4th Sep '25

Schemes of Work

C2
- C2.2
  - Lesson 01 - What is crude oil? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - Crude oil is a finite resource found in rocks. Crude oil is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud.
    - Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of compounds.
    - Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons, which are molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
    - Most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are hydrocarbons called alkanes. The general formula for the homologous series of alkanes is CnH2n+2
    - The first four members of the alkanes are methane, ethane, propane and butane.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Teach - Monkey's Eat Peanut Butter as recall for naming hydrocarbons
    - Alkane molecules can be represented in the following forms: C2H6 or displayed formula.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Students deduce the general formula by modelling hydrocarbons
        Equipment Required:
        molymods
    - Students should be able to recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Create a table with the name, symbol, diagram for the first four hydrocarbons
        
        GF: suggest what the naming would be for other larger hydrocabons
    - Students do not need to know the names of specific alkanes other than methane, ethane, propane and butane.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Plenary quiz showing the structure, symbols and students have to name
  - Lesson 02 - How can we seperate crude oil into useful fractions? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into fractions, each of which contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms, by fractional distillation.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Demo:
        1. Distillation of ethanol and water.
        2. Fractional distillation of crude oil
        
        Class activity:
        Model distillation of pupils using their heights to represent carbon chain length.
        Equipment Required:
        Crude oil demo - Fractional distillation
    - The fractions can be processed to produce fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry.
      - Suggested Activity:
        show a range of images of products made from hydrocarbons (plastics, Vaseline, bitumen, jet fuel, black seagulls (red heron) make up.
        
        Ask students to consider how their lives would be different if we didn't have access to crude oil
    - Many of the fuels on which we depend for our modern lifestyle, such as petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gases, are produced from crude oil.
    - Many useful materials on which modern life depends are produced by the petrochemical industry, such as solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergents.
    - The vast array of natural and synthetic carbon compounds occur due to the ability of carbon atoms to form families of similar compounds.
      - Suggested Activity:
        GF: Compare the process of forming different polymers from crude oil similar to proteins synthesis.
    - Students should be able to explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation.
      - Suggested Activity:
        EW: Use a flow map to plan and then "Explain how crude oil is separated."
    - Knowledge of the names of other specific fractions or fuels is not required.
    - Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules, including boiling point, viscosity and flammability. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels. (WS) Investigate the properties of different hydrocarbons.
    - Students should be able to recall how boiling point, viscosity and flammability change with increasing molecular size.
      - Suggested Activity:
        EW: Describe how the properties of hydrocarbons changes as their carbon chain length increases
  - Lesson 03 - What is a combustion reaction? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - The complete combustion of a hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide and water.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Stretch - Recall the products of combustion reaction using images to prompt students.
        Challenge -
        write and balance the symbol equation for the combustion reaction for methane
    - Students should be able to write balanced equations for the complete combustion of hydrocarbons with a given formula.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Teach/Remind students that combustion reactions are examples of oxidation reactions
    - During combustion, the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised.
    - The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases energy.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Think > pair > share
        why are combustion reactions useful?
    - Knowledge of trends in properties of hydrocarbons is limited to: ? boiling points, ? viscosity, ? flammability.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Investigating the flammability (how easy is it to ignite and cleanness of flame) and viscosity of different hydrocarbons (timing how long it takes to drip down the tile)
        
        Students should identify the IV and DV and describe the control of the CV.
        Evaluate the quality of your data
        Equipment Required:
        white tiles
        samples of hydrocabons
        small metal tubs (mineral wool)
        pipettes
        splints
        timers
  - Lesson 04 - What is cracking and why is it done? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - Hydrocarbons can be broken down (cracked) to produce smaller, more useful molecules.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Ask students to recall or work out what the term thermal decomposition means
    - Cracking can be done by various methods including catalytic cracking and steam cracking.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Model the idea of cracking using diagrams and pupil demos
    - Students should be able to describe in general terms the conditions used for catalytic cracking and steam cracking.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Students construct word or symbol equations to show the process of cracking with steam
    - The products of cracking include alkanes and another type of hydrocarbon called alkenes.
      - Suggested Activity:
        demo cracking to show the products formed
        Equipment Required:
        Cracking demo
    - Students should be able to balance chemical equations as examples of cracking given the formulae of the reactants and products.
      - Suggested Activity:
        demo and example of how to complete cracking equations and then give a range for students to complete
    - Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes and react with bromine water, which is used as a test for alkenes.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Teach students that C=C bond in alkenes and that is what makes them different to alkanes
    - Students should be able to recall the colour change when bromine water reacts with an alkene.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Class practical - identifying unknown hydrocarbons using bromine water
        Equipment Required:
        test tubes filled with cyclohexane and cyclohexene labelled A and B.
        Bromine water.
    - There is a high demand for fuels with small molecules and so some of the products of cracking are useful as fuels.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Tidying away task: "Why is cracking so important?"
        Use images to prompt students if necessary
    - Alkenes are used to produce polymers and as starting materials for the production of many other chemicals.
    - Students should be able to give examples to illustrate the usefulness of cracking. They should also be able to explain how modern life depends on the uses of hydrocarbons. (For Combined Science: Trilogy and Synergy students do not need to know the formulae or names of individual alkenes.)
  - Lesson 05 - How do alkenes differ from alkanes? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double carbon-carbon bond.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Stretch - identify if hydrocarbons are alkanes or alkenes using their structural formulas
        Challenge - identify if hydrocarbons are alkanes or alkenes using only their empirical formulas
    - The general formula for the homologous series of alkenes is CnH2n. Recognise substances that are alkenes from their names or from given formulae in these forms.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Ask them to deduce the general formula from the starter activity
    - Alkene molecules are unsaturated because they contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Compare the structures of both and remind them of the reaction with chlorine.
    - Students should be able to describe the reactions and conditions for the addition of water alkenes
      - Suggested Activity:
        Introduce the concept of specific conditions for addition reactions.
    - Students should be able to describe the reactions and conditions for the addition of halogens to alkenes
    - The first four members of the homologous series of alkenes are ethene, propene, butene and pentene.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Apply Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter to the alkenes
    - Alkene molecules can be represented in the following forms: C3H6 or displayed formula
    - Students do not need to know the names of individual alkenes other than ethene, propene, butene and pentene.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Draw the structural and display formula for the first five alkenes.
    - Alkenes are hydrocarbons with the functional group C=C.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Teach what a functional group is and then ask them to identify the functional groups of alkenes, alcohols and carboxylic acids
    - It is the generality of reactions of functional groups that determine the reactions of organic compounds.
    - Alkenes react with oxygen in combustion reactions in the same way as other hydrocarbons, but they tend to burn in air with smoky flames because of incomplete combustion.
    - Alkenes react with hydrogen, water and the halogens, by the addition of atoms across the carbon-carbon double bond so that the double bond becomes a single carbon-carbon bond.
    - Students should be able to describe the reactions and conditions for the addition of hydrogen to alkenes
    - Students should be able to describe the reactions and conditions for the addition of hydrogen to alkenes
    - Students should be able to draw fully displayed structural formulae of the first four members of the alkenes and the products of their addition reactions with hydrogen, water, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Produce a table that summarises the different reactions of alkenes, it should include their reaction with oxygen, with air, addition hydrogen and halogens. The table should include any critical observations and the products formed.
        Equipment Required:
        teacher demo:
        complete combustion of hydrocarbons - bunsen burnen open burning clean (ethene)
        incomplete combustion - bunsen burner closed or spirit burner with butane/hexane(?) one with a smokey flame.
        class practical:
        16 test tubes with small amount of alkane and 16 with small amount of alkene. 6-8 bottles of bromine water.
  - Lesson 06 - How can alcohols be made? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - Alcohols contain the functional group ?OH.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Recall the functional group from alcohols from last lesson
    - Methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol are the first four members of a homologous series of alcohols. Opportunities when investigating reactions of alcohols.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Apply the naming process Monkey's Eat Peanut Butter to the first four members of the alcohols
    - Alcohols can be represented in the following forms: CH3CH2OH or displayed formula
      - Suggested Activity:
        Deduce the structure of the first four alcohols
    - Students should be able to describe what happens when any of the first four alcohols react with sodium
    - Students should be able to recognise alcohols from their names from given formulae.
    - Students should be able to describe what happens when any of the first four alcohols react with burn in air
      - Suggested Activity:
        Demo the reaction of alcohols with sodium. Students can complete the rest of the practicals themselves constructing a table of the products and observations.
        
        http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resource/res00000463/the-properties-of-alcohols?cmpid=CMP00005962
        Equipment Required:
        Each group of students will need:
        Test tubes, 2
        Boiling tubes, 2
        Beakers (100 cm3), 2 (Note 2)
        Tin lid
        Wooden splint
        Heat resistant mat
        Bunsen burner
        Boiling tube holder
        Dropping pipette (for water)
        Universal indicator paper (full range, pH 1-14)
        Forceps for sodium
        Filter paper for sodium
    - Students should be able to describe what happens when any of the first four alcohols are added to water
    - Students should be able to recall the main uses of these alcohols.
      - Suggested Activity:
        Tidying away task:
        Identify the main use of alcohols (use images to prompt)
    - Aqueous solutions of ethanol are produced when sugar solutions are fermented using yeast.
    - Students should know the conditions used for fermentation of sugar using yeast.
    - Students do not need to know the names of individual alcohols other than methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol.
    - Students are not expected to write balanced chemical equations for the reactions of alcohols other than for combustion reactions.
  - Lesson 07 - How are carboxylic acids and esters made and what do they do? Lesson Plan Lesson Title
    - Students should be able to describe what happens when any of the first four alcohols react with an oxidising agent
    - Carboxylic acids have the functional group ?COOH.
      - Suggested Activity:
        show the structural formula of an alcohol and oxygen and ask what the product might look like. students should then identified the functional group.
    - The first four members of a homologous series of carboxylic acids are methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid. (WS) Opportunies within investigation of the reactions of carboxylic acids.
    - The structures of carboxylic acids can be represented in the following
      forms: CH3COOH or displayed formula
    - Students should be able to recognise carboxylic acids from their names or from given formulae.
      - Suggested Activity:
        apply previous learning to identify the names and the structures of the first four carboxylic acids
    - (HT only) explain why carboxylic acids are weak acids in terms of ionisation and pH (see Strong and weak acids
    - Students should be able to describe what happens when any of the first four carboxylic acids react with carbonates
    - Students should be able to describe what happens when any of the first four carboxylic acids dissolve in water
      - Suggested Activity:
        Reactions of carboxylic acids:
        1. Testing for pH:
        universal indicator or universal indicator paper
        2. Dissolve in solution and re test the pH
        3. React with a metal carbonate and bubble gas through limewater to show products
        Equipment Required:
        1.0M ethanoic acid
        test tubes
        universal indicator
        pipettes
        lime water
        bungs with delivery tubes
        metal carbonates
    - Students do not need to know the names of individual carboxylic acids other than methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid.
    - Students are not expected to write balanced chemical equations for the reactions of carboxylic acids.
    - Students should be able to describe what happens when any of the first four carboxylic acids react with alcohols.
      - Suggested Activity:
        preparing etsers
        http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resource/res00001743/making-esters-from-alcohols-and-acids?cmpid=CMP00005257
        Equipment Required:
        http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resource/res00001743/making-esters-from-alcohols-and-acids?cmpid=CMP00005257
        *please put conc acid in test tube for the lesson*
        
        Each working group will require:
        
        Eye protection
        Glass specimen tubes, 4 (Note 1)
        Plastic dropping pipettes, access to adequate supply
        Beaker (100 cm3 or 250 cm3), (Note 1)
        Test-tubes, 4
        Test-tube rack
        Bunsen burner
        Heat resistant mat
        Tripod and gauze
        Crucible tongs
    - Students do not need to know the names of esters other than ethyl ethanoate.