4th Sep '25

Schemes of Work

P2
- P2.1
  - Lesson 01 - What are the different forces and how are they classified? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - A force is a push or pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object.
    - All forces between objects are either:
      - contact forces - the objects are physically touching
      - non-contact forces - the objects are physically separated.
    - Examples of contact forces include friction, air resistance, tension and normal contact force.
    - Examples of non-contact forces are gravitational force, electrostatic force and magnetic force.
    - Students should be able to describe the interaction between pairs of objects which produce a force on each object. The forces should be able to be represented as vectors.
    - Force is a vector quantity.
    - Vector quantities have magnitude and an associated direction.
    - A vector quantity may be represented by an arrow. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude, and the direction of the arrow the direction of the vector quantity.
    - Scalar quantities have magnitude only.
  - Lesson 02 - How is a resultant force calculated? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - A number of forces acting on an object may be replaced by a single force that has the same effect as all the original forces acting together. This single force is called the resultant force.
    - Students should be able to calculate the resultant of two forces that act in a straight line.
    - Students should be able to describe examples of the forces acting on an isolated object or system.
    - Students should be able to use free body diagrams to describe qualitatively examples where several forces lead to a resultant force on an object, including balanced forces when the resultant force is zero.
    - A single force can be resolved into two components acting at right angles to each other. The two component forces together have the same effect as the single force.
  - Lesson 03 - What is the difference between mass and weight? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - Weight is measured using a calibrated spring-balance (a newtonmeter).
    - The weight of an object and the mass of an object are directly
      proportional.
    - The weight of an object depends on the gravitational field strength at the point where the object is.
    - Weight is the force acting on an object due to gravity. The force of gravity close to the Earth is due to the gravitational field around the Earth.
    - The weight of an object may be considered to act at a single point
      referred to as the object's centre of mass.
    - The weight of an object can be calculated using the equation:
      weight = mass x gravitational field strength
      W = m g
      weight, W, in newtons, N
      mass, m, in kilograms, kg
      gravitational field strength, g, in newtons per kilogram, N/kg
      (In any calculation the value of the gravitational field strength (g) will be given.)
  - Lesson 04 - How much work is done to lift a coffee jar? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - When a force causes an object to move through a distance work is done on the object.
    - A force does work on an object when the force causes a displacement of the object.
    - One joule of work is done when a force of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.
      1 joule = 1 newton-metre
    - Students should be able to convert between newton-metres and joules
    - (MS) The work done by a force on an object can be calculated using the equation:
      work done = force ? distance moved along the line of action of the force
      W = F s
      work done, W, in joules, J
      force, F, in newtons, N
      distance, s, in metres, m
    - Students should be able to describe the energy transfer involved when work is done.
    - Work done against the frictional forces acting on an object causes a rise in
      the temperature of the object.
  - Lesson 05 - What happens to an object when it is stretched? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - Students should be able to give examples of the forces involved in stretching, bending or compressing an object
    - A force that stretches (or compresses) a spring does work and elastic potential energy is stored in the spring.
    - Students should be able to explain why, to change the shape of an object (by stretching, bending or compressing), more than one force has to be applied ? this is limited to stationary objects only
    - Provided the spring is not inelastically deformed, the work done on the spring and the elastic potential energy stored are equal.
    - Students should be able to describe the difference between elastic deformation and inelastic deformation caused by stretching forces.
    - The extension of an elastic object, such as a spring, is directly proportional to the force applied, provided that the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.
    - (MS) force = spring constant ? extension
      F = k e
      force, F, in newtons, N
      spring constant, k, in newtons per metre, N/m extension, e, in metres, m
      This relationship also applies to the compression of an elastic object, where
      ?e? would be the compression of the object.
    - Students should be able to describe the difference between a linear and non-linear relationship between force and extension
  - Lesson 06 - Required Practical - Extension of a spring Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - Students should be able to calculate a spring constant in linear cases
    - Required practical activity 6 (Part 1) -force and extension for a spring. (AT skills 1 and 2)
    - Students should be able to interpret data from an investigation of the relationship between force and extension
    - Students should be able to calculate work done in stretching (or compressing) a spring (up to the limit of proportionality) using the equation:
      elastic potential energy = 0.5 x spring constant s extension(squared)
      E = 0.5 k e(squared)
    - Students should be able to calculate relevant values of stored energy and energy transfers.
  - Lesson 07 - How do the forces that cause rotation result in a moment? (Separates only) Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - A force or a system of forces may cause an object to rotate.
    - Students should be able to describe examples in which forces cause
      rotation.
    - The turning effect of a force is called the moment of the force.
    - (MS) The size of
      the moment is defined by the equation:
      moment of a force = force ? distance
      M = F d
      moment of a force, M, in newton-metres, Nm
      force, F, in newtons, N
      distance, d, is the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action
      of the force, in metres, m.
    - If an object is balanced, the total clockwise moment about a pivot equals
      the total anticlockwise moment about that pivot.
    - Students should be able to calculate the size of a force, or its distance from
      a pivot, acting on an object that is balanced.
  - Lesson 08 - How do levers and gears transmit the rotational effects of forces? (Separates only) Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - A simple lever and a simple gear system can both be used to transmit the
      rotational effects of force
    - Students should be able to explain how levers and gears transmit the
      rotational effects of forces.