9th Sep '25

Fractional Distillation

Crude oil is called 'crude' because is a mixture of many different hydrocarbons. We refine the oil by separating it into molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms. These parts are known as . This separation process is called distillation, and is done in a column as a continuous process.

Number of
carbons in chain
   Fraction
   
1 - 4 Petroleum
Gasses
5 - 9 Naptha
5 - 10 Petrol
10 - 16 Kerosene
14 - 20 Diesel Fuel
20 - 50 Lubricating Oil
20 - 70 Fuel Oil
>70 Bitumen

Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules, including their boiling point. Heated crude oil is pumped into the bottom of the column and the different fractions are 'tapped off' from different plates. Each plate is maintained at a different temperature, with the top being than the bottom.

  1. Vapour rises through the plate.
  2. If the boiling point of the hydrocarbon is than the temperature then it condenses and falls on to the plate.
  3. The hydrocarbon flows out of the column.
  4. If the boiling point of the hydrocarbon is than the temperature then it remains a vapour and continues to rise.
  5. The rises through the next plate.

The longer the hydrocarbons chain the its boiling point. This is due to the long hydrocarbons being able to wrap around each other. It takes more energy to shake them apart to allow them to evapourate into a gas, hence the required higher temperature. The wrapping around of chains also affects the viscosity of the fraction. The longer the chain the longer it takes to pour the liquid.

Flammability is how easily something will burn or ignite. Small hydrocarbon chains have a higher degree of flammability - they are more flammable because they have a higher proportions of carbon-hydrogen bonds compared to carbon-carbon bonds, for the same number atoms. Carbon-hydrogen bonds are easier to break than carbon-carbon bonds and so short chains are easier to start the chemical reaction of combustion.

Chain Length Boiling Point Viscosity Flammability
Long
Short