained, at constant temperature, can lead to a decrease in pressure.
    - (MS)(Physics only) For a fixed mass of gas held at a constant temperature:
      pressure ? volume = constant
      p V = constant
      pressure, p, in pascals, Pa
      volume, V, in metres cubed, m3
    - (Physics only) (MS) Students should be able to calculate the change in the pressure of a gas or the volume of a gas (a fixed mass held at constant temperature) when either the pressure or volume is increased or decreased.
    - (Physics only) Work is the transfer of energy by a force.
    - (Physics only) Doing work on a gas increases the internal energy of the gas and can cause an increase in the temperature of the gas.
    - (Physics only) Students should be able to explain how, in a given situation eg a bicycle pump, doing work on an enclosed gas leads to an increase in the temperature of the gas.
      - Suggested Activity:
        demo - bike pump to show effects of work done
        Equipment Required:
        bike pump
    - (Physics only) In [Nuclear fusion] some of the mass may be converted into the energy of radiation.