Schemes of Work

C1
- C1.3
  - Lesson 01 - What are chemical bonds? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - Recap atomic stability being having a full outer shell of electrons.
    - There are three types of strong chemical bonds: ionic, covalent and metallic.
      ALTERNATIVE activity - independent thinking.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Give students several diagrams each showing an electronic configuration of a different atom. Some metals and some non-metals.
        Start with group 7 and group 1 elements - how could they interact to get a full outer shell?
        Next do group 6 and group 2.
        GF: group 6 and group 1.
        Move on to two group 7 - how could they interact to get a full outer shell?
        GF: two group 6.
        Finally, two group 1 elements - cannot interact so electron delocalises.
        Equipment Required:
        Electronic configuration diagrams of different elements.
        Minimum required per student group:
        2 Na, 1 Ca, 1 O, 2 Fl.
    - There are three types of strong chemical bonds: ionic, covalent and metallic.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Experts in bonding.
        Put students in threes and get them each to find out information on each type of bond. Return and share their findings. Record results in table.
    - For ionic bonding the particles are oppositely charged ions.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Demo electrostatic attraction with pupil particles.
    - For covalent bonding the particles are atoms which share pairs of electrons.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Modelling of electron sharing, transfer and delocalisation with fluffy balls.
        Equipment Required:
        Fluffy balls.
    - For metallic bonding the particles are atoms which share delocalised electrons.
    - Ionic bonding occurs in compounds formed from metals combined with non-metals.
    - Covalent bonding occurs in most non-metallic elements and in compounds of non-metals.
    - Metallic bonding occurs in metallic elements and alloys.
    - Students should be able to explain chemical bonding in terms of electrostatic forces and the transfer or sharing of electrons.
  - Lesson 02 - What is ionic bonding? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal atom, electrons in the outer shell of the metal atom are transferred.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Demo the process of forming an ionic bond using students and tennis balls.
        Equipment Required:
        Theory
    - Metal atoms lose electrons to become positively charged ions.
      - Suggested Activity:
        When determining the charge of ions, get students to picture electrons as negative people. Gain more in your life you become more negative, lose them you become more positive.
    - Non-metal atoms gain electrons to become negatively charged ions.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Draw out electron structures of elements: 2 metal and 2 non metal elements and then attempt to draw their ions.
    - The ions produced by metals in Groups 1 and 2 and by non-metals in Groups 6 and 7 have the electronic structure of a noble gas (Group 0).
      - Suggested Activity:
        Determine trends in ions based on where they are found on the periodic table
    - The electron transfer during the formation of an ionic compound can be represented by a dot and cross diagram. E.g. for sodium chloride.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Give students a compound and get them to attempt to draw out the ions of each element and attempt to determine what a bond may look like.
    - Students should be able to draw dot and cross diagrams for ionic compounds formed by metals in Groups 1 and 2 with non-metals in Groups 6 and 7.
    - The charge on the ions produced by metals in Groups 1 and 2 and by non-metals in Groups 6 and 7 relates to the group number of the element in the periodic table.
    - Students should be able to work out the charge on the ions of metals and non-metals from the group number of the element, limited to the metals in Groups 1 and 2, and non-metals in Groups 6 and 7.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Give students several ionic compounds based on the elements they are made up of. Calculate charge on ions and then formula of compound.
  - Lesson 03 - What are ionic compounds? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - An ionic compound is a giant structure of ions.
    - Ionic compounds are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
    - These forces act in all directions in the lattice: this is called ionic bonding.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Demo giant lattice with pupil particles. Use it to explain properties.
        
        Students convert ideas into a diagram and extend themselves by using this to explain properties.
    - The structure of sodium chloride can be represented in the following forms: ball and stick giant lattice and charged ion ionic lattice.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Back to back: in pairs each takes a turn at describing one type of model, limiting use of key terms.
    - Students should be able to deduce that a compound is ionic from a diagram of its structure in one of the specified forms
    - Students should be able to describe the limitations of using dot and cross, ball and stick, two and three-dimensional diagrams to represent a giant ionic structure.
      - Suggested Activity:
        EW: Compare and contrast using the ball and stick model and charged ionic lattice for representing ionic compounds.
    - Students should be able to work out the empirical formula of an ionic compound from a given model or diagram that shows the ions in the structure.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Give students several ionic compounds based on the elements they are made up of. Calculate charge on ions and then formula of compound.
    - Students should be familiar with the structure of sodium chloride but do not need to know the structures of other ionic compounds.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Practical demo: making NaCl on a brick
        Equipment Required:
        fume cupboard
        chlorine gas in gas jar, sodium metal, Forceps,house brick
        long bunsen burner
        
        chlorine gas in jar NOT TEST TUBES KERRY, DOH!
  - Lesson 04 - What is covalent bonding? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - When atoms share pairs of electrons, they form covalent bonds. These bonds between atoms are strong.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Get students to draw out the electron structure of two fluorine atoms and give them the formula of fluorine F2.
        
        Students to use this to determine how they may bond.
        
        Extension: Repeat with O2
        Equipment Required:
        Giant covalent structures x 4 from top shelf in upstairs prep room, 2 red 1 blue 1 green
    - Covalently bonded substances may consist of small molecules.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Demonstrate covalent bond. Get students to attempt to draw several.
    - Students should be able to recognise common substances that consist of small molecules from their chemical formula.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Show structure of several simple covalent molecules
        
        What do they share in common?
        
        Go on to explain how their size influence their properties
    - Some covalently bonded substances have very large molecules, such as polymers.
    - Some covalently bonded substances have giant covalent structures, such as diamond and silicon dioxide.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Circus of giant covalent compounds. Students to research
        - diamond
        - graphite
        - graphene
        - silicone dioxide
    - The covalent bonds in molecules and giant structures can be represented in the following forms: using dot-and-cross diagram, ball-and-stick diagram or displayed formula)
    - Polymers can be represented using displayed formulae, where n is a large number.
    - Students should be able to draw dot and cross diagrams for the molecules of hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen chloride, water, ammonia and methane
    - Students should be able to represent the covalent bonds in small molecules, in the repeating units of polymers and in part of giant covalent structures, using a line to represent a single bond
    - Students should be able to describe the limitations of using dot and cross, ball and stick, two and three-dimensional diagrams to represent molecules or giant structures
    - Students should be able to deduce the molecular formula of a substance from a given model or diagram in these forms showing the atoms and bonds in the molecule.
      - Suggested Activity:
        EW: Explain why the melting and boiling point of sodium chloride is much higher than that of carbon dioxide.
        
        Your answer must reference the structure of bonding in each and how that influences the properties.
  - Lesson 05 - What is metallic bonding? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - Metals consist of giant structures of atoms arranged in a regular pattern.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Get students to draw out two metal ions and think about how they could bond together, ensuring each gets a full outer shell of electrons.
    - The electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms are delocalised and so are free to move through the whole structure.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Input: Show students how metals actually bond.
        use the equipment to show how the atoms arrange themselves into neat rows. add water to represent the delocalised electrons saying that the water can move freely.
        Equipment Required:
        small beaker
        metal ball bearings
        distilled water
    - The sharing of delocalised electrons gives rise to strong metallic bonds. The bonding in metals may be represented in the following form: (diagram)
      - Suggested Activity:
        Give students a piece of metal each and get them to describe the properties it has.
        
        Input Feedback to how the structure of the metal gives it those properties.
    - Students should be able to recognise substances as metallic giant structures from diagrams showing their bonding.
    - Students should be able to recognise that atoms themselves do not have the bulk properties of materials
  - Lesson 06 - Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - Students should be able to describe and explain the bonding in ionic and simple covalent bonding.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Give students the word equation.
        Complete the practical.
        Ask students to record everything they know or can deduce from the equation and practical given the rules they have been taught about the different types of bonding.
        
        Ionic reaction: describe and explain how magnesium chloride is made.
        
        Covalent reaction: describe and explain how the water is made.
        Equipment Required:
        Two practicals. Set up one on either side of classroom. 5 sets of each practical:
        
        Ionic reaction:
        magnesium ribbon, hydrochloric acid,
        conical flask,
        measuring cylinder
        
        Covalent reaction:
        copper oxide powder, sulphuric acid, conical flask, measuring cylinder, spatula