Program of Study 2014
Biology
KS2 Biology
Animals including humans
identify that animals, including humans, need the right types and amount of nutrition, and that they cannot make their own food; they get nutrition from what they eat
KS2.B.05
identify that humans and some other animals have skeletons and muscles for support, protection and movement
KS2.B.06
describe the simple functions of the basic parts of the digestive system in humans
KS2.B.10
identify the different types of teeth in humans and their simple functions
KS2.B.11
construct and interpret a variety of food chains, identifying producers, predators and prey
KS2.B.12
describe the changes as humans develop to old age
KS2.B.15
identify the main parts of the human circulatory system, and describe the functions of the heart, blood vessels and blood
KS2.B.18
recognise the impact of diet, exercise, drugs and lifestyle on the way their bodies function
KS2.B.19
describe the ways in which nutrients and water are transported within animals, including humans
KS2.B.20
Evolution and inheritance
recognise that living things have changed over time and that fossils provide information about living things that inhabited the Earth millions of years ago
KS2.B.21
recognise that living things produce offspring of the same kind, but normally offspring vary and are not identical to their parents
KS2.B.22
identify how animals and plants are adapted to suit their environment in different ways and that adaptation may lead to evolution
KS2.B.23
Living things and their habitats
recognise that living things can be grouped in a variety of ways
KS2.B.07
explore and use classification keys to help group, identify and name a variety of living things in their local and wider environment*
KS2.B.08
recognise that environments can change and that this can sometimes pose dangers to living things
KS2.B.09
describe the differences in the life cycle of a mammal, an amphibian, an insect and a bird
KS2.B.13
describe the life process of reproduction in some plants and animals
KS2.B.14
describe how living things are classified into broad groups according to common observable characteristics and based on similarities and differences, including micro-organisms, plants and animals
KS2.B.16
give reasons for classifying plants and animals based on specific characteristics
KS2.B.17
Plants
identify and describe the functions of different parts of flowering plants: roots, stem / trunk, leaves and flowers
KS2.B.01
explore the requirements of plants for life and growth (air, light, water, nutrients from soil and room to grow) and how they vary from plant to plant
KS2.B.02
investigate the way in which water is transported within plants
KS2.B.03
explore the part that flowers play in the life cycle of flowering plants, including pollination, seed formation and seed dispersal
KS2.B.04
KS3 Biology
Cells and organisation
cells as the fundamental unit of living organisms, including how to observe, interpret and record cell structure using a light microscope
KS3.B.01
the functions of the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria and chloroplasts
KS3.B.02
the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
KS3.B.03
the role of diffusion in the movement of materials in and between cells
KS3.B.04
the structural adaptations of some unicellular organisms
KS3.B.05
the hierarchical organisation of multicellular organisms: from cells to tissues to organs to systems to organisms
KS3.B.06
Cellular respiration
aerobic and anaerobic respiration in living organisms, including the breakdown of organic molecules to enable all the other chemical processes necessary for life
KS3.B.26
a word summary for aerobic respiration
KS3.B.27
the process of anaerobic respiration in humans and micro-organisms, including fermentation, and a word summary for anaerobic respiration
KS3.B.28
the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of the reactants, the products formed and the implications for the organism
KS3.B.29
Gas exchange systems
the structure and functions of the gas exchange system in humans, including adaptations to function
KS3.B.16
the mechanism of breathing to move air in and out of the lungs, using a pressure model to explain the movement of gases, including simple measurements of lung volume
KS3.B.17
the impact of exercise, asthma and smoking on the human gas exchange system
KS3.B.18
the role of leaf stomata in gas exchange in plants
KS3.B.19
Health
the effects of recreational drugs (including substance misuse) on behaviour, health and life processes
KS3.B.22
Inheritance, chromosomes, DNA and genes
heredity as the process by which genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next
KS3.B.33
a simple model of chromosomes, genes and DNA in heredity, including the part played by Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin in the development of the DNA model
KS3.B.34
differences between species
KS3.B.35
the variation between individuals within a species being continuous or discontinuous, to include measurement and graphical representation of variation
KS3.B.36
the variation between species and between individuals of the same species meaning some organisms compete more successfully, which can drive natural selection
KS3.B.37
changes in the environment which may leave individuals within a species, and some entire species, less well adapted to compete successfully and reproduce, which in turn may lead to extinction
KS3.B.38
the importance of maintaining biodiversity and the use of gene banks to preserve hereditary material
KS3.B.39
Nutrition and digestion
the content of a healthy human diet: carbohydrates, lipids (fats and oils), proteins, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and water, and why each is needed
KS3.B.10
calculations of energy requirements in a healthy daily diet
KS3.B.11
the consequences of imbalances in the diet, including obesity, starvation and deficiency diseases
KS3.B.12
the tissues and organs of the human digestive system, including adaptations to function and how the digestive system digests food (enzymes simply as biological catalysts)
KS3.B.13
the importance of bacteria in the human digestive system
KS3.B.14
plants making carbohydrates in their leaves by photosynthesis and gaining mineral nutrients and water from the soil via their roots
KS3.B.15
Photosynthesis
the reactants in, and products of, photosynthesis, and a word summary for photosynthesis
KS3.B.23
the dependence of almost all life on Earth on the ability of photosynthetic organisms, such as plants and algae, to use sunlight in photosynthesis to build organic molecules that are an essential energy store and to maintain levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
KS3.B.24
the adaptations of leaves for photosynthesis
KS3.B.25
Relationships in an ecosystem
the interdependence of organisms in an ecosystem, including food webs and insect pollinated crops
KS3.B.30
the importance of plant reproduction through insect pollination in human food security
KS3.B.31
how organisms affect, and are affected by, their environment, including the accumulation of toxic materials
KS3.B.32
Reproduction
reproduction in humans (as an example of a mammal), including the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems, menstrual cycle (without details of hormones), gametes, fertilisation, gestation and birth, to include the effect of maternal lifestyle on the foetus through the placenta
KS3.B.20
reproduction in plants, including flower structure, wind and insect pollination, fertilisation, seed and fruit formation and dispersal, including quantitative investigation of some dispersal mechanisms
KS3.B.21
The skeletal and muscular systems
the structure and functions of the human skeleton, to include support, protection, movement and making blood cells
KS3.B.07
biomechanics - the interaction between skeleton and muscles, including the measurement of force exerted by different muscles
KS3.B.08
the function of muscles and examples of antagonistic muscles
KS3.B.09
KS4 Biology
Cell biology
cells as the basic structural unit of all organisms; adaptations of cells related to their functions; the main sub-cellular structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
KS4.B.01
stem cells in animals and meristems in plants
KS4.B.02
enzymes
KS4.B.03
factors affecting the rate of enzymatic reactions
KS4.B.04
the importance of cellular respiration; the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration
KS4.B.05
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids as key biological molecules
KS4.B.06
Coordination and control
principles of nervous coordination and control in humans
KS4.B.17
the relationship between the structure and function of the human nervous system
KS4.B.18
the relationship between structure and function in a reflex arc
KS4.B.19
principles of hormonal coordination and control in humans
KS4.B.20
hormones in human reproduction, hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception
KS4.B.21
homeostasis
KS4.B.22
Ecosystems
levels of organisation within an ecosystem
KS4.B.26
some abiotic and biotic factors which affect communities; the importance of interactions between organisms in a community
KS4.B.27
how materials cycle through abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems
KS4.B.28
the role of microorganisms (decomposers) in the cycling of materials through an ecosystem
KS4.B.29
organisms are interdependent and are adapted to their environment
KS4.B.30
the importance of biodiversity
KS4.B.31
methods of identifying species and measuring distribution, frequency and abundance of species within a habitat
KS4.B.32
positive and negative human interactions with ecosystems
KS4.B.33
Evolution, inheritance and variation
the genome as the entire genetic material of an organism
KS4.B.34
how the genome, and its interaction with the environment, influence the development of the phenotype of an organism
KS4.B.35
the potential impact of genomics on medicine
KS4.B.36
most phenotypic features being the result of multiple, rather than single, genes
KS4.B.37
single gene inheritance and single gene crosses with dominant and recessive phenotypes
KS4.B.38
sex determination in humans
KS4.B.39
genetic variation in populations of a species
KS4.B.40
the process of natural selection leading to evolution
KS4.B.41
the evidence for evolution
KS4.B.42
developments in biology affecting classification
KS4.B.43
the importance of selective breeding of plants and animals in agriculture
KS4.B.44
the uses of modern biotechnology including gene technology; some of the practical and ethical considerations of modern biotechnology
KS4.B.45
Health, disease and the development of medicines
the relationship between health and disease
KS4.B.09
communicable diseases including sexually transmitted infections in humans (including HIV/AIDs)
KS4.B.10
non-communicable diseases
KS4.B.11
bacteria, viruses and fungi as pathogens in animals and plants
KS4.B.12
body defences against pathogens and the role of the immune system against disease
KS4.B.13
reducing and preventing the spread of infectious diseases in animals and plants
KS4.B.14
the process of discovery and development of new medicines
KS4.B.15
the impact of lifestyle factors on the incidence of non-communicable diseases
KS4.B.16
Photosynthesis
photosynthesis as the key process for food production and therefore biomass for life
KS4.B.23
the process of photosynthesis
KS4.B.24
factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis
KS4.B.25
Transport systems
the need for transport systems in multicellular organisms, including plants
KS4.B.07
the relationship between the structure and functions of the human circulatory system
KS4.B.08
Chemistry
KS2 Chemistry
Properties and changes of materials
compare and group together everyday materials on the basis of their properties, including hardness, solubility, transparency, conductivity (electrical and thermal), and response to magnets*
KS2.C.07
know that some materials will dissolve in liquid to form a solution, and describe how to recover a substance from a solution
KS2.C.08
use knowledge of solids, liquids and gases to decide how mixtures might be separated, including through filtering, sieving and evaporating
KS2.C.09
give reasons, based on evidence from comparative and fair tests, for the particular uses of everyday materials including metals, wood and plastic
KS2.C.10
demonstrate that dissolving, mixing and change of state are reversible changes
KS2.C.11
explain that some changes result in the formation of new materials, and that this kind of change is not usually reversible, including changes associated with burning and the action of acid on bicarbonate of soda
KS2.C.12
Rocks
compare and group together different kinds of rocks on the basis of their appearance and simple physical properties*
KS2.C.01
describe in simple terms how fossils are formed when things that have lived are trapped within rock
KS2.C.02
recognise that soils are made from rocks and organic matter
KS2.C.03
States of matter
compare and group together materials according to whether they are solids, liquids or gases
KS2.C.04
observe that some materials change state when they are heated or cooled, and measure or research the temperature at which this happens in degrees Celsius (
KS2.C.05
identify the part played by evaporation and condensation in the water cycle and associate the rate of evaporation with temperature
KS2.C.06
KS3 Chemistry
Atoms, elements and compounds
a simple (Dalton) atomic model
KS3.C.03
differences between atoms, elements and compounds
KS3.C.04
chemical symbols and formulae for elements and compounds
KS3.C.05
conservation of mass changes of state and chemical reactions
KS3.C.06
Chemical reactions
chemical reactions as the rearrangement of atoms
KS3.C.12
representing chemical reactions using formulae and using equations
KS3.C.13
combustion, thermal decomposition, oxidation and displacement reactions
KS3.C.14
defining acids and alkalis in terms of neutralisation reactions
KS3.C.15
the pH scale for measuring acidity/alkalinity; and indicators
KS3.C.16
reactions of acids with metals to produce a salt plus hydrogen
KS3.C.17
reactions of acids with alkalis to produce a salt plus water
KS3.C.18
what catalysts do
KS3.C.19
Earth and atmosphere
the composition of the Earth
KS3.C.31
the structure of the Earth
KS3.C.32
the rock cycle and the formation of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
KS3.C.33
Earth as a source of limited resources and the efficacy of recycling
KS3.C.34
the composition of the atmosphere
KS3.C.35
the production of carbon dioxide by human activity and the impact on climate
KS3.C.36
Energetics
energy changes on changes of state (qualitative)
KS3.C.20
exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions (qualitative)
KS3.C.21
Materials
the order of metals and carbon in the reactivity series
KS3.C.28
the use of carbon in obtaining metals from metal oxides
KS3.C.29
properties of ceramics, polymers and composites (qualitative)
KS3.C.30
Pure and impure substances
the concept of a pure substance
KS3.C.07
mixtures, including dissolving
KS3.C.08
diffusion in terms of the particle model
KS3.C.09
simple techniques for separating mixtures: filtration, evaporation, distillation and chromatography
KS3.C.10
the identification of pure substances
KS3.C.11
The particulate nature of matter
the properties of the different states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) in terms of the particle model, including gas pressure
KS3.C.01
changes of state in terms of the particle model
KS3.C.02
The periodic table
the varying physical and chemical properties of different elements
KS3.C.22
the principles underpinning the Mendeleev periodic table
KS3.C.23
the periodic table: periods and groups; metals and non-metals
KS3.C.24
how patterns in reactions can be predicted with reference to the periodic table
KS3.C.25
the properties of metals and non-metals
KS3.C.26
the chemical properties of metal and non-metal oxides with respect to acidity
KS3.C.27
KS4 Chemistry
Atomic structure and the Periodic Table
a simple model of the atom consisting of the nucleus and electrons, relative atomic mass, electronic charge and isotopes
KS4.C.01
the number of particles in a given mass of a substance
KS4.C.02
the modern Periodic Table, showing elements arranged in order of atomic number
KS4.C.03
position of elements in the Periodic Table in relation to their atomic structure and arrangement of outer electrons
KS4.C.04
properties and trends in properties of elements in the same group
KS4.C.05
characteristic properties of metals and non-metals
KS4.C.06
chemical reactivity of elements in relation to their position in the Periodic Table
KS4.C.07
Chemical analysis
distinguishing between pure and impure substances
KS4.C.24
separation techniques for mixtures of substances: filtration, crystallisation, chromatography, simple and fractional distillation
KS4.C.25
quantitative interpretation of balanced equations
KS4.C.26
concentrations of solutions in relation to mass of solute and volume of solvent
KS4.C.27
Chemical and allied industries
life cycle assessment and recycling to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life
KS4.C.28
the viability of recycling of certain materials
KS4.C.29
carbon compounds, both as fuels and feedstock, and the competing demands for limited resources
KS4.C.30
fractional distillation of crude oil and cracking to make more useful materials
KS4.C.31
extraction and purification of metals related to the position of carbon in a reactivity series
KS4.C.32
Chemical changes
determination of empirical formulae from the ratio of atoms of different kinds
KS4.C.13
balanced chemical equations, ionic equations and state symbols
KS4.C.14
identification of common gases
KS4.C.15
the chemistry of acids; reactions with some metals and carbonates
KS4.C.16
pH as a measure of hydrogen ion concentration and its numerical scale
KS4.C.17
electrolysis of molten ionic liquids and aqueous ionic solutions
KS4.C.18
reduction and oxidation in terms of loss or gain of oxygen.
KS4.C.19
Earth and atmospheric science
evidence for composition and evolution of the Earth's atmosphere since its formation
KS4.C.33
evidence, and uncertainties in evidence, for additional anthropogenic causes of climate change
KS4.C.34
potential effects of, and mitigation of, increased levels of carbon dioxide and methane on the Earth's climate
KS4.C.35
common atmospheric pollutants: sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, particulates and their sources
KS4.C.36
the Earth's water resources and obtaining potable water
KS4.C.37
Energy changes in chemistry
Measurement of energy changes in chemical reactions (qualitative)
KS4.C.20
Bond breaking, bond making, activation energy and reaction profiles (qualitative)
KS4.C.21
Rate and extent of chemical change
factors that influence the rate of reaction: varying temperature or concentration, changing the surface area of a solid reactant or by adding a catalyst
KS4.C.22
factors affecting reversible reactions
KS4.C.23
Structure, bonding and the properties of matter
changes of state of matter in terms of particle kinetics, energy transfers and the relative strength of chemical bonds and intermolecular forces
KS4.C.08
types of chemical bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic
KS4.C.09
bulk properties of materials related to bonding and intermolecular forces
KS4.C.10
bonding of carbon leading to the vast array of natural and synthetic organic compounds that occur due to the ability of carbon to form families of similar compounds, chains and rings
KS4.C.11
structures, bonding and properties of diamond, graphite, fullerenes and graphene
KS4.C.12
Physics
KS2 Physics
Earth and space
describe the movement of the Earth, and other planets, relative to the Sun in the solar system
KS2.P.22
describe the movement of the Moon relative to the Earth
KS2.P.23
describe the Sun, Earth and Moon as approximately spherical bodies
KS2.P.24
use the idea of the Earth
KS2.P.25
Electricity
identify common appliances that run on electricity
KS2.P.17
construct a simple series electrical circuit*, identifying and naming its basic parts, including cells, wires, bulbs, switches and buzzers
KS2.P.18
identify whether or not a lamp will light in a simple series circuit, based on whether or not the lamp is part of a complete loop with a battery
KS2.P.19
recognise that a switch opens and closes a circuit and associate this with whether or not a lamp lights in a simple series circuit
KS2.P.20
recognise some common conductors and insulators, and associate metals with being good conductors
KS2.P.21
associate the brightness of a lamp or the volume of a buzzer with the number and voltage of cells used in the circuit
KS2.P.33
compare and give reasons for variations in how components function, including brightness of bulbs, loudness of buzzers and on/off position of switches
KS2.P.34
use recognised symbols when representing a simple circuit in a diagram
KS2.P.35
Forces
explain that unsupported objects fall towards the Earth because of the force of gravity acting between the Earth and the falling object
KS2.P.26
identify the effects of air resistance, water resistance and friction, that act between moving surfaces
KS2.P.27
recognise that some mechanisms, including levers, pulleys and gears, allow a smaller force to have a greater effect
KS2.P.28
Forces and magnets
compare how things move on different surfaces
KS2.P.06
notice that some forces need contact between two objects, but magnetic forces can act at a distance
KS2.P.07
observe how magnets attract or repel each other and attract some materials and not others
KS2.P.08
compare and group together a variety of everyday materials on the basis of whether they are attracted to a magnet, and identify some magnetic materials
KS2.P.09
describe magnets as having two poles
KS2.P.10
predict whether two magnets will attract or repel each other, depending on which poles are facing
KS2.P.11
Light
recognise that they need light in order to see things and that dark is the absence of light
KS2.P.01
notice that light is reflected from surfaces
KS2.P.02
recognise that light from the sun can be dangerous and that there are ways to protect their eyes
KS2.P.03
recognise that shadows are formed when the light from a light source is blocked by an opaque
KS2.P.04
find patterns in the way that the size of shadows change
KS2.P.05
recognise that light appears to travel in straight lines
KS2.P.29
use the idea that light travels in straight lines to explain that objects are seen because they give out or reflect light into the eye
KS2.P.30
explain that we see things because light travels from light sources to our eyes or from light sources to objects and then to our eyes
KS2.P.31
use the idea that light travels in straight lines to explain why shadows have the same shape as the objects that cast them
KS2.P.32
Sound
identify how sounds are made, associating some of them with something vibrating
KS2.P.12
recognise that vibrations from sounds travel through a medium to the ear
KS2.P.13
find patterns between the pitch of a sound and features of the object that produced it
KS2.P.14
find patterns between the volume of a sound and the strength of the vibrations that produced it
KS2.P.15
recognise that sounds get fainter as the distance from the sound source increases
KS2.P.16
KS3 Physics
Balanced forces
opposing forces and equilibrium: weight held by stretched spring or supported on a compressed surface
KS3.P.26
Calculation of fuel uses and costs in the domestic context
comparing energy values of different foods (from labels) (kJ)
KS3.P.01
comparing power ratings of appliances in watts (W, kW)
KS3.P.02
comparing amounts of energy transferred (J, kJ, kW hour)
KS3.P.03
domestic fuel bills, fuel use and costs
KS3.P.04
fuels and energy resources
KS3.P.05
Changes in systems
energy as a quantity that can be quantified and calculated; the total energy has the same value before and after a change
KS3.P.09
comparing the starting with the final conditions of a system and describing increases and decreases in the amounts of energy associated with movements, temperatures, changes in positions in a field, in elastic distortions and in chemical compositions
KS3.P.10
using physical processes and mechanisms, rather than energy, to explain the intermediate steps that bring about such changes
KS3.P.11
Current electricity
electric current, measured in amperes, in circuits, series and parallel circuits, currents add where branches meet and current as flow of charge
KS3.P.41
potential difference, measured in volts, battery and bulb ratings; resistance, measured in ohms, as the ratio of potential difference (p.d.) to current
KS3.P.42
differences in resistance between conducting and insulating components (quantitative)
KS3.P.43
Describing motion
speed and the quantitative relationship between average speed, distance and time (speed = distance ÷ time)
KS3.P.12
the representation of a journey on a distance-time graph
KS3.P.13
relative motion: trains and cars passing one another
KS3.P.14
Energy and waves
pressure waves transferring energy; use for cleaning and physiotherapy by ultrasound; waves transferring information for conversion to electrical signals by microphone
KS3.P.34
Energy changes and transfers
simple machines give bigger force but at the expense of smaller movement (and vice versa): product of force and displacement unchanged
KS3.P.06
heating and thermal equilibrium: temperature difference between 2 objects leading to energy transfer from the hotter to the cooler one, through contact (conduction) or radiation; such transfers tending to reduce the temperature difference; use of insulators
KS3.P.07
other processes that involve energy transfer: changing motion, dropping an object, completing an electrical circuit, stretching a spring, metabolism of food, burning fuels
KS3.P.08
Energy in matter
changes with temperature in motion and spacing of particles
KS3.P.57
internal energy stored in materials
KS3.P.58
Forces
forces as pushes or pulls, arising from the interaction between 2 objects
KS3.P.15
using force arrows in diagrams, adding forces in 1 dimension, balanced and unbalanced forces
KS3.P.16
moment as the turning effect of a force
KS3.P.17
forces: associated with deforming objects; stretching and squashing - springs; with rubbing and friction between surfaces, with pushing things out of the way; resistance to motion of air and water
KS3.P.18
forces measured in newtons, measurements of stretch or compression as force is changed
KS3.P.19
force-extension linear relation; Hooke's Law as a special case
KS3.P.20
work done and energy changes on deformation
KS3.P.21
non-contact forces: gravity forces acting at a distance on Earth and in space, forces between magnets, and forces due to static electricity
KS3.P.22
Forces and motion
forces being needed to cause objects to stop or start moving, or to change their speed or direction of motion (qualitative only)
KS3.P.27
change depending on direction of force and its size
KS3.P.28
Light waves
the similarities and differences between light waves and waves in matter
KS3.P.35
light waves travelling through a vacuum; speed of light
KS3.P.36
the transmission of light through materials: absorption, diffuse scattering and specular reflection at a surface
KS3.P.37
use of ray model to explain imaging in mirrors, the pinhole camera, the refraction of light and action of convex lens in focusing (qualitative); the human eye
KS3.P.38
light transferring energy from source to absorber, leading to chemical and electrical effects; photosensitive material in the retina and in cameras
KS3.P.39
colours and the different frequencies of light, white light and prisms (qualitative only); differential colour effects in absorption and diffuse reflection
KS3.P.40
Magnetism
magnetic poles, attraction and repulsion
KS3.P.46
magnetic fields by plotting with compass, representation by field lines
KS3.P.47
Earth's magnetism, compass and navigation
KS3.P.48
the magnetic effect of a current, electromagnets, DC motors (principles only)
KS3.P.49
Observed waves
waves on water as undulations which travel through water with transverse motion; these waves can be reflected, and add or cancel - superposition
KS3.P.29
Particle model
the differences in arrangements, in motion and in closeness of particles explaining changes of state, shape and density; the anomaly of ice-water transition
KS3.P.55
atoms and molecules as particles
KS3.P.56
Physical changes
conservation of material and of mass, and reversibility, in melting, freezing, evaporation, sublimation, condensation, dissolving
KS3.P.50
similarities and differences, including density differences, between solids, liquids and gases
KS3.P.51
Brownian motion in gases
KS3.P.52
diffusion in liquids and gases driven by differences in concentration
KS3.P.53
the difference between chemical and physical changes
KS3.P.54
Pressure in fluids
atmospheric pressure, decreases with increase of height as weight of air above decreases with height
KS3.P.23
pressure in liquids, increasing with depth; upthrust effects, floating and sinking
KS3.P.24
pressure measured by ratio of force over area - acting normal to any surface
KS3.P.25
Sound waves
frequencies of sound waves, measured in hertz (Hz); echoes, reflection and absorption of sound
KS3.P.30
sound needs a medium to travel, the speed of sound in air, in water, in solids
KS3.P.31
sound produced by vibrations of objects, in loudspeakers, detected by their effects on microphone diaphragm and the ear drum; sound waves are longitudinal
KS3.P.32
the auditory range of humans and animals
KS3.P.33
Space physics
gravity force, weight = mass x gravitational field strength (g), on Earth g=10 N/kg, different on other planets and stars; gravity forces between Earth and Moon, and between Earth and sun (qualitative only)
KS3.P.59
our sun as a star, other stars in our galaxy, other galaxies
KS3.P.60
the seasons and the Earth's tilt, day length at different times of year, in different hemispheres
KS3.P.61
the light year as a unit of astronomical distance
KS3.P.62
Static electricity
separation of positive or negative charges when objects are rubbed together: transfer of electrons, forces between charged objects
KS3.P.44
the idea of electric field, forces acting across the space between objects not in contact
KS3.P.45
KS4 Physics
Atomic structure
the nuclear model and its development in the light of changing evidence
KS4.P.34
masses and sizes of nuclei, atoms and small molecules
KS4.P.35
differences in numbers of protons, and neutrons related to masses and identities of nuclei, isotope characteristics and equations to represent changes
KS4.P.36
ionisation; absorption or emission of radiation related to changes in electron orbits
KS4.P.37
radioactive nuclei: emission of alpha or beta particles, neutrons, or gamma-rays, related to changes in the nuclear mass and/or charge
KS4.P.38
radioactive materials, half-life, irradiation, contamination and their associated hazardous effects, waste disposal
KS4.P.39
nuclear fission, nuclear fusion and our sun's energy
KS4.P.40
Electricity
measuring resistance using p.d. and current measurements
KS4.P.21
exploring current, resistance and voltage relationships for different circuit elements; including their graphical representations
KS4.P.22
quantity of charge flowing as the product of current and time
KS4.P.23
drawing circuit diagrams; exploring equivalent resistance for resistors in series
KS4.P.24
the domestic a.c. supply; live, neutral and earth mains wires, safety measures
KS4.P.25
power transfer related to p.d. and current, or current and resistance
KS4.P.26
Energy
energy changes in a system involving heating, doing work using forces, or doing work using an electric current: calculating the stored energies and energy changes involved
KS4.P.01
power as the rate of transfer of energy
KS4.P.02
conservation of energy in a closed system, dissipation
KS4.P.03
calculating energy efficiency for any energy transfers
KS4.P.04
renewable and non-renewable energy sources used on Earth, changes in how these are used
KS4.P.05
Forces
forces and fields: electrostatic, magnetic, gravity
KS4.P.06
forces as vectors
KS4.P.07
calculating work done as force x distance; elastic and inelastic stretching
KS4.P.08
pressure in fluids acts in all directions: variation in Earth's atmosphere with height, with depth for liquids, up-thrust force (qualitative)
KS4.P.09
Forces and motion
speed of sound, estimating speeds and accelerations in everyday contexts
KS4.P.10
interpreting quantitatively graphs of distance, time, and speed
KS4.P.11
acceleration caused by forces; Newton's First Law
KS4.P.12
weight and gravitational field strength
KS4.P.13
decelerations and braking distances involved on roads, safety
KS4.P.14
Magnetism and electromagnetism
exploring the magnetic fields of permanent and induced magnets, and the Earth's magnetic field, using a compass
KS4.P.27
magnetic effects of currents, how solenoids enhance the effect
KS4.P.28
how transformers are used in the national grid and the reasons for their use
KS4.P.29
Space physics
the main features of the solar system.
KS4.P.41
The structure of matter
relating models of arrangements and motions of the molecules in solid, liquid and gas phases to their densities
KS4.P.30
melting, evaporation, and sublimation as reversible changes
KS4.P.31
calculating energy changes involved on heating, using specific heat capacity; and those involved in changes of state, using specific latent heat
KS4.P.32
links between pressure and temperature of a gas at constant volume, related to the motion of its particles (qualitative)
KS4.P.33
Wave motion
amplitude, wavelength, frequency, relating velocity to frequency and wavelength
KS4.P.15
transverse and longitudinal waves
KS4.P.16
electromagnetic waves, velocity in vacuum; waves transferring energy; wavelengths and frequencies from radio to gamma-rays
KS4.P.17
velocities differing between media: absorption, reflection, refraction effects
KS4.P.18
production and detection, by electrical circuits, or by changes in atoms and nuclei
KS4.P.19
uses in the radio, microwave, infra-red, visible, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma-ray regions, hazardous effects on bodily tissues
KS4.P.20